As a major member of the New York School, Barnett Newman is celebrated for his radical explorations of color and scale and, as a precursor to the Minimalist movement, for his significant contribution to the development of twentieth-century American art. But if his reputation and place in history have grown progressively more secure, the work he produced remains highly resistant to interpretation. His paintings are rigorously abstract, and his writings full of references to arcane metaphysical concepts. Frustrated over their inability to reconcile the works with what the artist said about them, some critics have dismissed the paintings as impenetrable. The art historian Yve-Alain Bois called Newman "the most difficult artist" he could name, and the philosopher Jean-Francois Lyotard declared that "there is almost nothing to 'consume' [in his work], or if there is, I do not know what it is." In order to advance interpretation, this book investigates both Newman's writings and paintings in light of ideas articulated by one of Germany's most important and influential philosophers: Martin Heidegger. Many of the themes explored in Newman's statements, and echoed in the titles of his paintings, betray numerous points of intersection with Heidegger's philosophy: the question of origins, the distinctiveness of human presence, a person's sense of place, the sensation of terror, the definition of freedom, the importance of mood to existence, the particularities of art and language, the impact of technology on modern life, the meaning of time, and the human being's relationship to others and to the divine. When examined in the context of Heideggerian thought, these issues acquire greater concreteness, and, in turn, their relation to the artist's paintings becomes clearer. It is the contention of this book that, at the intersection of art history and philosophy, an interdisciplinary framework emerges wherein the artist's broader motivations and the specific meanings of his paintings prove more amenable to elucidation.

Eternal Life and Human Happiness in Heaven treats four apparent problems concerning eternal life in order to clarify our thinking about perfect human happiness in heaven. The teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas provide the basis for solutions to these four problems about eternal life insofar as his teachings call into question common contemporary theological or philosophical presuppositions about God, human persons, and the nature of heaven itself. Indeed, these Thomistic solutions often require us to think very differently from our contemporaries. But thinking differently with St. Thomas is worth it: for the Thomistic solutions to these apparent problems are more satisfying, on both theological and philosophical grounds, than a number of contemporary theological and philosophical approaches. Christopher Brown deploys his argument in four sections. The first section lays out, in three chapters, four apparent problems concerning eternal life-Is heaven a mystical or social reality? Is heaven other-worldly or this-worldly? Is heaven static or dynamic? Won't human persons eventually get bored in heaven? Brown then explains how and why some important contemporary Christian theologians and philosophers resolve these problems, and notes serious problems with each of these contemporary solutions. The second section explains, in five chapters, St. Thomas' significant distinction between the essential reward of the saints in heaven and the accidental reward, and treats in detail his account of that in which the essential reward consists, namely, the beatific vision and the proper accidents of the vision (delight, joy, and charity). The third section treats, in five chapters, St. Thomas' views on the multifaceted accidental reward in heaven, where the accidental reward includes, among other things, glorified human embodiment, participation in the communion of the saints, and the joy experienced by the saints in sensing God's "new heavens and new earth." Finally, section four argues, in four chapters, that St. Thomas' views allow for powerful solutions to the four apparent problems about eternal life examined in the first section. These solutions are powerful because, not only are they consistent with authoritative, Catholic Christian Tradition, but they do not raise any of the significant theological or philosophical problems that attend the contemporary theological and philosophical solutions examined in the first section.

On Inception is a translation of Martin Heidegger's ber den Anfang (GA 70). This work belongs to the crucial period, before and during WWII, when Heidegger was at work on a series of treatises that begins with "Contributions to Philosophy" and includes "The Event" and "The History of Beyng." These works are difficult, even hermetic, but represent a crucial development in Heidegger's thinking. On Inception deepens the investigation underway in the other volumes of the series and provides a unique perspective on Heidegger's thinking of Being and of Event. Here, Heidegger asks, with a greater insistence than anywhere else in his work, what it might mean to think of being as event, and not as presence. Event cannot be thought without the sense of a beginning—an inception—and so, Heidegger insists, we must try to think of being as inception, as fundamentally inceptive. On Inception pursues rigorously the difficult and puzzling implications of this speculation. It does not merely extend work already undertaken but also opens doors onto wholly other pathways.

