The Summer Institute on High Energy Physics was the second of this kind organized at Louvain. Four years ago we had already decided to organize a Summer Institute. The first one was con- ceived in 1970, at Kiev, by D. Speiser, J. Weyers, and G. Zweig, and thanks to a NATO grant took place from August 20th to Septem- ber 15th 1971, at Louvain in the Groot Begijnhof. All lectures were directed toward one subject: duality. The lecturers were R. Brout (ULB - Bruxelles), D. Fairlie (University of Durham), F. Gilman (SLAC - Stanford), D. Horn (University of Tel Aviv), J. Mandula (Caltech - Pasadena), C. Michael (CERN - Geneva), J. Rosner (University of Minnesota), C. Schmidt (CERN - Geneva), J. Veneziano (The Weizmann Institute), J. Weyers (UCL - Louvain and CERN - Geneva), and G. Zweig (Caltech - Pasadena). The direc- tion was in the hands of F. Cerulus (KUL - Louvain), R. Rodenberg (Technische Hochschule, Aachen), D. Speiser (UCL - Louvain), and J. Weyers (CERN - Geneva). Unfortunately it was not possible to publish the lecture notes for that Institute. The second Summer Institute on Elementary Particle Physics took place from August 12th to August 25th 1973, again in Louvain. It was initiated in Chicago, in 1972, by F. Halzen (University of Wisconsin) and J. Weyers (UCL - Louvain and CERN - Geneva). Lecturers included R. Carlitz (University of Chicago), F. Gilman (SLAC - Stanford), F. Halzen (University of Wisconsin), D.

Few-body resonances are in the frontiers of resonance studies. Very similar problems occur in atomic and molecular physics, nuclear physics and high-energy physics. This collection presents the state of the art of the studies of resonance states in these fields and demonstrates their common methodological aspects. Most of the contributions are theoretical, but quite a few are closely linked with experiments through the data they are dealing with.

The ENAM2001 Conference was held on July 2-7, 2001 at the Rantasipi Aulanko Hotel in Hameenlinna in southern Finland. The conference was organized by the Department of Physics and the Accelerator Laboratory of the University of Jyvaskyla with support from the Physics Departments of the Universities of Helsinki and Turku. This conference, Exotic Nuclei and Atomic Masses has now gained the status of a major nuclear physics serial conference. The previous conference was held in Bellaire, Michigan, USA. The conference was first held in 1967 in Lysekil, Sweden, then entitled Conference on Nuclei Far from Stability. ENAM2001 welcomed 270 participants from 34 countries, including 17 accompanying per sons. The content of the program was selected based on the advice of the International Advisory Committee. The Committee members read and considered 253 submitted abstracts in selecting oral contributions. During the conference week 76 invited and oral talks were given. The rest of the contributions were presented in dedicated poster sessions. Many thanks go to the speakers of oral and poster presentations for their enthusiasm and for the high quality of their work which demonstrated the liveliness of the field. Participation in the lectures was high and contributions from the audience were important towards the success of this conference. The organizers would like to especially thank Cary Davids of Argonne National Laboratory for his comprehensive summary talk, which is also included in these Proceedings.

To the Instructor We are seeing an increased need for a one-year While the language of calculus is indispensable survey of physics, at the calculus level, and with here, its manipulative power will, with some regret, the inclusion of some modern physics. A growing be left pretty much unexploited; calculus-centered number of students-in engineering as well as in exercises, seductive though they are, would not the sciences-must take early technical courses that help us accomplish our mission. demand a reasonable familiarity with physics as a Suggested scheduling. How much material whole. should be covered in one term? Some possible The present book is a response to that need. The apportionments of the 28 chapters (24 without the author is well aware that introductory physics modern physics) are indicated in the table below. cannot be compressed or pruned ad infinitum; nevertheless, the one-year goal may yet be reachable. With modern Without modern A slim volume does not seem to be the answer. physics physics Rather than compressing or pruning, I have tried to work towards a smoother exposition. To that 2 terms 14+ 14 12+ 12 end a variety of devices-not necessarily bulk 3 terms 9+ 10+9 9+8+7 saving-have been enlisted: a liberal use of line drawings; a modest number of chapters, but each Enough problems are provided for three full fairly broad, in the hope of improving the con semesters, if desirable.

