Based on a two-semester course held at the University of Heidelberg, Germany, this book provides a solid basis for postgraduate students wishing to obtain a more profound understanding of the foundations of Quantum Field Theory. The book covers a wide spectrum of topics ranging from traditional operator and modern path integral methods, to different regularization and renormalization methods, asymptotic behavior of Green functions, a particular view on the Renormalization Group, and spontaneous symmetry breaking in effective potentials. Much effort has been made to present the material in a transparent, detailed and structured way, which should help the reader to follow the material.

Materials science is the prime example of an interdisciplinary science. It - compasses the ?elds of physics, chemistry, material science, electrical en- neering, chemical engineering and other disciplines. Success has been o- standing. World-class accomplishments in materials have been recognized by NobelprizesinPhysicsandChemistryandgivenrisetoentirelynewtechno- gies. Materials science advances have underpinned the technology revolution that has driven societal changes for the last ?fty years. Obviouslytheendisnotinsight!Futuretechnology-basedproblemsd- inatethecurrentscene.Highonthelistarecontrolandconservationofenergy and environment, water purity and availability, and propagating the inf- mation revolution. All fall in the technology domain. In every case proposed solutions begin with new forms of materials, materials processing or new arti?cial material structures. Scientists seek new forms of photovoltaics with greater e?ciency and lower cost. Water purity may be solved through surface control, which promises new desalination processes at lower energy and lower cost. Revolutionary concepts to extend the information revolution reside in controlling the "spin" of electrons or enabling quantum states as in quantum computing. Ion-beam experts make substantial contributions to all of these burgeoning sciences.

The Winter School "Nuclear Matter and Heavy Ion Collisions", a NATO Research Workshop held at Les Houches in February 89, has been devoted to recent developments in nuclear matter theory and to the study of central heavy ion collisions in which quasi macroscopic nuclear systems can be formed at various temperatures and densities. At in cident energies below 100 Me V per nucleon, the kinematic conditions are favourable for producing transient hot nuclei with temperatures of the order of a few MeV. At higher ener gies (100 MeV < E/A < 1-2 GeV) heavy ion collisions offer the possibility of investigating the properties of hot and dense nuclear systems. The Workshop has been motivated by important theoretical developments in transport equations whicll make it possible to relate microscopic descriptions of heavy ion collisions to nuclear matter theory and by the need to review the large body of data available on heavy ion collisions and discuss future experimental programs. This discussion was especially timely a few months before the new SIS/ESR Heavy Ion Fa.cility starts operating in Darmstadt. The School consisted mostly of series of lectures on nuclear matter, transport equations and the dynamics of heavy ion collisions. The data and their interpretation were exten sively discussed; the information carried by the various types of particles emitted during the collisions (photons, lepton pairs, pions, hons, nucleons, fragments) has been particu larlyemphasized. Specialized topics were presented as shorter contributions by participants.

This lecture note describes the main analytical approaches to stochastic cooling. The first is the time domain picture, in which the beam is rapidly sampled and a statistical analysis is used to describe the cooling behaviour. The second is the frequency domain picture, which is particularly useful since the observations made on the beam are mainly in this domain. This second picture is developed in detail to assess key components of modern cooling theory like mixing and signal shielding and to illustrate some of the diagnostic methods. Finally the use of a distribution function and the Fokker-Plank equation, which offer the most complete description of the beam during the cooling, are discussed.

The 1989 Cargese Summer Institute on Particle Physics was organized by the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris (M. Levy and J.-L. Basdevant), CERN (M. Jacob), the Universite Catholique de Louvain (D. Speiser and J. Weyers) and the Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven (R. Gastmans), which, since 1975, have joined their efforts and worked in common. It was the twenty-sixth Summer Institute held at Cargese and the tenth organized by the two Institutes of Theoretical Physics at Leuven and Louvain-la-Neuve. The 1989 school centered on the following topics - new experimental results - strings, superstrings and conformal field theory - lattice approximations. Of the many new experimental results, we would like to mention especially those from SLAC presented by Professor G. Feldman. On the other hand, we had the tantalizing knowledge that LEP would begin to operate only right after the end of the school! For this we received ample replacement: Professor J. Steinberger summed up all major CP violation experiments done to date and commented upon them. The reader will find also various other most interesting contributions, for instance on high energy ion beams. Once more theoreticians and experimentalists (this time more than usual) came together to discuss high energy particle physics.

