A comprehensive survey of the most recent results from the field of quark-gluon structure of the nucleon, in particular how the spin of the nucleon is shared by its constituents. After very intriguing results from CERN and SLAC at the end of the 1980s, the last decade has seen a set of second-generation experiments at high energy accelerators that have yielded precise information on the solution of the 'Spin Crisis' - as well as opening up new questions. The articles are written by experts from the leading collaboration and theory groups as well as providing an expert summary of the state of the art, the book points the way to future research directions. Its main focus is on semi-inclusive and exclusive measurements of deep inelastic lepton scattering, which enables for the first time the determination of the flavor-separated quark spin distributions. Future developments on generalized parton distributions and their interpretation as well as the transverse spin structure are also covered. An indispensable volume for all working in hadronic physics.

Helping readers understand the complicated laws of nature, Advanced Particle Physics Volume I: Particles, Fields, and Quantum Electrodynamics explains the calculations, experimental procedures, and measuring methods of particle physics. It also describes modern physics devices, including accelerators, elementary particle detectors, and neutrino telescopes. The book first introduces the mathematical basis of modern quantum field theory. It presents the most pertinent information on group theory, proves Noether's theorem, and determines the major motion integrals connected with both space and internal symmetry. The second part on fundamental interactions and their unifications discusses the main theoretical preconditions and experiments that allow for matter structure to be established at the quark-lepton level. In the third part, the author investigates the secondary quantized theories of free fields with spin 0, 1/2, and 1, with particular emphasis on the neutrino field. The final part focuses on quantum electrodynamics, the first successfully operating quantum field theory. Along with different renormalization schemes of quantum field theory, the author covers the calculation methods for polarized and unpolarized particles, with and without inclusion of radiative corrections. Each part in this volume contains problems to help readers master the calculation techniques and generalize the results obtained. To improve understanding of the computation procedures in quantum field theory, the majority of the calculations have been performed without dropping complex intermediate steps.

Combining elastic and inelastic processes with transfer reactions, this two-part volume explores how these events affect heavy ion collisions. Special attention is given to processes involving the transfer of two nucleons, which are specific for probing pairing correlations in nuclei. This novel treatment provides, together with the description of surface vibration and rotations, a unified picture of heavy ion reactions in terms of the elementary modes of nuclear excitation." Heavy Ion Reactions" is essential reading for beginning graduate students as well as experienced researchers.

From the recent discovery of the "top quark" to the search for the Higgs particle, the frontiers of particle physics beckon the imagination. Exploring in detail the full history of particle physics, Yuval Ne'eman and Yoram Kirsh explain in an engaging, nonmathematical style the principles of modern theories such as quantum mechanics and Einstein's relativity, and they brilliantly succeed in conveying to the reader the excitement that accompanied the original discoveries. The book is spiced with amusing stories on how great discoveries were made, and Ne'eman, who took an active role in some of the historical advances in particle physics, gives his personal point of view. New to this edition are sections on the discovery of the top quark; the rise and fall of the supercollider project; the detection of the Zo particle in e+e- colliders; and the use of the width of the Zo to determine the number of "generations" of quarks and leptons. The Particle Hunters will interest anyone who wants to keep pace with the progress of human knowledge. Yuval Ne'eman discovered the basic symmetry of the subatomic particles of matter, leading him to their classification, to the prediction of new particles, and to his identification (in 1962) of a new layer in the structure of matter ("quarks"). Yoram Kirsh was awarded the Aharon Katzir Prize for popular science writing in 1975.

The revolution in elementary particle physics sparked by the unearthing of the bizarre J/psi particle in 1974, and followed by the discovery of the equally mysterious tau and upsilon particles, led to a beautiful interweaving of theory and experiment culminating in the SalamWeinberg theory of electroweak interactions and the Quantum Chromodynamic theory of strong interactions. The extraordinary prediction of the existence of the W and Z-zero bosons was fulfilled in 1983, and it is now possible to produce Z-zeros in millions. The emphasis today is on fine quantitative detail and, to match this, more sophisticated theoretical calculations are demanded. This book presents a comprehensive and unified treatment of modern theoretical and experimental particle physics at a level accessible to beginning research students. The emphasis throughout, is on presenting underlying physical principles in a simple and intuitive way.