This book contains rewiev articles presenting the current status of high-temperature superconductivity research. The articles cover synthesis issues, materials properties and most fundamental theoretical problems. Applications of high- temperature superconductors are also reflected in several contributions.
The book addresses researchers working in fundamental research in solid-state physics as well as engineers developing new materials for industrial applications.

Dark matter in the Universe has become one of the most exciting and central fields of astrophysics, particle physics and cosmology. The lectures and talks in this book emphasize the experimental and theoretical status and perspectives of the ongoing search for dark matter, and the future potential of the field into the next millennium, stressing in particular the interplay between astro- and particle physics.

Ten years have passed since It Hooft and Polyakov demonstrat ed that superheavy magnetic monopoles were a natural consequence of any Grand Unified Theory (GUT) in which the unifying group contains a U(l) factor as a subgroup. An analysis of these GUTs in an expanding, cooling universe yields a phase transition at an energy ~l015 GeV and at a cosmic time ~lO-35 seconds after the big bang. The general consequences of GUTs and this phase transition are the prediction of proton decay, the production of superheavy magnetic monopoles, and an understanding of the observed excess of matter over anti-matter in the universe. Attempts to provide experimental verification of GUTs has led to valiant experimental efforts in recent years to observe nucleon decay in massive underground detectors. Experiments to search for superheavy monopoles may eventually require similar efforts. Since the unification scale is unreachable in the laboratory, monopole detectors must search for relics of the big bang. Much theoretical groundwork has been accomplished in recent years with the development of GUTs. In Part I of this book, Erick Weinberg gives a theoretical overview of the role of magnetic monopoles in the various unification schemes. Monopoles in the context of the newly revived Kaluza-Klein theories are presented by several authors and are summarized by Qaisar Shafi. Mike Turner begins Part II with a discussion of monopoles in standard big bang cosmology. Paul Steinhardt follows with his perspectives on the inflationary universe; C.

Published posthumously in 1888, this treatise by the first Cavendish Professor of Physics at Cambridge explores and explains the fundamental principles and laws that are the basis of elementary physics. Maxwell was at the forefront of physics and mathematics during the nineteenth century and his pioneering work brought together existing ideas to give 'a dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field'. This work inspired not only the applications of electromagnetic waves like fibre optics but also Einstein's theory of relativity. The text explains many of Newton's laws and the unifying concepts that govern a body and its motion. The increment in the complexity of topics allows one to build a solid understanding of the accepted laws of mathematical physics that explain topics like force, work, energy and the centre mass point of a material system. This logical guide and instruction is as timeless as the laws of physics that it explains.

Ion Beam Analysis: Fundamentals and Applications explains the basic characteristics of ion beams as applied to the analysis of materials, as well as ion beam analysis (IBA) of art/archaeological objects. It focuses on the fundamentals and applications of ion beam methods of materials characterization. The book explains how ions interact with solids and describes what information can be gained. It starts by covering the fundamentals of ion beam analysis, including kinematics, ion stopping, Rutherford backscattering, channeling, elastic recoil detection, particle induced x-ray emission, and nuclear reaction analysis. The second part turns to applications, looking at the broad range of potential uses in thin film reactions, ion implantation, nuclear energy, biology, and art/archaeology. Examines classical collision theory Details the fundamentals of five specific ion beam analysis techniques Illustrates specific applications, including biomedicine and thin film analysis Provides examples of ion beam analysis in traditional and emerging research fields Supplying readers with the means to understand the benefits and limitations of IBA, the book offers practical information that users can immediately apply to their own work. It covers the broad range of current and emerging applications in materials science, physics, art, archaeology, and biology. It also includes a chapter on computer applications of IBA.

An outgrowth of the first Asia-Pacific Regional School on the International Heliophysical Year (IHY), this volume contains a collection of review articles describing the universal physical processes in the heliospace influenced by solar electromagnetic and mass emissions. The Sun affects the heliosphere in the short term (space weather) and in the long term (space climate) through numerous physical processes that exhibit similarities in various spatial domains of the heliosphere. The articles take into account various aspects of the Sun-heliosphere connection under a systems approach.

