This text is an introduction to the fields of experimental and theoretical particle physics and cosmology. The book focuses on three principal areas: supersymmetry, string theory, and astrophysics and cosmology. The chapters on supersymmetry introduce the basics of supersymmetry and its phenomenology, and cover dynamics, dynamical supersymmetry breaking, and electric-magnetic duality. The book then introduces general relativity and the big bang theory, and the basic issues in inflationary cosmologies. The section on string theory discusses the spectra of known string theories, and the features of their interactions. Material added in the second edition includes the pivotal Higgs discovery and the results of the WMAP and Planck experiments. This book will be of great interest to graduates and researchers in the fields of particle theory, string theory, astrophysics, and cosmology. It has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.

Describing the fundamental theory of particle physics and its applications, this book provides a detailed account of the Standard Model, focusing on techniques that can produce information about real observed phenomena. It begins with a pedagogic account of the Standard Model, introducing essential techniques such as effective field theory and path integral methods. It then focuses on the use of the Standard Model in the calculation of physical properties of particles. Rigorous methods are emphasized, but other useful models are also described. The second edition has been updated to include theoretical and experimental advances, such as the discovery of the Higgs boson, our understanding of neutrinos, and the major advances in CP violation and electroweak physics. This book is valuable to graduate students and researchers in particle physics, nuclear physics and related fields. This edition, first published in 2014, has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.

Filling a gap in the current literature, this book is dedicated to high energy quantum chromodynamics (QCD) including parton saturation and the color glass condensate (CGC). It presents groundbreaking progress on the subject and describes many problems at the forefront of research, bringing postgraduate students, theorists and interested experimentalists up to date with research in this field. The material is presented in a pedagogical way, with numerous examples and exercises. Discussion ranges from the quasi-classical McLerran-Venugopalan model to the linear BFKL and nonlinear BK/JIMWLK small-x evolution equations. The authors adopt both a theoretical and an experimental outlook, and present the physics of strong interactions in a universal way, making it useful for physicists from across high energy and nuclear physics, and applicable to processes studied at high energy accelerators around the world. This title, first published in 2012, has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.

This book brings together the most important topics in experimental particle physics in the late twentieth century to give a brief but balanced overview of the subject. The author begins by reviewing particle physics and discussing electromagnetic and nuclear interactions. He then goes on to discuss three nearly universal aspects of particle physics experiments: beams, targets, and fast electronics. The second part of the book treats in detail the properties of various types of particle detector, such as scintillation counters, Cerenkov counters, proportional chambers, drift chambers, sampling calorimeters, and specialized detectors. Wherever possible the author attempts to enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of performance. Finally, he discusses aspects of specific experiments, such as properties of triggers, types of measurement, spectrometers, and the integration of detectors into coherent systems. First published in 1986, this title has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.

This volume describes the Pomeron, an object of crucial importance in very high energy particle physics. Starting with a general description of the Pomeron within the framework of Regge theory, the emergence of the Pomeron within scalar field theory is discussed, providing a natural foundation on which to develop the more realistic case of QCD. The reggeization of the gluon is demonstrated and used to build the Pomeron of perturbative QCD. The dynamical nature of the Pomeron and its role in small-x deep inelastic scattering and in diffractive scattering is also examined in detail. The volume concludes with a study of the colour dipole approach to high energy scattering and the explicit role of unitarity corrections. This book will be of interest to theoretical and experimental particle physicists, and applied mathematicians. First published in 1997, this title has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.

This volume describes the Pomeron, an object of crucial importance in very high energy particle physics. Starting with a general description of the Pomeron within the framework of Regge theory, the emergence of the Pomeron within scalar field theory is discussed, providing a natural foundation on which to develop the more realistic case of QCD. The reggeization of the gluon is demonstrated and used to build the Pomeron of perturbative QCD. The dynamical nature of the Pomeron and its role in small-x deep inelastic scattering and in diffractive scattering is also examined in detail. The volume concludes with a study of the colour dipole approach to high energy scattering and the explicit role of unitarity corrections. This book will be of interest to theoretical and experimental particle physicists, and applied mathematicians. First published in 1997, this title has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.