"Hugh Pyper's contribution to the study of Kierkegaard is exceptional This is a book to read and re-read many times, and will be welcomed by students, teachers, and researchers at all levels." - George Pattison, University of Oxford "Kierkegaard had an intimate familiarity with the Biblical writings and the Bible is everywhere written into his authorship. Hugh Pyper's book aims to make this point manifest. He argues provocatively and persuasively that Kierkegaard's philosophical and ethical thought is the result of his confrontation with Biblical texts and that the entire authorship points toward the scandalous but life-enhancing good news proclaimed in the Bible." - Niels Jorgen Cappelorn, Sen Kierkegaard Research Centre Foundation, Copenhagen "Hugh Pyper has been taking notes on Kierkegaard for decades. Rigorously argued and elegantly written, this is a book that both the Kierkegaard scholar and novice will want to absorb." - Gordon Marino, St Olaf College, Minnesota "Pyper's offering is often as imaginative, profound and, at times, as refreshingly bizarre as Kierkegaard himself." - Liverpool Hope Theological Book Review In contrast to the popular image of Kierkegaard as the gloomy Dane, these essays argue that joy is at the heart of Kierkegaards enterprise. He is in the true sense an evangelist, seeking to bring the joy of the truth of Christianity to those who persist in misunderstanding it as either a moral code or as one philosophical option. A central tenet of this book is that Kierkegaards most original thought arises from his struggle with biblical passages that he found puzzling or offensive. The seminal psychology of belief and doubt in his work is born out of his attempt to comprehend the exceptional experiences of biblical characters. His understanding of his own authorship is also founded on biblical models. The Joy of Kierkegaard contains previously unpublished work as well as making available in a convenient form scattered published essays. Described by George Pattison, Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity at Oxford University, as fiercely original and, often pointedly, humorous, the essays draw on the expertise of a biblical scholar to convey the joy to be found in reading Kierkegaard, as well as the joy which underpins Kierkegaards profound explorations of spiritual alienation.

"Hugh Pyper's contribution to the study of Kierkegaard is exceptional This is a book to read and re-read many times, and will be welcomed by students, teachers, and researchers at all levels." - George Pattison, University of Oxford "Kierkegaard had an intimate familiarity with the Biblical writings and the Bible is everywhere written into his authorship. Hugh Pyper's book aims to make this point manifest. He argues provocatively and persuasively that Kierkegaard's philosophical and ethical thought is the result of his confrontation with Biblical texts and that the entire authorship points toward the scandalous but life-enhancing good news proclaimed in the Bible." - Niels Jorgen Cappelorn, Sen Kierkegaard Research Centre Foundation, Copenhagen "Hugh Pyper has been taking notes on Kierkegaard for decades. Rigorously argued and elegantly written, this is a book that both the Kierkegaard scholar and novice will want to absorb." - Gordon Marino, St Olaf College, Minnesota "Pyper's offering is often as imaginative, profound and, at times, as refreshingly bizarre as Kierkegaard himself." - Liverpool Hope Theological Book Review In contrast to the popular image of Kierkegaard as the gloomy Dane, these essays argue that joy is at the heart of Kierkegaards enterprise. He is in the true sense an evangelist, seeking to bring the joy of the truth of Christianity to those who persist in misunderstanding it as either a moral code or as one philosophical option. A central tenet of this book is that Kierkegaards most original thought arises from his struggle with biblical passages that he found puzzling or offensive. The seminal psychology of belief and doubt in his work is born out of his attempt to comprehend the exceptional experiences of biblical characters. His understanding of his own authorship is also founded on biblical models. The Joy of Kierkegaard contains previously unpublished work as well as making available in a convenient form scattered published essays. Described by George Pattison, Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity at Oxford University, as fiercely original and, often pointedly, humorous, the essays draw on the expertise of a biblical scholar to convey the joy to be found in reading Kierkegaard, as well as the joy which underpins Kierkegaards profound explorations of spiritual alienation.

Postphenomenology and Media: Essays on Human-Media-World Relations sheds light on how new, digital media are shaping humans and their world. It does so by using the postphenomenological framework to comprehensively study "human-media relations," making use of conceptual instruments such as the transparency-opacity distinction, embodiment, multistability, variational analysis, and cultural hermeneutics. This collection outlines central issues of media and mediation theory that can be explored postphenomenologically and showcases research at the cutting edge of philosophy of media and technology. The contributors together enlarge the range of thinking about human-media-world relations in contemporary society, reflecting the interdisciplinary range of this school of thought, and explore, sometimes self-reflexively and sometimes critically, the provocative landscape of postphenomenology and media.