This volume will serve as a ready reference work for research in the emerging field of heliophysics, which describes the physical processes taking place in the physical space controlled by the Sun out to the local interstellar medium.

During August 1980 a group of 85 physicists from 57 laboratories in 21 countries met in Erice for the 18th Course of the International School of Subnuclear Physics. The countries represented were Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Colombia, Czechoslovakia, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and Yugoslavia. The School was sponsored by the Italian Ministry of Public Education (MFI) , the Italian Ministry of Scientific and Technological Research (MRST) , the Regional Sicilian Government (ERS), and the Weizmann Institute of Science. The programme of the School was mainly devoted to a review of the very low energy corner where we are all working at present, and to a discussion of what the future could be for subnuclear physics before the end of this century. On the theoretical front, the highlight of this Course was the lectures by S. Adler on the non-local U(2) gauge theory. The non locality at the colour-level should disappear at the colour-singlet level -- where all particles we know of exist and should the- fore not scare those who do not like the idea of giving up this basic principle of quantum field theory: locality. On the other hand, the great dream of producing the world where we live, starting from the simplest symmetry group U(2), now seems to have a good chance of becoming a reality.

This volume is an exercises and solutions manual that complements the book "Particles and Fundamental Interactions" by Sylvie Braibant, Giorgio Giacomelli, and Maurizio Spurio. It aims to give additional intellectual stimulation for students in experimental particle physics. It will be a helpful companion in the preparation of a written examination, but also it provides a means to gaining a deeper understanding of high energy physics. The problems proposed are sometimes true and important research questions, which are described and solved in a step-by-step manner. In addition to the problems and solutions, this book offers fifteen Supplements that give further insight into topical subjects related to particle accelerators, signal and data acquisition systems and computational methods to treat them.

During more than 10 years, from 1989 until 2000, the LEP accelerator and the four LEP experiments, ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL, have taken data for a large amount of measurements at the frontier of particle physics. The main outcome is a thorough and successful test of the Standard Model of electroweak interactions. Mass and width of the Z and W bosons were measured precisely, as well as the Z and photon couplings to fermions and the couplings among gauge bosons. The rst part of this work will describe the most important physics results of the LEP experiments. Emphasis is put on the properties of the W boson, which was my main research eld at LEP. Especially the precise determination of its mass and its couplings to the other gauge bosons will be described. Details on physics effects like Colour Reconnection and Bose-Einstein Correlations in W-pair events shall be discussed as well. A conclusive summary of the current electroweak measurements, including low-energy results, as the pillars of possible future ndings will be given. The important contributions from Tevatron, like the measurement of the top quark and W mass, will round up the present day picture of electroweak particle physics.This is an open access book.

The physicist Friedrich Houtermans (1903-1966) was an essential promoter and proponent of the development of physics in Berne. He introduced a number of activities in the field of elementary particles, with a special focus on the physics of cosmic rays, and important contributions in applied physics. This biography of Houtermans was written by Edoardo Amaldi and was almost finished just before his unexpected death in 1989. The editors have only corrected typographical errors and have introduced only minimal text changes in order to preserve the original content. Additionally they have collected and included unpublished pictures and memories from Houtermans' students and collaborators. The text is the result of a thorough and intensive study on Houtermans' life and character carried out by Edoardo Amaldi. It is more than a biography, since the figure of Houtermans is set in a historical perspective of Europe between the two world wars. This book will be of great interest to historians and historians of science.

Aimed at graduate students and researchers in theoretical physics, this book presents the modern theory of strong interaction: quantum chromodynamics (QCD). The book exposes various perturbative and nonperturbative approaches to the theory, including chiral effective theory, the problems of anomalies, vacuum tunnel transitions, and the problem of divergence of the perturbative series. The QCD sum rules approach is exposed in detail. A great variety of hadronic properties (masses of mesons and baryons, magnetic moments, form factors, quark distributions in hadrons, etc.) have been found using this method. The evolution of hadronic structure functions is presented in detail, together with polarization phenomena. The problem of jets in QCD is treated through theoretical description and experimental observation. The connection with Regge theory is emphasized. The book covers many aspects of theory which are not discussed in other books, such as CET, QCD sum rules, and BFKL. Provides a deep understanding of various aspects of the modern theory of strong interaction Presents the general properties of QCD, before exploring perturbative and nonperturbative approaches Discusses aspects of the theory such as CET, QCD sum rules, and BFKL, which are not covered in other books"