This book introduces the lattice approach to quantum field theory. The spectacular successes of this technique include compelling evidence that exchange of gauge gluons can confine the quarks within subnuclear matter. The lattice framework enables novel schemes for quantitative calculation and has caused considerable cross-disciplinary activity between elementary particle and solid state physicists. The treatment begins with the lattice definition of a path integral and ends on Monte Carlo simulation methods. Other topics include invariant group integration, duality, mean field theory and renormalization group techniques. The reader is assumed to have a basic background in relativistic quantum mechanics and some exposure to gauge theories.

Magnetostatics, the mathematical theory that describes the forces and fields resulting from the steady flow of electrical currents, has a long history. By capturing the basic concepts, and building towards the computation of magnetic fields, this book is a self-contained discussion of the major subjects in magnetostatics. Overviews of Maxwell's equations, the Poisson equation, and boundary value problems pave the way for dealing with fields from transverse, axial and periodic magnetic arrangements and assemblies of permanent magnets. Examples from accelerator and beam physics give up-to-date context to the theory. Both complex contour integration and numerical techniques for calculating magnetic fields are discussed in detail with plentiful examples. Theoretical and practical information on carefully selected topics make this a one-stop reference for magnet designers, as well as for physics and electrical engineering undergraduate students. This title, first published in 2016, has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.

Magnetostatics, the mathematical theory that describes the forces and fields resulting from the steady flow of electrical currents, has a long history. By capturing the basic concepts, and building towards the computation of magnetic fields, this book is a self-contained discussion of the major subjects in magnetostatics. Overviews of Maxwell's equations, the Poisson equation, and boundary value problems pave the way for dealing with fields from transverse, axial and periodic magnetic arrangements and assemblies of permanent magnets. Examples from accelerator and beam physics give up-to-date context to the theory. Both complex contour integration and numerical techniques for calculating magnetic fields are discussed in detail with plentiful examples. Theoretical and practical information on carefully selected topics make this a one-stop reference for magnet designers, as well as for physics and electrical engineering undergraduate students. This title, first published in 2016, has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.

Filling a gap in the current literature, this book is dedicated to high energy quantum chromodynamics (QCD) including parton saturation and the color glass condensate (CGC). It presents groundbreaking progress on the subject and describes many problems at the forefront of research, bringing postgraduate students, theorists and interested experimentalists up to date with research in this field. The material is presented in a pedagogical way, with numerous examples and exercises. Discussion ranges from the quasi-classical McLerran-Venugopalan model to the linear BFKL and nonlinear BK/JIMWLK small-x evolution equations. The authors adopt both a theoretical and an experimental outlook, and present the physics of strong interactions in a universal way, making it useful for physicists from across high energy and nuclear physics, and applicable to processes studied at high energy accelerators around the world. This title, first published in 2012, has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.

Twenty-five years ago, Michael Green, John Schwarz, and Edward Witten wrote two volumes on string theory. Published during a period of rapid progress in this subject, these volumes were highly influential for a generation of students and researchers. Despite the immense progress that has been made in the field since then, the systematic exposition of the foundations of superstring theory presented in these volumes is just as relevant today as when first published. A self-contained introduction to superstrings, Volume 1 begins with an elementary treatment of the bosonic string, before describing the incorporation of additional degrees of freedom: fermionic degrees of freedom leading to supersymmetry and internal quantum numbers leading to gauge interactions. A detailed discussion of the evaluation of tree-approximation scattering amplitudes is also given. Featuring a new Preface setting the work in context in light of recent advances, this book is invaluable for graduate students and researchers in general relativity and elementary particle theory.

During more than 10 years, from 1989 until 2000, the LEP accelerator and the four LEP experiments, ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL, have taken data for a large amount of measurements at the frontier of particle physics. The main outcome is a thorough and successful test of the Standard Model of electroweak interactions. Mass and width of the Z and W bosons were measured precisely, as well as the Z and photon couplings to fermions and the couplings among gauge bosons. The rst part of this work will describe the most important physics results of the LEP experiments. Emphasis is put on the properties of the W boson, which was my main research eld at LEP. Especially the precise determination of its mass and its couplings to the other gauge bosons will be described. Details on physics effects like Colour Reconnection and Bose-Einstein Correlations in W-pair events shall be discussed as well. A conclusive summary of the current electroweak measurements, including low-energy results, as the pillars of possible future ndings will be given. The important contributions from Tevatron, like the measurement of the top quark and W mass, will round up the present day picture of electroweak particle physics.This is an open access book.