How did modern man come to believe in the object of the economy? What hopes made us accept scientific authority about this illusive thing? What kinds of persons were attracted by objective knowledge in economic discourse? And how does this knowledge guide our economic life? The Making of the Economy tackles such questions surrounding the modern notion of the economy with a fresh look from phenomenological philosophy. In a historical narrative of economic discourses, Till Duppe shows that only due to the scientific culture of economics we speak of an economy. Economic science made the economy. Our economic experiences alone do not trigger an interest in the economy-which makes Husserl's case for the "forgetfulness of the life-world." Duppe's historical narrative focuses on the emergence of formal economic analysis out of a series of successive life-worlds, or concrete historical situations, an approach which generates a new substantive understanding of both the history of economics and the current discourse of crisis surrounding economics. The book will appeal to historians and philosophers of the social sciences, as well as scholars of history, philosophy, and economics.

In Aesthetic Genesis, the author argues for a reversal of the most fundamental tenet of phenomenology-namely, that all consciousness is intentional (that is, directed toward an object). Mitscherling suggests, as a new "Copernican hypothesis," that intentionality (i.e., directionality) gives rise to consciousness. This book describes not only the origin, or "genesis," of human cognition in sensation, but also the genesis of sensation from intentional structures belonging to nature itself. A phenomenological examination of our experience leads to the conclusion that the two sorts of being generally recognized by contemporary science and philosophy-that is, material being and ideal being-prove ontologically inadequate to account for this experience. Mitscherling rehabilitates the pre-modern concepts of "intentional being" and "formal causality" and employs them in the construction of a comprehensive phenomenological analysis of embodiment, aesthetic experience, the interpretation of texts, moral behavior, and cognition in general.

Since Hannah Arendt highlighted the stunning "banality" of his "evil" crimes, Adolf Eichmann has served posterity as a prime example of thoughtlessness. This book asks: as civilizations become ever more integrated, how will the complexities of our activities respond to the growing proclivity for thoughtlessness? When administrative necessity eclipses personal responsibility, the result is often complicity and apathy. Mueller argues for a practical wisdom in order to meet the challenge of thoughtlessness that arises in an increasingly bureaucratic world. Her investigations into the philosophical problems of thoughtlessness are motivated less by a concern than a desire to solve puzzles than a concern about the fate of our world, plagued as it is by social, environmental, political, and moral injustices. How might we help one another develop the courage to challenge the common view that the good life must be sought through an unthinking pursuit of ends, even as that pursuit damages and destroys rather than building a better world? This book uses Arendtian notions of reflective thinking and judgment in order to supplement the Aristotelian conception of practical wisdom. This inquiry helps readers to understand the particular modes of thinking necessary to grasp, in a thoughtful, reflective manner, correct aims for action. Furthermore, it shows that experience that enlarges moral imagination by considering alternative perspectives can highlight lived experience in a way that prepares us for virtuous ethical decision-making. Contrary to Thoughtlessness demonstrates that reflective thinking and judgment offer critical avenues for recognizing reliable, yet flexible norms that can serve as reasonable ends for action. This conception of the thinking and judging involved in practical wisdom can enhance ethical deliberations, thereby informing the development of character by clarifying ends for the pursuit of flourishing.

Changing Art into Research: Soliloquy Methodology presents a research methodology that enables inquiry into one's personal experiences in an endeavour to reveal essential commonalities of human experience. Arts-informed research methods are becoming increasingly popular with scholars in Arts, Education and the Social Sciences, but there is often confusion about how to turn arts practice into rigorous inquiry. This book examines the theoretical perspectives needed to inform these research approaches, which are often missing in methods teaching and research. Soliloquy is a new methodology that interprets and applies Husserl's philosophical concept of Transcendental Phenomenology. It marries together the synthesizing powers of the unconscious mind with the analytical capacities of conscious cognition and articulation. It further explores the possibility that both cognitive and intuitive ways of knowing are valid and appropriate for academic inquiry, provided these methods are aligned through a philosophically consistent, theoretical framework. This book will be of great interest to academics and postgraduate students engaged in arts-based qualitative research and those doing an arts-based practice dissertation.