Justbefore the preliminary programof Orbis Scientiae 1998 went to press the news in physics was suddenly dominated by the discovery that neutrinos are, after all, massive particles. This was predicted by some physicists including Dr. Behram Kusunoglu, who had apaper published on this subject in 1976 in the Physical Review. Massive neutrinos do not necessarily simplify the physics of elementary particles but they do give elementary particle physics a new direction. If the dark matter content ofthe universe turns out to consist ofneutrinos, the fact that they are massive should make an impact on cosmology. Some of the papers in this volume have attempted to provide answers to these questions. We have a long way to go before we find the real reasons for nature's creation of neutrinos. Another neutrino-related event was the passing of their discoverer, Fredrick Reines: The trustees of the Global Foundation, members of the Orbis Scientiae 1998, dedicate this conference to Fredrick Reines of the University of California at Irvine. The late Professor Reines was a loyal and active member of these series of conferences on the frontiers of physics and cosmology since 1964. He also sewed as one of the trustees of the Global Foundation for the past three years. Professor Reines discovered the most elusive particle, the neutrino, in 1954. We are proud to say that we recognized the importance of this discovery by awarding him the J.

Dark matter is among the most important open problems in modern physics. Aimed at graduate students and researchers, this book describes the theoretical and experimental aspects of the dark matter problem in particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology. Featuring contributions from 48 leading theorists and experimentalists, it presents many aspects, from astrophysical observations to particle physics candidates, and from the prospects for detection at colliders to direct and indirect searches. The book introduces observational evidence for dark matter along with a detailed discussion of the state-of-the-art of numerical simulations and alternative explanations in terms of modified gravity. It then moves on to the candidates arising from theories beyond the Standard Model of particle physics, and to the prospects for detection at accelerators. It concludes by looking at direct and indirect dark matter searches, and the prospects for detecting the particle nature of dark matter with astrophysical experiments. Describes the theoretical and experimental aspects of the dark matter problem Presents observations, theory and experiments to give a complete and consistent understanding of dark matter Features contributions from leading experts in the field"

Papers presented at the 20th CFIF fall workshop held in Lisbon, Portugal, in October/November 2002. The focus of these papers is on the latest experimental observations and on theoretical progress made in the fields of few-nucleon dynamics and related problems. The topics range from electron-nucleus scattering, meson production, relativistic effects, structure of nucleons and of light nuclei, to heavy-ion collisions.

Our volume in the annual review series on this occasion represents a departure from our usual practice in that it serves as a Festschrift for Eugene Wigner. Dr. Wigner has won many honours in his long, wide ranging and distinguished career spanning so many upheavals in civilized life. The editors and the authors, indeed the whole nuclear engineering community, will wish to join in a modest but further acknowledgement of the contributions he has made to nuclear engineering, not least to the morality and professionalism of nuclear engineering in a year that has raised such international concerns over safety. It suffices to make a bald statement of Eugene Wigner's life and times here, for the first article of the volume is a loving appreciation by his long-time colleague, Alvin Weinberg, an evaluation of his contribution historically during and after the Second World War but equally an account of the philosophy which Wigner provided to the burgeoning profession. Eugene Wigner was born 17th November, 1902 in Budapest, Hungary and his early schooling is described by Dr. Weinberg.

The content of this book describes in detail the results of the present measurements of the partial and total doubly differential cross sections for the multiple-ionization of rare gas atoms by electron impact. These measurements show, beside other trends, the role of Auger transitions in the production of multiply ionized atoms in the region where the incident electron energy is sufficient to produce inner shell ionization. Other processes like Coster-Kronig transitions and shake off also contribute towards increasing the charge of the ions. The incident electron having energy of 6 keV, for example, in a collision with xenon atom can remove up to nine electrons (*) X-ray-ion coincidence spectroscopy of the electron xenon atom collisions is also described.

The present measurements of doubly differential cross sections for the dissociative and non-dissociative ionization of hydrogen, sulfur dioxide and sulfur hexa fluoride molecular gases by electron impact are also described in the text of this book. The results of the measurements for sulfur dioxide molecule show how this major atmospheric pollutant can be removed from the atmosphere by electron impact dissociation of this molecule. The present results of the measurements for sulfur hexa fluoride give an insight into the dissociation properties of this molecular gas, which is being so widely used as a gaseous insulator in the electrical circuits.