This book provides an introduction into the rapidly developing field of light exotic nuclei, that is light nuclei of unusual composition. Since the mid 1980s increasing effort has been put into studying these exotic objects. The research of the exotic nucclei began with the advent of accelerated beams of such nuclei. This new technique has revitalized nuclear physics, and the facilities producing radioactive ion beams and their theoretical hinterland now offer students the experience of pioneering research.

The first part of the book considers the theory of collisions of light exotic nuclei and the second part is based on a multicluster model in which the intercluster motion is treated accurately. Current hot topics are included as are more advanced areas of the theory, providing ideas for further study. Although the subject is theoretical it is intended for both experiemental and theoretical physicists of graduate level and above.

eBook available with sample pages: 0203168275

Applications of quantum field theoretical methods to gravitational physics, both in the semiclassical and the full quantum frameworks, require a careful formulation of the fundamental basis of quantum theory, with special attention to such important issues as renormalization, quantum theory of gauge theories, and especially effective action formalism. The first part of this graduate textbook provides both a conceptual and technical introduction to the theory of quantum fields. The presentation is consistent, starting from elements of group theory, classical fields, and moving on to the effective action formalism in general gauge theories. Compared to other existing books, the general formalism of renormalization in described in more detail, and special attention paid to gauge theories. This part can serve as a textbook for a one-semester introductory course in quantum field theory. In the second part, we discuss basic aspects of quantum field theory in curved space, and perturbative quantum gravity. More than half of Part II is written with a full exposition of details, and includes elaborated examples of simplest calculations. All chapters include exercises ranging from very simple ones to those requiring small original investigations. The selection of material of the second part is done using the "must-know" principle. This means we included detailed expositions of relatively simple techniques and calculations, expecting that the interested reader will be able to learn more advanced issues independently after working through the basic material, and completing the exercises.

Branes are solitonic configurations of a string theory that are represented by extended objects in a higher-dimensional space-time. They are essential for a comprehension of the non-perturbative aspects of string theory, in particular, in connection with string dualities. From the mathematical viewpoint, branes are related to several important theories, such as homological mirror symmetry and quantum cohomology.
Geometry and Physics of Branes provides an introduction to current research in some of these different areas, both in physics and mathematics. The book opens with a lucid introduction to the basic aspects of branes in string theory. Topics covered in subsequent chapters include tachyon condensation, the geometry surrounding the Gopakumar-Vafa conjecture (a duality between the SU(N) Chern-Simons theory on S3 and a IIA string theory compactified on a Calabi-Yau 3-fold), two-dimensional conformal field theory on open and unoriented surfaces, and the development of a homology theory naturally attached to the deformations of vector bundles that should be relevant to the study of homological mirror symmetry.

This book is a comprehensive survey of the current state of knowledge about the dynamics and gravitational properties of cosmic strings treated in the idealized classical approximation as line singularities described by the Nambu-Goto action. The author's purpose is to provide a standard reference to all work that has been published since the mid-1970s and to link this work together in a single conceptual framework and a single notational formalism. A working knowledge of basic general relativity is assumed. The book will be essential reading for researchers and postgraduate students in mathematics, theoretical physics, and astronomy interested in cosmic strings.

Silent Movements brings all Simon Mundy's experience in politics and the music business together. Set in 1980 at the end of the Cold War, it tells the story of a Soviet violinist being helped by a young British cellist to defect. Along the way Mundy accurately depicts the challenges and excitement of concert performance. As Julian Lloyd Webber says, 'Simon Mundy really knows the point where music, politics and history collide. He also understands the processes of a performer's life.'

Contents:
Kuhn, Thomas. 'Revisiting Planck.' Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 14 (1984).

Klein, Martin. 'Thermodynamics in Einstein's Thought.' Science 157 (1967).

Klein, Martin. 'Einstein, Specific Heats, and the Early Quantum Theory.' Science 148 (1965).