This work presents, in two volumes, a comprehensive and unified treatment of modern theoretical and experimental particle physics at a level accessible to beginning research students. The emphasis throughout is on presenting underlying physical principles in a simple and intuitive way, and the more sophisticated methods demanded by present day research interests are introduced in a very gradual and gentle fashion. Volume 1 covers electroweak interactions, the discovery and properties of the 'new' particles, the discovery of partons and the construction and predictions of the simple parton model. Volume 2 deals at some length with CP-violation, but is mainly devoted to QCD and its application to 'hard' processes. A brief coverage of 'soft' hadronic physics is included. This work will provide a comprehensive reference and textbook for all graduate students and researchers interested in modern particle physics.

The macrocosm and the microcosm have many common features. When two energetic particles or nuclei collide a 'fireball' is created which decays into other particles. This fireball consists of quarks and gluons and is similar to the fireball of which the early universe was made when quarks and gluons moved freely in a quark-gluon plasma. The size and lifetime of this fireball is of fundamental interest for our understanding of subatomic physics and of the evolution of the cosmos. Its determination currently plays an essential role in the ongoing search of the quark-gluon plasma in the laboratory. As explained in this book, the space-time characteristics of the fireball (and other properties of sources of elementary particles) can be determined by using the method of intensity interferometry which is also applied in astronomy for the determination of star sizes. This method is based on the quantum effect of Bose-Einstein correlations, an effect which leads also to Bose-Einstein condensates responsible for lasers, superfluids and superconductors. It is for this reason that interest in the subject has seen such remarkable growth in recent years. Despite this interest, Introduction to Bose-Einstein Correlations and Subatomic Interferometry is the first textbook dedicated to the Bose-Einstein correlations and their applications.
The contents of this book are divided into the following chapters, each of which concludes with exercises designed to test the reader's understanding of the concepts and theories included therein: The Foundations; Hadron Interferometry; Currents; Sources; Applications to Ultrarelativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions; Correlations and Multiplicity Distributions;Photons versus Hadrons.
The book addresses itself to graduate students with a background in quantum mechanics, and to theorists and experimentalists in particle and nuclear physics, quantum optics and astrophysics.

Diffraction 2002, International Workshop on Diffraction in High-Energy Physics and NATO Advanced Research Workshop, was held in Alushta (Crimea, Ukraine) from August 31 to September 5, 2002, in a beautiful resort "Dubna" near the Black Sea. The Workshop was the second of the series "Diffraction" started two years earlier in Cetraro, Italy. The Workshop was organized by an International Committee including the organizers of Diffraction 2000 coming from Universita della Calabria (Italy) and "local" organizers from Dubna, Kiev and Novosibirsk research institutions. There were 46 participants, coming from 14 countries. The purpose of the Workshop was to review the experimental and theo- retical aspects of Diffraction in high-energy physics and to discuss the new developments. There were talks devoted to Diffraction in hadron-hadron collisions, in lepton-hadron collisions and in Quantum Chromodynamics. This volume contains the written version of 29 talks, that arrived before the deadline and ordered, somewhat arbitrarily, as experimental, phenomeno- logical and theoretical ones. We thank all the speakers and attendees for their contribution to the scientific success of the Workshop. The Secretariat of the Workshop was admirably held by AlIa Borisenko, Tania Korzhinskay, Elena Rusakovich, Olga Ugrumova and Zoya Vakhnenko, whom we thank for their invaluable assistance. We also thank the stuff of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Physics and in particular Prof. P.N. Bogolyubov for his professional performance in orga- nizing and managing the computer service. The invaluable financial support of NATO, grant ARW 977335, is grate- fully acknowledged.

The focus of this book is on the interactions of small particles, in the size range of microns to millimeters, with electric or magnetic fields. This field has particularly useful practical applications, for instance in photocopier technology and lately in the characterization and manipulation of cells and DNA molecules. The author's objective is to bring together diverse examples of field-particle interactions from many areas of science and technology and then to provide a framework for understanding their common electromechanical phenomena. Using examples from dielectrophoresis, magnetic brush xerography, electrorheology, cell electrorotation, and particle chain rotation, Professor Jones introduces a general model--the effective dipole method--to build a set of predictive models for the forces and torques responsible for the important electromechanical effects. In the last part of the book, the author covers the ubiquitous phenomenon of particle chaining. This book will be highly useful to material engineers and scientists, chemists, and biologists who work with particles, powders, or granular materials.