The book also describes the present measurements of the polarization parameters of the fluorescence radiation emitted by the electron-impact-excited atoms of sodium and potassium. In these investigations the target atoms are polarized, therefore, the measurements of the polarization parameters give information about the electron atom interaction in terms of the interference, direct and exchange interaction channels.

The centerpiece of the thesis is the search for muon neutrino to electron neutrino oscillations which would indicate a non-zero mixing angle between the first and third neutrino generations ( 13), currently the holy grail of neutrino physics. The optimal extraction of the electron neutrino oscillation signal is based on the novel library event matching (LEM) method which Ochoa developed and implemented together with colleagues at Caltech and at Cambridge, which improves MINOS (Main Injector Neutrino Oscillator Search) reach for establishing an oscillation signal over any other method. LEM will now be the basis for MINOS final results, and will likely keep MINOS at the forefront of this field until it completes its data taking in 2011. Ochoa and his colleagues also developed the successful plan to run MINOS with a beam tuned for antineutrinos, to make a sensitive test of CPT symmetry by comparing the inter-generational mass splitting for neutrinos and antineutrinos. Ochoa s in-depth, creative approach to the solution of a variety of complex experimental problems is an outstanding example for graduate students and longtime practitioners of experimental physics alike. Some of the most exciting results in this field to emerge in the near future may find their foundations in this thesis.

Contributors to this Conference have shown the wide range of active and passive solar heating systems which have been researched, installed and monitored in recent years throughout western Europe and elsewhere. Yet much remains to be done if solar heating is to reach its full potential. The Conference Committee hopes that this record of the proceedings will provide a basis for the further development of these systems. Many difficulties have been surmounted in arriving at today's position. The foundations of the growing confidence of architects and engineers are to be found in the concerted programmes of research and development mounted by ty, 'o of the sponsors of the Conference the European Community and the International Energy Agency. Some of the more tangible products of these programmes have been reported here: component and system behaviour has been subjected to rigorous scientific study; new test facilities have been founded; test procedures devised; simulation methods developed and evaluated; design rules formulated and checked against measured performance. It has been apparent here that the willingness to exchange information and experiences, which has always been a feature of the solar energy scene, remains as strong as ever. A further information-sharing initiative was noted on the part of another sponsor, UNESCO - the setting-up of the European Cooperative Network on Solar Energy, involving countries from both eastern and western Europe.

The model calculations considered here test the DWBA with a wide range of three-body models. Each of the calculations, however, considers only one or two aspects of the accuracy of the DWBA. The lack of overlap of the testing parameters limits the con clusions which can be drawn. This is particularly true with reference to the nucleon core potential where comparable parameters are rarely used. In spite of this limitation, we may make a few observations about the sensitivity of the model cross sections and the mechanism which produces an accurate DWBA. Specifically we may summarize the most important results as follows: 1) In these models the exact DWBA at low energies (E"

In 1989, the Swiss Society for Optics and Electron Microscopy (Schweizerische Gesellschaft fOr Optik und Elektronenmikroskopie - Societe Suisse d'Optique et de Microscopie Electronique), formerly founded as "Schweizerisches Komitee fOr Optik -Comite Suisse d'Optique" could celebrate its 40th anniversary. Already during and mainly just after World War II the then newly invented electron microscopy was introduced also in Switzerland and its importance quickly increased. In 1955, our Society was split into two sections, i.e. for Optics and for Electron Microscopy, both with their own secretaries. Other foreign Societies for electron microscopy in Europe and all over the world have celebrated their anniversaries in the last few years and held reviews at these occasions. In view of this and facing the fact that many of the pioneers and founders of our Society might help to record the history of electron microscopy in our country, the board of SGOEM-SSOME has decided to have a short review of its history written and published. This short review has now developed into a book. viii I would like to thank here all the authors, who have contributed to this volume very much. My special thanks go to Prof. Dr.John R. GOnter, without whose circumspective and energetic work this review of the history of electron microscopy in Switzerland would never have appeared.