Our volume in the annual review series on this occasion represents a departure from our usual practice in that it serves as a Festschrift for Eugene Wigner. Dr. Wigner has won many honours in his long, wide ranging and distinguished career spanning so many upheavals in civilized life. The editors and the authors, indeed the whole nuclear engineering community, will wish to join in a modest but further acknowledgement of the contributions he has made to nuclear engineering, not least to the morality and professionalism of nuclear engineering in a year that has raised such international concerns over safety. It suffices to make a bald statement of Eugene Wigner's life and times here, for the first article of the volume is a loving appreciation by his long-time colleague, Alvin Weinberg, an evaluation of his contribution historically during and after the Second World War but equally an account of the philosophy which Wigner provided to the burgeoning profession. Eugene Wigner was born 17th November, 1902 in Budapest, Hungary and his early schooling is described by Dr. Weinberg.

Papers presented at the 20th CFIF fall workshop held in Lisbon, Portugal, in October/November 2002. The focus of these papers is on the latest experimental observations and on theoretical progress made in the fields of few-nucleon dynamics and related problems. The topics range from electron-nucleus scattering, meson production, relativistic effects, structure of nucleons and of light nuclei, to heavy-ion collisions.

The content of this book describes in detail the results of the present measurements of the partial and total doubly differential cross sections for the multiple-ionization of rare gas atoms by electron impact. These measurements show, beside other trends, the role of Auger transitions in the production of multiply ionized atoms in the region where the incident electron energy is sufficient to produce inner shell ionization. Other processes like Coster-Kronig transitions and shake off also contribute towards increasing the charge of the ions. The incident electron having energy of 6 keV, for example, in a collision with xenon atom can remove up to nine electrons (*) X-ray-ion coincidence spectroscopy of the electron xenon atom collisions is also described.

The present measurements of doubly differential cross sections for the dissociative and non-dissociative ionization of hydrogen, sulfur dioxide and sulfur hexa fluoride molecular gases by electron impact are also described in the text of this book. The results of the measurements for sulfur dioxide molecule show how this major atmospheric pollutant can be removed from the atmosphere by electron impact dissociation of this molecule. The present results of the measurements for sulfur hexa fluoride give an insight into the dissociation properties of this molecular gas, which is being so widely used as a gaseous insulator in the electrical circuits.

The book also describes the present measurements of the polarization parameters of the fluorescence radiation emitted by the electron-impact-excited atoms of sodium and potassium. In these investigations the target atoms are polarized, therefore, the measurements of the polarization parameters give information about the electron atom interaction in terms of the interference, direct and exchange interaction channels.

This work tries to provide an elementary introduction to the notions of continuum limit and universality in statistical systems with a large number of degrees of freedom. The existence of a continuum limit requires the appearance of correlations at large distance, a situation that is encountered in second order phase transitions, near the critical temperature. In this context, we will emphasize the role of gaussian distributions and their relations with the mean field approximation and Landau's theory of critical phenomena. We will show that quasi-gaussian or mean-field approximations cannot describe correctly phase transitions in three space dimensions. We will assign this difficulty to the coupling of very different physical length scales, even though the systems we will consider have only local, that is, short range interactions. To analyze the unusual situation, a new concept is required: the renormalization group, whose fixed points allow understanding the universality of physical properties at large distance, beyond mean-field theory. In the continuum limit, critical phenomena can be described by quantum field theories. In this framework, the renormalization group is directly related to the renormalization process, that is, the necessity to cancel the infinities that arise in straightforward formulations of the theory. We thus discuss the renormalization group in the context of various relevant field theories. This leads to proofs of universality and to efficient tools for calculating universal quantities in a perturbative framework. Finally, we construct a general functional renormalization group, which can be used when perturbative methods are inadequate.