The physics of strongly correlated fermions and bosons in a disordered envi ronment and confined geometries is at the focus of intense experimental and theoretical research efforts. Advances in material technology and in low temper ature techniques during the last few years led to the discoveries of new physical of atomic gases and a possible metal phenomena including Bose condensation insulator transition in two-dimensional high mobility electron structures. Situ ations were the electronic system is so dominated by interactions that the old concepts of a Fermi liquid do not necessarily make a good starting point are now routinely achieved. This is particularly true in the theory of low dimensional systems such as carbon nanotubes, or in two dimensional electron gases in high mobility devices where the electrons can form a variety of new structures. In many of these sys tems disorder is an unavoidable complication and lead to a host of rich physical phenomena. This has pushed the forefront of fundamental research in condensed matter towards the edge where the interplay between many-body correlations and quantum interference enhanced by disorder has become the key to the understand ing of novel phenomena."

The eleventhAdvancedS tudyInstitute(ASI) on Techniquesand Con- ceptsof High Energy Physics marks thetransitionfrom anextraordinary centuryof scienceto one thatwill surely bring wonderswe can scarcely imagine.It also marks a transitionfrom its founder,theinimitableTom Ferbel,to its newdirectors . We are honoredto have beenasked to con- tinue the venerabletraditionthat Tom established. The school is his distinctivecreation , and will always bearhis mark. The 2000 meetingwas held at the Hotel on the Cay in St. Croix. It is an ideal location: sufficientlysecluded to inspire a vigorous but informal intellectualatmosphere,yet closeenough to the main island to afford opportunitiesto mingle with the locals and partakeof their hospitality.Altogether 76 physicistsboth young, and not so young, par- ticipatedfrom 18 count r ies . Forthe first time, this meetingattract ed a substantialnumber of studentsfrom EasternEurope, all of whom were warmly welcomed.The bulk of thefinancialsupportfor themeetingwas providedby the ScientificAffairs Division of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO). The ASI was co-sponsoredby the U .S. Depart- ment of Energy (DOE) , by the Fermi National Ac celeratorLaboratory (Fermilab), by the U.S . NationalS cien ceFoundation(NSF ), the Univer- sity of Rochester , Florida State University (FSU) and the Institutefor Theoreticaland ExperimentalPhysics (ITEP , Moscow). As is the tradition , the scientificprogramwas designedfor advanced graduatestudentsand recentPhD recipientsin experimentalparticle physics. The present volume covers topics that updateand comple- ment those published (by Plenum and Kluw er) for the first ten ASIs. The materi al in this volume shou ld be of interest to a wide audience of physicists.

The NATO Advanced Study Institute 2000 was held in Cascais, a small town located in a renowned beach resort area, near Lisbon. The aim of the Meeting was to provide an overview and to cover the recent devel opments in some of the most important topics in Particle Physics and Cosmology, including Neutrino Physics, CP violation, B-Physics, Baryo genesis, Dark Matter, Inflation, Supersymmetry, Unified Theories, Large Extra-Di ensions and M-theory. In the NATO ASI 2000, we had the priv ilege to have among the lecturers, some of the most prominent physicists working in the fields of Particle Physics and Cosmology. Furthermore, there was a strong participation by a large number of young scientists, including graduate students and post-docs who had an opportunity to learn about the latest developments in the field and discuss the various topics with lec turers and other participants. The enthusiasm of the young participants, the generosity of the lecturers in giving their time to participate in open discussions and debates, together with the social events and the pleasant environment of Cascais, all contributed to the great success of the Meeting. We are very grateful to Camara Municipal de Cascais for their support and organization of the reception in the beautiful Palace Condes Castro de Guimaraes and we are also specially grateful to colonel Eugenio de Oliveira for his support, to commander A. Monteiro de Macedo and to Mr."