Darrigol, Olivier. 'Classsical Concepts in Bohr's Atomic Theory (1913-1925).' Physis 32 (1997).

MacKinnon, Edward. 'Heisenberg, Models, and the Rise of Matrix Mechanics.' Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 8 (1977).

Wessels, Linda. 'Schrodinger's Route to Wave Mechanics.' Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 10 (1977).

Cassidy, David. 'Heisenberg, Uncertainty, and the Quantum Revolution.' Scientific American 266 (May 1992).

Kragh, Helge. 'The Genesis of Dirac's Relativistic Theory of Electrons.' Archive for History of Exact Sciences 24 (1981).

Forman, Paul. 'Weimar Culture, Causality, and Quantum Theory, 1918-1927: Adaptation by German Physicists and Mathematicians to a Hostile Intellectual Environment.' In Colin Chant and John Fauvel, eds., Darwin to Einstein: Historical Studies on Science and Belief (New York, NY: Longman, 1980).

Beller, Mara. 'Born's Probabilistic Interpretation: A Case Study of 'Concepts in Flux''. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 21 (1990).

Holton, Gerald. 'The Roots of Complementarity.' Daedalus 99 (1970).

Heilbron, John. 'The Earliest Missionaries of the Copenhagen Spirit.' Revue d'Histoire des Sciences 38 (1985).

Wise, M. Norton. 'Pascual Jordan: Quantum Mechanics, Psychology, National Socialism.' In Mark Walker and Monika Rechenberg, eds., Science, Technology, and National Socialism. (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1994).

Fine, Arthur. 'Einstein's Critique of Quantum Theory: The Roots and Significance of EPR.' In P. Barker and C.G. Shugart, eds., After Einstein (Memphis, TN: Memphis State University Press, 1981).

Assmus, Alexi. 'The Americanization of Molecular Physics.' Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 23 (1992).

Effective field theories are a widely used tool in various branches of physics. This book provides a comprehensive discussion of the foundations and fundamentals of effective field theories of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in the light quark sector with an emphasis on the study of flavour symmetries and their realizations. In this context, different types of effective field theories pertaining to various energy scales are considered and selected applications are devised. It also covers the formulation of effective field theories in a finite volume and its application in the analysis of lattice QCD data. Effective Field Theories is intended for graduate students and researchers in particle physics, hadron physics and nuclear physics. Exercises are included to help the reader deepen their understanding of the topics discussed throughout, with solutions available to lecturers.

The theoretical foundations of the Standard Model of elementary particles relies on the existence of the Higgs boson, a particle which has been revealed for the first time by the experiments run at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in 2012. As the Higgs boson is an unstable particle, its search strategies were based on its decay products. In this thesis, Francesco Pandolfi conducted a search for the Higgs boson in the H ZZ l + l - qq Decay Channel with 4.6 fb -1 of 7 TeV proton-proton collision data collected by the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment. The presence of jets in the final state poses a series of challenges to the experimenter: both from a technical point of view, as jets are complex objects and necessitate of ad-hoc reconstruction techniques, and from an analytical one, as backgrounds with jets are copious at hadron colliders, therefore analyses must obtain high degrees of background rejection in order to achieve competitive sensitivity. This is accomplished by following two directives: the use of an angular likelihood discriminant, capable of discriminating events likely to originate from the decay of a scalar boson from non-resonant backgrounds, and by using jet parton flavor tagging, selecting jets compatible with quark hadronization and discarding jets more likely to be initiated by gluons. The events passing the selection requirements in 4.6 fb -1 of data collected by the CMS detector are examined, in the search of a possible signal compatible with the decay of a heavy Higgs boson. The thesis describes the statistical tools and the results of this analysis. This work is a paradigm for studies of the Higgs boson with final states with jets. The non-expert physicists will enjoy a complete and eminently readable description of a proton-proton collider analysis. At the same time, the expert reader will learn the details of the searches done with jets at CMS.

This book examines the motivation for electron scattering and develops the theoretical analysis of the process. It discusses our current theoretical understanding of the underlying structure of nuclei and nucleons at appropriate levels of resolution and sophistication, and summarizes present experimental electron scattering capabilities. Only a working knowledge of quantum mechanics and special relativity is assumed, making this a suitable textbook for graduate and advanced undergraduate courses.