This volume contains a portion of the presentations given at the session on High Energy Physics and Astro physics of Orbis Scientiae II, held at the Center for Theoretical Studies, University of Miami, from January 20 through January 24, 1975. This, second in the new series of meetings held at the CTS, strove to implement the goals professed in the organization of Orbis Scientiae in 1974, namely to encourage scientists in several disciplines to exchange views, not only with colleagues who share similar research interests, but also to acquaint scientists in other fields with the leading ideas and current results in each area repre sented. Thus, an effort has been made to include papers in each session that discuss fundamental issues in a way which is comprehensible to scientists who are specialists in other areas. Also in keeping with the philosophy of Orbis Scientiae, the major topics each year are to be varied, with the invariant being the inclusion of developments in fundamental physics. The discussions of the current state of the art in high energy physics represented in this volume include new theories and experiments in the field. v PREFACE Special gratitude is due to the following for their contributions as organizers and moderators of the ses sions on high energy physics and astrophysics: Abdus Salam, Jogesh Pati, Karl Strauch, O. W. Greenberg, Sheldon Glashow, George Sudarshan and W. John Cocke. The editors wish to express their appreciation to Mrs. Helga Billings and Mrs."

Condensed matter systems where interactions are strong are inherently difficult to analyze theoretically. The situation is particularly interesting in low-dimensional systems, where quantum fluctuations play a crucial role. Here, the development of non-perturbative methods and the study of integrable field theory have facilitated the understanding of the behavior of many quasi one- and two-dimensional strongly correlated systems. In view of the same rapid development that has taken place for both experimental and numerical techniques, as well as the emergence of novel testing-grounds such as cold atoms or graphene, the current understanding of strongly correlated condensed matter systems differs quite considerably from standard textbook presentations.

The present volume of lecture notes aims to fill this gap in the literature by providing a collection of authoritative tutorial reviews, covering such topics as quantum phase transitions of antiferromagnets and cuprate-based high-temperature superconductors, electronic liquid crystal phases, graphene physics, dynamical mean field theory applied to strongly correlated systems, transport through quantum dots, quantum information perspectives on many-body physics, frustrated magnetism, statistical mechanics of classical and quantum computational complexity, and integrable methods in statistical field theory.

As both graduate-level text and authoritative reference on this topic, this book will benefit newcomers and more experienced researchers in this field alike."

Contributors to this Conference have shown the wide range of active and passive solar heating systems which have been researched, installed and monitored in recent years throughout western Europe and elsewhere. Yet much remains to be done if solar heating is to reach its full potential. The Conference Committee hopes that this record of the proceedings will provide a basis for the further development of these systems. Many difficulties have been surmounted in arriving at today's position. The foundations of the growing confidence of architects and engineers are to be found in the concerted programmes of research and development mounted by ty, 'o of the sponsors of the Conference the European Community and the International Energy Agency. Some of the more tangible products of these programmes have been reported here: component and system behaviour has been subjected to rigorous scientific study; new test facilities have been founded; test procedures devised; simulation methods developed and evaluated; design rules formulated and checked against measured performance. It has been apparent here that the willingness to exchange information and experiences, which has always been a feature of the solar energy scene, remains as strong as ever. A further information-sharing initiative was noted on the part of another sponsor, UNESCO - the setting-up of the European Cooperative Network on Solar Energy, involving countries from both eastern and western Europe.

Symmetries, coupled with the mathematical concept of group theory, are an essential conceptual backbone in the formulation of quantum field theories capable of describing the world of elementary particles. This primer is an introduction to and survey of the underlying concepts and structures needed in order to understand and handle these powerful tools. Specifically, in Part I of the book the symmetries and related group theoretical structures of the Minkowskian space-time manifold are analyzed, while Part II examines the internal symmetries and their related unitary groups, where the interactions between fundamental particles are encoded as we know them from the present standard model of particle physics. This book, based on several courses given by the authors, addresses advanced graduate students and non-specialist researchers wishing to enter active research in the field, and having a working knowledge of classical field theory and relativistic quantum mechanics. Numerous end-of-chapter problems and their solutions will facilitate the use of this book as self-study guide or as course book for topical lectures.