Non-accelerator particle physicists, especially those studying neutrino oscillation experiments, will read with profit the in-depth discussions of new results and their interpretations. new guidelines are also set out for new developments in this and related fields. Discussions are presented of neutrino oscillations, neutrino astronomy, high energy cosmic rays, gravitational waves, magnetic monopoles and dark matter. The future large-scale research projects discussed include the experiments on long baseline neutrino beams from CERN to Gran Sasso and Fermilab to the Soudan mine; large underwater and under-ice experiments; the highest energy cosmic rays; gravitational waves; and the search for new particles and new phenomena.

This graduate/research level book describes our present knowledge of protons and neutrons, the particles which make up the nucleus of the atom. Experiments using high energy electrons, muons and neutrinos reveal the proton as being made up of point-like constituents, quarks. The strong forces which bind the quarks together are described in terms of the modern theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the 'glue' binding the quarks being mediated by new constituents called gluons. Larger and new particle accelerators probe the interactions between quarks and gluons at shorter distances. The understanding of this detailed substructure and of the fundamental forces responsible is one of the keys to unravelling the physics of the structure of matter. This book will be of interest to all theoretical and experimental particle physicists.

The papers reprinted in this book depict a research field that is poised to answer some of the fundamental questions of twentieth-century physics and astronomy: How does the sun shine? What is the dark matter? Is there new physics beyond the "standard model"?This book is of interest to students as well as active researchers in the scientific areas spanned by the reprinted papers, which include physics, chemistry, astronomy, geology, and engineering. Historians of science, some of whom have already used the solar neutrino problem as a case study, will also find this collection a rich source of examples and insights."Solar Neutrinos" gives one the special feeling of being present at the birth of a scientific field. The physical ideas are presented with a simplicity that is unusual in review of papers. By delving into the scientific landmarks reprinted here, one can see clearly how researchers-starting with a paucity of data and with conflicting hypothesis-struggled together to grope their way to a better understanding of the sun and of weak interaction physics. Three new papers have been added to the present paperback version; these papers represent breakthroughs in the field since the original 1994 hardcopy publication.

Supersymmetric models of particle physics predict new superpartner matter states for each particle in the Standard Model. These superpartners will have wide ranging implications, from cosmology to observations at high energy accelerators, such as CERN's LHC. In this 2006 text, the authors develop the basic concepts of supersymmetry and show how it can be incorporated into a theoretical framework for describing unified theories of elementary particles. They develop the technical tools of supersymmetry using four-component spinor notation familiar to high energy experimentalists and phenomenologists. The text takes the reader from an abstract formalism to a straightforward recipe for writing supersymmetric gauge theories of particle physics, and ultimately to the calculations necessary for practical applications at colliders and in cosmology. This is a comprehensive, practical and accessible introduction to supersymmetry for experimental and phenomenological particle physicists and graduate students. Exercises and worked examples that clarify the material are interspersed throughout.

This textbook attempts to bridge the gap that exists between the two levels on which relativistic symmetry is usually presented - the level of introductory courses on mechanics and electrodynamics and the level of application in high energy physics and quantum field theory: in both cases, too many other topics are more important and hardly leave time for a deepening of the idea of relativistic symmetry. So after explaining the postulates that lead to the Lorentz transformation and after going through the main points special relativity has to make in classical mechanics and electrodynamics, the authors gradually lead the reader up to a more abstract point of view on relativistic symmetry - always illustrating it by physical examples - until finally motivating and developing Wigner's classification of the unitary irreducible representations of the inhomogeneous Lorentz group. Numerous historical and mathematical asides contribute to conceptual clarification.

Neutrinos play a decisive part in nuclear and elementary particle physics, as well as in astrophysics and cosmology. Because they interact so weakly with matter, some of their basic properties, such as mass charge conjugation symmetry, are largely unknown. These subjects are considered in detail by authors, who also discuss such topics as neutrino mixing, neutrino decay, neutrino oscillations, double beta decay and related ideas. Physical concepts are stressed, and both theoretical methods and experimental techniques are presented. This second edition contains an expanded coverage of new experimental results and recent theoretical advances. In the intervening years since the first edition, many then unresolved problems such as tritium beta decay and reactor neutrino oscillations have been clarified. This edition also gives expanded coverage of solar and supernova neutrinos.