Now available for the first time in English translation, this important book contains extensive material relating to the electrodynamic characteristics of linear accelerators, and gives a good overview of the fundamentals of accelerating cavity design. The authors describe the experimental methods and measurement techniques essential in this area of research, and provide comprehensive data about the electrodynamic characteristics of resonant structures, which are widely used in charged particle accelerators and microwave devices. Single cavities and coupling chains, excited in electrical and magnetic modes, are described numerically and analyzed in detail. The book also provides a valuable description of the perturbation method, which is illustrated using a unique collection of data.

Elliptical Flow: A Probe of the Pressure in Ultrarelativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions; H. Sorge. A Study of Low-Mass Dileptons at the CERn SPS; J. Murray, et al. Exclusive Study of Heavy Ion Collisions Using 2-8 AGeV Au Beams: Status of AGS Experiment E895; M. Kaplan. Analysis of the d/p Ratios in Au+Au Collisions at 11.1 GeV/c; E.J. Garcia-Solis. Recent Results from CERn-WA98; P. Stankus. Event-by-Event Physics at the CERN SPS; T. Trainor. Nuclear Temperature Measurement and Secondary Decay; X. Hongfei, et al. Net Proton and Negatively-Charged Hadron Spectra from the NA49 Experiment; M. Toy. Sequential and Pre-Equilibrion Nucleon Emission in Sn+Ca Reactions at 35 A MeV; D. Agnihotri, ete al. Dissipative Collisions and Multifragmentationi n the Fermi Energy Domain; W. Skulski. Fermionic Molecular Dynamics: Multifragmentation in Heavy-Ion Collisions and in Excited Nuclei; H. Felmeier, J. Schnack. Apparent Temperatures in Hot Quasi-Projectiles and the Caloric Curve; J. Peter, et al. Baryon Production in High Energy Pb-Pb Collissions - Recent Results from NA44; E.B. Holzer. Strangeness Production and Flow in Heavy-Ion Collisions; G.Q. Li, et al. Semihard Processes in Nuclear Collisions; K. Werner. 17 Additional Articles. Index.

How did electrons in the high atmosphere and space around the Earth come to acquire their speeds and energies?
This intriguing question lies at the heart of understanding how high-energy electrons create the spectacular displays of the DEGREESIAurora Borealis and DEGREESIAurora Australis. Electron Acceleration in the Aurora and Beyond explores the mysteries of these phenomena and others involving the acceleration of electrons in the magnetosphere, in the solar wind, at the Sun and in the Cosmos.
This book presents a new approach to understanding this fascinating subject by treating the acceleration medium as a plasma. Using this new insight we can see that electron acceleration may well be caused by waves rather than steady potential differences. This unique approach is clearly explained in a lively and engaging style.
Quantitative formulae, experiments, practical demonstrations and computer programs enable us to investigate for ourselves how the model works. The theory is further illustrated by comparing acceleration in space with particle accelerators in the nuclear physics laboratory (and even on the sports field )
Questions and exercises with answers are supplied to stimulate further thinking.
DEGREESIElectron Acceleration in the Aurora and Beyond is a thought-provoking book for graduate and post-doctoral space scientists.

Superstrings and M-theory: provocative and controversial, but unarguably one of the most interesting and active areas of research in current physics. Called by some, "the theory of everything," superstrings may solve a problem that has eluded physicists for the past 50 years, the final unification of the two great theories of the twentieth century, general relativity and quantum field theory. Now, here is a thoroughly revised, second edition of a course-tested comprehensive introductory graduate text on superstrings which stresses the most current areas of interest, not covered in other presentations, including: · Four-dimensional superstrings · Kac-Moody algebras · Teichmüller spaces and Calabi-Yau manifolds · M-theory Membranes and D-branes · Duality and BPS relations · Matrix models The book begins with a simple discussion of point particle theory, and uses Feynman path integrals to unify the presentation of superstrings. It has been updated throughout, and three new chapters on M-theory have been added. Prerequisites are an acquaintance with quantum mechanics and relativity.