The contributors to this book offer productive new readings of Merleau-Ponty's political philosophy and of other facets of his thought. They each deploy his theories to adopt a critical stance on urgent political issues and contemporary situations within society. Each essay focuses on a different aspect of political transformation, be it at the personal, social, national, or international level. The book as a whole maps out possibilities for thinking phenomenologically about politics without a sole focus on the state, turning instead toward contemporary human experience and existence.

In Four Seminars, Heidegger reviews the entire trajectory of his thought and offers unique perspectives on fundamental aspects of his work. First published in French in 1976, these seminars were translated into German with Heidegger's approval and reissued in 1986 as part of his Gesamtausgabe, volume 15. Topics considered include the Greek understanding of presence, the ontological difference, the notion of system in German Idealism, the power of naming, the problem of technology, danger, and the event. Heidegger's engagements with his philosophical forebears-Parmenides, Heraclitus, Kant, and Hegel-continue in surprising dialogues with his contemporaries-Husserl, Marx, and Wittgenstein. While providing important insights into how Heidegger conducted his lectures, these seminars show him in his maturity reflecting back on his philosophical path. An important text for understanding contemporary philosophical debates, Four Seminars provides extraordinarily rich material for students and scholars of Heidegger. -- Indiana University Press

Phenomenology and the Late Twentieth-Century American Long Poem reads major figures including Charles Olson, Lyn Hejinian, Nathaniel Mackey, Susan Howe and Rachel Blau DuPlessis within a new approach to the long poem tradition. Through a series of contextualised close readings, it explores the ways in which American poets developed their poetic forms by engaging with a variety of European phenomenologists, including Hannah Arendt, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Martin Heidegger, Emmanuel Levinas and Jacques Derrida. Consolidating recent materials on the role of Continental Philosophy in American poetics, this book explores the theoretical and historical contexts in which avant-garde poets have developed radically new methods of making poems long. Matthew Carbery offers a timely commentary on a number of major works of American poetry whilst providing ground-breaking research into the wider philosophical context of late twentieth-century poetic experimentation.

CONTENTS David Vessey: Who was Gadamer's Husserl? Daniel Dahlstrom: The Intentionality of Passive Experience: Husserl and a Contemporary Debate Ulrich Melle: The Enigma of Expression: Husserl's Doctrines of Sign and Expression in the Manuscripts for the Revision of the VIth Logical Investigation John Noras: A Reconsideration of Husserl's Notion of Transcendental Reflection from a Merleau-Pontian Perspective Rochus Sowa: Essences and Eidetic Laws in Edmund Husserl's Descriptive Eidetics Kevin Aho: Logos and the Poverty of Animals: Rethinking Heidegger's Humanism Joeseph Schear: Judgment and Ontology in Heidgger's Phenomenology Ivo De Gennaro: Why Being Itself and not just Being? Joe Sachs: An Informal Talk about Forms Texts and Documents Gerhard Kruger: The Origin of Philosophical Self-Consciousness (1933) Oskar Becker: The Diairetic Generation of Platonic Ideal Numbers (1934) Jacob Klein: Plato's Republic (1967) Dorion Cairns: Some Applications of Husserl's Theory of Sense-Transfer In Review James Despres: Walter Brogan, Heidegger and Aristotle: The Twofoldness of Being

The book was awarded The Art Association of Australia and New Zealand Book Prize in 2010. Art continues to bemuse and confuse many people today. Yet, its critical analyses are saturated with daunting analyses of contemporary art's exhaustion, its predictability or its absorption into global commercial culture. In this book, the author seeks to clarify this apprehensive perception of art. He argues it is a consequence not only of confounding art-works, but also of the paradoxical impetus of a culture of modernity. By positively reassessing the perplexing or apprehensive features of cultural modernity as well as of aesthetic inquiry, this book redefines the ambitions of art in the wake of this legacy. In the process, it challenges many familiar approaches to art inquiry in order to offer a new understanding of the aesthetic, social and cultural aspirations of art in our time.