The model calculations considered here test the DWBA with a wide range of three-body models. Each of the calculations, however, considers only one or two aspects of the accuracy of the DWBA. The lack of overlap of the testing parameters limits the con clusions which can be drawn. This is particularly true with reference to the nucleon core potential where comparable parameters are rarely used. In spite of this limitation, we may make a few observations about the sensitivity of the model cross sections and the mechanism which produces an accurate DWBA. Specifically we may summarize the most important results as follows: 1) In these models the exact DWBA at low energies (E"

Since the great discovery made by Laue, x-ray diffraction has become the most im portant method for the investigation of atomic structure in condensed matter. Cer tain investigations, however, are difficult or totally impossible to conduct using x-rays, for example, the localization of atomic nuclei or atoms having only a few core electrons, and the observation of magnetic moments. The investigation of these important areas is made possible by neutron diffraction. Thus this method has devel oped into an important supplement to x-ray investigations. An ever-increasing de mand is put on the method by research areas, old and new. Neutron diffraction has completely reformed the subject of solid-state magnetism; especially the area of chemical binding has received a new impetus by the union of x-ray and neutron dif fraction. An exchange of different isotopes of the same element gives rise, as a rule, to a change in the strength of the neutron diffraction. Due to this effect itls possible, by means of deuteration, to make visible a single chain in a solid high polymer. Thus neutron small-angle scattering is important in protein research and for the biology of macromolecules. Of equal importance is the application of neu: ron diffraction in metallurgy. There already exist several excellent books which discuss the results obtained by neans of neutron diffraction."

In 1989, the Swiss Society for Optics and Electron Microscopy (Schweizerische Gesellschaft fOr Optik und Elektronenmikroskopie - Societe Suisse d'Optique et de Microscopie Electronique), formerly founded as "Schweizerisches Komitee fOr Optik -Comite Suisse d'Optique" could celebrate its 40th anniversary. Already during and mainly just after World War II the then newly invented electron microscopy was introduced also in Switzerland and its importance quickly increased. In 1955, our Society was split into two sections, i.e. for Optics and for Electron Microscopy, both with their own secretaries. Other foreign Societies for electron microscopy in Europe and all over the world have celebrated their anniversaries in the last few years and held reviews at these occasions. In view of this and facing the fact that many of the pioneers and founders of our Society might help to record the history of electron microscopy in our country, the board of SGOEM-SSOME has decided to have a short review of its history written and published. This short review has now developed into a book. viii I would like to thank here all the authors, who have contributed to this volume very much. My special thanks go to Prof. Dr.John R. GOnter, without whose circumspective and energetic work this review of the history of electron microscopy in Switzerland would never have appeared.

Particle Accelerator Physics II continues the discussion of particle accelerator physics beyond the introductory Particle Accelerator Physics I. Aimed at students and scientists who plan to work or are working in the field of accelerator physics. Basic principles of beam dynamics already discussed in Vol.I are expanded into the nonlinear regime in order to tackle fundamental problems encountered in present-day accelerator design and development. Nonlinear dynamics is discussed both for the transverse phase space to determine chromatic and geometric aberrations which limit the dynamic aperture as well as for the longitude phase space in connection with phase focusing at very small values of the momentum compaction. Effects derived theoretically are compared with observations made at existing accelerators.

"Exotic Atoms in Condensed Matter" reviews the state of the art in this field, from meson factories to the basic interactions of muons in condensed matter. The application of muon- and pion-based analysis of solid state structural, magnetic and superconducting properties is discussed. The spectroscopic features of exotic atoms are reviewed together with their application to chemical analysis. Also, muon-catalyzed fusion is presented.

This book is based upon the lectures delivered from 18 to 22 June 2007 at the INFN-LaboratoriNazionali di Frascati School on Attractor Mechanism, directed by Stefano Bellucci, with the participation of prestigious lecturers, including S. Ferrara, M. Gnaydin, P. Levay, T. Mohaupt, and A. Zichichi. All lectures were given at a pedagogical, introductory level, a feature which is re?ected in the s- ci?c "?avor" of this volume, which has also bene?ted much from the extensive discussions and related reworking of the various contributions. This is the fourth volume in a series of books on the general topics of sup- symmetry, supergravity, black holes, and the attractor mechanism. Indeed, based on previous meetings, three volumes have already been published: BELLUCCI S. (2006). Supersymmetric Mechanics - Vol. 1: Supersymmetry, NoncommutativityandMatrixModels.(vol.698, pp.1-229).ISBN:3-540-33313-4. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Verlag (Germany). Springer Lecture Notes in Physics Vol. 698. BELLUCCIS., S.FERRARA, A.MARRANI.(2006).SupersymmetricMech- ics - Vol. 2: The Attractor Mechanism and Space Time Singularities. (vol. 701, pp. 1-242). ISBN-13: 9783540341567. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Verlag (G- many). Springer Lecture Notes in Physics Vol. 701. BELLUCCIS.(2008).SupersymmetricMechanics-Vol.3: AttractorsandBlack HolesinSupersymmetricGravity.(vol.755, pp.1-373).ISBN-13:9783540795223. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Verlag (Germany). Springer Lecture Notes in Physics 755. In this volume, we have included two contributions originating from short p- sentations of recent original results given by participants, i.e., Wei Li and Filipe Moura.