Neutrinos play a decisive part in nuclear and elementary particle physics, as well as in astrophysics and cosmology. Some of their most basic properties, such as their mass and charge conjugation symmetry, are largely unknown. This book focuses on what we know and may hope to know about the mass of the neutrino and its particle-antiparticle symmetry. Topics include neutrino mixing, neutrino decay, neutrino oscillations, double beta decay, solar neutrinos, supernova neutrinos and related issues. The authors stress the physical concepts, and discuss both theoretical and experimental techniques. This updated second edition differs from the first in that it contains an expanded coverage of experimental results and theoretical advances. Since publication of the first edition, many issues that were at that time unresolved, such as tritium beta decay and reactor neutrino oscillations, have been clarified and are discussed here. Also included is an expanded coverage of solar and supernova neutrinos. This book deals with one of the most intriguing issues in modern physics, and will be of value to researchers, graduate students and advanced undergraduates specializing in experimental and theoretical particle physics and nuclear physics.

For more than 25 years the Standard Model of particle physics has withstood the confrontation with experimental results of increasing precision, but this does not imply that the Standard Model can answer all questions about the ultimate constituents of nature. This book presents a critical examination of the latest experimental results and confronts them with the predictions of the Standard Model. Besides discussions of accelerator results from LEP, HERA and the TEVATRON, attention is paid to the unresolved problems of neutrino oscillations, CP violation, dark matter and cosmology. New theoretical ideas are also analyzed in order to explore possible extensions of the standard model. Realistic plans for future accelerators are presented and their physics potential is discussed, paving the way for the next generation of particle physics experiments.

A state of the art description of organic photo- and electroactive molecules and their practical applications. Topics covered include molecular design and synthesis of highly light sensitive molecules and phenomena associated with electron-photon interaction in organic molecules: nonlinear beam propagation, photorefractivity, multiphoton excitations and absorption, charge photogeneration and mobility, photo- and electroluminescence, photochromism and electrochromism, organic synthesis, material engineering and processing. Applications are addresses: optical data storage, LEDs, optical signalling processing, optical power limiters.

An anomaly is the failure of a classical symmetry to survive the process of quantization and regularization. The study of anomalies has played an important role in quantum field theory in the last 20 years, a role which is described clearly and comprehensively in this book. The author approaches the subject through differential geometry, a method that has received much attention in recent years, and gives detailed derivations and calculations which will be invaluable to students.

Particle production is an important topic in nuclear and particle physics. At high energies, particle production is considered to proceed via parton branching and subsequent fragmentation into hadrons. The study of the dynamics of this process and the study of the structure of hadrons in the context of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) belong to the challenges of the standard model of elementary particle physics, requiring new, nonperturba tive approaches in field theory. Within a nucleus, many-body dynamics is important and particle production may be used to determine many features of a non-equilibrium quantum system at low or high temperatures. At this Advanced Study Institute the different aspects of particle pro duction were expanded upon in a series of lectures given by experts in their fields, covering topics ranging from near-threshold meson production in proton-proton collisions to correlations in multi-GeV jet fragmentation in high-energy scattering processes and signals of a quark-gluon plasma formed in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Strong emphasis was placed not only on state of the art research, but also on the necessary physics back ground. The lectures were supplemented by problem sets and discussion sessions. There was also time for students to present short contributions on their research."

Relativistic Quantum Mechanics. Wave Equations concentrates mainly on the wave equations for spin-0 and spin-1/2 particles. Chapter 1 deals with the Klein-Gordon equation and its properties and applications. The chapters that follow introduce the Dirac equation, investigate its covariance properties and present various approaches to obtaining solutions. Numerous applications are discussed in detail, including the two-center Dirac equation, hole theory, CPT symmetry, Klein's paradox, and relativistic symmetry principles. Chapter 15 presents the relativistic wave equations for higher spin (Proca, Rarita-Schwinger, and Bargmann-Wigner). The extensive presentation of the mathematical tools and the 62 worked examples and problems make this a unique text for an advanced quantum mechanics course.This third edition has been slightly revised to bring the text up-to-date.

Among the key problems in modern field theory are the formulation of chiral group theories on the lattice and the quantitative understanding of the quark confinement mechanism. The two topics are closely related by the fact that the chiral nature of the fermions as well as the confinement force are largely topological in origin. Recent advances in this field are here reviewed by some of the world's experts.