It can be easily argued that the radical nature and challenge of Heidegger's thinking is grounded in his early embrace of the phenomenological method as providing an access to concrete lived experience (or 'factical life', as he calls it) beyond the imposition of theoretical constructs such as 'subject' and 'object', 'mind' and 'body'. Yet shortly after the publication of his ground-breaking work Being and Time, Heidegger appears to abandon phenomenology as the method of philosophy. Why? Heidegger is conspicuously quiet on this issue. Here William McNeill examines the question of the fate of phenomenology in Heidegger's thinking, and its transformation into a 'thinking of being' that regards its task as that of 'letting be'. The relation between phenomenology and 'letting be', McNeill argues, is by no means a straightforward one. It poses the question of whether, and to what extent, Heidegger's thought of his middle and late periods still needs phenomenology in order to accomplish its task-and if so, what kind of phenomenology. What becomes of phenomenology in the course of Heidegger's thinking?

This book is a phenomenological investigation of the interrelations of tradition, memory, place and the body. Drawing upon philosophers such as Husserl, Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty, Gadamer, and Ricoeur, Janet Donohoe uses the idea of a palimpsest to argue that layers of the past are carried along as traditions, through places and bodies, such that we can speak of memory as being written upon place and place as being written upon memory. She engages in ongoing discussions about the importance of place in dialogue with theorists such as Jeff Malpas and Ed Casey, and focuses on analysis of monuments and memorials to investigate how such deliberate places of collective memory can be ideological, or can open us to the past and different traditions. Remembering Places: A Phenomenological Study of the Relationship between Memory and Place appeals to the common experiences in which we return to places of memory and discovering that those places, and memories, have changed. Such concrete examples make it possible to discover how traditions can span generations while still allowing for openness to the new, and describing how places of memory call us to take up, but also critique, our traditions."

CONTENTS John J. Drummond: Moral Self-Identity and Identifying with Others Claudio Majolino: Husserl and the Vicissitudes of the Improper Rajiv Kaushik: Affectivity and Religious Experience: Husserl's "God" in the Unpublished Manuscripts Javier Carreno: On the Temporality of Images according to Husserl Filip Mattens: Body or Eye: A Matter of Sense and Organ Renaud Barbaras: Life and Phenomenality Sylvain Camilleri: A Phenomenology of Death in the Second Person Pierre Adler: Situating Frege's Look into Language Gian-Carlo Rota: Lectures on Being and Time (1998) Gottlob Frege: On the Correspondence of Leibniz and Huygens with Papin (1881) Dermot Moran and Lukas Steinacher: Introduction to Husserl's Letter to Levy-Bruhl Edmund Husserl: Letter to Lucien Levy-Bruhl (1935)

It can be easily argued that the radical nature and challenge of Heidegger's thinking is grounded in his early embrace of the phenomenological method as providing an access to concrete lived experience (or 'factical life', as he calls it) beyond the imposition of theoretical constructs such as 'subject' and 'object', 'mind' and 'body'. Yet shortly after the publication of his ground-breaking work Being and Time, Heidegger appears to abandon phenomenology as the method of philosophy. Why? Heidegger is conspicuously quiet on this issue. Here William McNeill examines the question of the fate of phenomenology in Heidegger's thinking, and its transformation into a 'thinking of being' that regards its task as that of 'letting be'. The relation between phenomenology and 'letting be', McNeill argues, is by no means a straightforward one. It poses the question of whether, and to what extent, Heidegger's thought of his middle and late periods still needs phenomenology in order to accomplish its task-and if so, what kind of phenomenology. What becomes of phenomenology in the course of Heidegger's thinking?

This volume examines the complex dialogue between German Idealism and phenomenology, two of the most important movements in Western philosophy. Twenty-four newly authored chapters by an international group of well-known scholars examine the shared concerns of these two movements; explore how phenomenologists engage with, challenge, and critique central concepts in German Idealism; and argue for the continuing significance of these ideas in contemporary philosophy and other disciplines. Chapters cover not only the work of major figures such as Husserl, Heidegger, and Merleau-Ponty, but a wide range of philosophers who build on the phenomenological tradition, including Fanon, Gadamer, and Levinas. These essays highlight key themes of the nature of subjectivity, the role of intersubjectivity, the implications for ethics and aesthetics, the impact of time and history, and our capacities for knowledge and understanding. Key features: * Critically engages two of the major philosophical movements of the last 250 years * Draws on the insights of those movements to address contemporary issues in ethics, theory of knowledge, and political philosophy * Expands the range of idealist and phenomenological themes by considering them in the context of gender, postcolonial theory, and environmental concerns, as well as their global reach * Includes new contributions from prominent, international scholars in these fields This Handbook is essential reading for all scholars and advanced students of phenomenology and German Idealism. With chapters on Beauvoir, Sartre, Scheler, Schutz, Stein, and Ricoeur, The Palgrave Handbook of German Idealism and Phenomenology is also ideal for scholars researching these important figures in the history of philosophy.