This book helps dispel the notion that collective phenomena, which have become increasingly important in modern storage rings, are an obscure and inaccessible topic. The book serves as a valuable guide on how to improve synchrotrons and other storage rings. Despite an emphasis on synchrotron light sources, the basic concepts presented here are valid for other facilities as well.

Any student working with the celebrated Feynman Lectures will ?nd a chapter in it with the intriguing title Electromagnetic Mass [2, Chap. 28]. In a way, it looks rather out of date, and it would be easy to skate over it, or even just skip it. And yet all bound state particles we know of today have electromagnetic mass. It is just that we approach the question differently. Today we have multiplets of mesons or baryons, and we have colour symmetry, and broken ?avour symmetry, and we think about mass and energy through Hamiltonians. This book is an invitation to look at all these modern ideas with the help of an old light. Everything here is quite standard theory, in fact, classical electromagnetism for the main part. The reader would be expected to have encountered the theory of elec tromagnetism before, but there is a review of all the necessary results, and nothing sophisticated about the calculations. The reader could be any student of physics, or any physicist, but someone who would like to know more about inertia, and the clas sical precursor of mass renormalisation in quantum ?eld theory. In short, someone who feels it worthwhile to ask why F= ma.

The third course of the International School on Physics with Low Energy Antiprotons was held in Erice, Sicily at the Ettore Majorana Centre for Scientific Culture, from 10 to 18 June, 1988. The School is dedicated to physics accessible to experiments using low energy antiprotons, especially in view of operation of the LEAR facility at CERN with the upgraded antiproton source AAC (Antiproton Accumulator AA and Antiproton Collector ACOL). The first course in 1986 covered topics related to fundamental symmetries; the second course in 1987 focused on spectroscopy of light and heavy quarks. This book con tains the Proceedings of the third course, devoted to the experimental and theoretical aspects of the interaction of antinucleons with nucleons and nuclei. The Proceedings contain both the tutorial lectures and contributions presented by participants during the School. The papers are organized in several sections. The first section deals with the theoretical aspects of NN scattering and annihilation, and the underlying QCD. The experimental techniques and results concerning NN scattering are contained in Section II. Section III contains theoretical reviews and contributions on anti proton-nucleus scattering and bound states. Section IV is devoted to the experimental results on the antiproton nucleus systems and their phenomenological analysis. Finally, some possible developments of the antiproton machines are presented."

In preparing the program for this Conference, the third in the series, it soon became evident that it was not possible to in clude in a conference of reasonable duration all the topics that might be subsumed under the broad title, "High Energy Physics and Nuclear Structure. " From their initiation, in 1963, it has been as much the aim of these Conferences to provide some bridges between the steadily separating domains of particle and nuclear physics, as to explore thoroughly the borderline territory between the two - the sort of no-man's-land that lies unclaimed, or claimed by both sides. The past few years have witnessed the rapid development of many new routes connecting the two major areas of 'elementary par ticles' and 'nuclear structure', and these now spread over a great expanse of physics, logically perhaps including the whole of both subjects. (As recently as 1954, an International Conference on 'Nuclear and Meson Physics' did, in fact, embrace both fields ) Since it is not now possible to traverse, in one Conference, this whole network of connections, still less to explore the entire ter ritory it covers, the choice of topics has to be in some degree arbitrary. It is hoped that ours has served the purpose of fairly exemplifying many areas where physicists, normally separated by their diverse interests, can find interesting and important topics which bring them together."