How is it that sounds from the mouth or marks on a page-which by themselves are nothing like things or events in the world-can be so world-disclosive in such an automatic manner? In this fasincating and important book, Lawrence J. Hatab presents a new vocabulary for Heidegger's early phenomenology of being-in-the-world and applies it to the question of language. He takes language to be a mode of dwelling, in which there is an immediate, direct disclosure of meanings, and sketches an extensive picture of proto-phenomenology, how it revises the posture of philosophy, and how this posture applies to the nature of language. Representational theories are subordinated to a presentational account of immediate disclosure in concrete embodied life. The book critically addresses standard theories of language, such that standard questions in the philosophy of language are revised in a manner that avoids binary separations of language and world, speech and cognition, theory and practice, realism and idealism, internalism and externalism. The phenomenological analysis is also situated in child development, language acquisition, and the difference between oral and written forms of language.

This book presents a systematic discussion of the development of Husserl's concept of the a priori from his early and through his later writings. The chapters contained herein analyze the different phases and aspects of Husserl's phenomenology of the a priori in light of his twofold notion of reason, construed as both ontological and transcendental. Starting from the assessment of the introduction of the notion of a priori knowledge in the context of the Logical Investigations, this text uniquely explores its development during the Goettingen years. It is at this time during his work on The Crisis of European Sciences, that Husserl comes to see the a priori as a criterion to interpret the history of philosophy, notably, modern philosophy. This book sheds light upon such concepts as: essence and eidos; ideation, eidetic attitude and eidetic reduction; as well as formal and material, innate and contingent a priori. The author argues that the a priori becomes for Husserl the expression of an ontological form of rationality, i.e., the rationality immanent to being. This book appeals to students and researchers working on Husserl and phenomenology.

Through his innovative study of language, noted Heidegger scholar Lawrence Hatab offers a proto-phenomenological account of the lived world, the "first" world of factical life, where pre-reflective, immediate disclosiveness precedes and makes possible representational models of language. Common distinctions between mind and world, fact and value, cognition and affect miss the meaning-laden dimension of embodied, practical existence, where language and life are a matter of "dwelling in speech." In this second volume, Hatab supplements and fortifies his initial analysis by offering a detailed treatment of child development and language acquisition, which exhibit a proto-phenomenological world in the making. He then takes up an in-depth study of the differences between oral and written language (particularly in the ancient Greek world) and how the history of alphabetic literacy shows why Western philosophy came to emphasize objective, representational models of cognition and language, which conceal and pass over the presentational domain of dwelling in speech. Such a study offers significant new angles on the nature of philosophy and language.

"The New Yearbook for Phenomenology and Phenomenological Philosophy Volume VI" includes important contributions by both established and emerging scholars working in the phenomenological tradition, together with first-time English translations of texts and documents whose phenomenological relevance transcends their considerable historical significance. Contributors include Parvis Emad, John Sallis, Carlo Ierna, Filip Mattens, Dieter Lohmar, Benjamin D. Crowe, Patrick Burke, Jacob Klein, Ka-wing Leung, Heribert Boeder, Joshua Kates, Paul Davies, Jay Lampert, James Carey, Jan Potocka, and Jorn Muller.

The paradox within the title of this book refers to its principal theme, that of elucidating our innate capacity to transform/convert from an inauthentic everyday mode of being to an authentic one. This study provides an analysis of affect as a means of highlighting a number of key points of contact between the disciplines of philosophy and theology when addressing this topic. The author explores Martin Heidegger's intimate connections with Christianity, firstly, by examining the close ties he and his family had to the Catholic Church and, secondly, from within his fundamental ontology as developed in Being and Time. Finally, he demonstrates through literary and comparative analysis the affinity that exists between a philosophy of facticity and Christian theology in their descriptions of humankind without faith or Dasein's inauthentic existence.