This collective book provides a review of research concentrated on runaway electron beams and X-rays in an inhomogeneous electric field with different gases at increased pressure. Attention is also given to supershort avalanche electron beam (SAEB) in the optimal conditions. New experimental techniques and equipment, including those with picosecond time resolutions, were required for diagnostics of electrical and optical signals. The book consists of twenty-four chapters, some of which were written jointly by researchers of different teams. Some chapters consider the range of SAEB applications.

Part of the Princeton Aeronautical Paperback series designed to bring to students and research engineers outstanding portions of the twelve-volume High Speed Aerodynamics and Jet Propulsion series. These books have been prepared by direct reproduction of the text from the original series and no attempt has been made to provide introductory material or to eliminate cross reference to other portions of the original volumes. Originally published in 1961. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

The physics of ultracold atoms and molecules is extensively surveyed, including phenomena such as Bose-Einstein condensation, strongly interacting quantum gases and ultracold molecules. Arising from a combined workshop and training school, the book contains tutorial introductions on optical cooling, quantum collisions, experimental methods, degenerate gases, and cold molecules. Topical reports review the main research lines in the field of atomic and molecular quantum gases, and many short contributions highlight specific recent achievements. Numerous highly-renowned researchers have contributed to this book, making it equally useful as an introductory text for the advanced student and the senior researcher.
Matthias WeidemA1/4ller is head of the Laser Cooling Group at the Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics and Lecturer of Physics at the University of Heidelberg. After studying Physics in Bonn, Munich and Paris he attained his doctorate in 1995 at the Max-Planck-Institute for Quantum Optics. He spent two years as a Postdoc at the University of Amsterdam and the FOM-Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics, before entering the Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg. His group experimentally explores the physics of ultracold atomic and molecular gases in very different environments ranging from tiny optical traps to large-scale heavy-ion storage rings.
Claus Zimmermann is Professor for Experimental Physics at the University of TA1/4bingen in Germany. In 1990 he attained his doctorate at the Max-Planck Institut for Quantum Optics in Munich in the research group of Prof. T. HAnsch. He was appointed full Professor at the University of TA1/4bingen in 1998.His scientific activities range from laser development, non-linear optics and precision spectroscopy to optical cooling and ultra cold quantum gases.

The rapidly developing topic of ultracold atoms has many actual and potential applications for condensed-matter science, and the contributions to this book emphasize these connections.

Ultracold Bose and Fermi quantum gases are introduced at a level appropriate for first-year graduate students and non-specialists such as more mature general physicists. The reader will find answers to questions like: how are experiments conducted and how are the results interpreted? What are the advantages and limitations of ultracold atoms in studying many-body physics? How do experiments on ultracold atoms facilitate novel scientific opportunities relevant to the condensed-matted community?

This volume seeks to be comprehensible rather than comprehensive; it aims at the level of a colloquium, accessible to outside readers, containing only minimal equations and limited references. In large part, it relies on many beautiful experiments from the past fifteen years and their very fruitful interplay with basic theoretical ideas. In this particular context, phenomena most relevant to condensed-matter science have been emphasized.
Introduces ultracold Bose and Fermi quantum gases at a level appropriate for non-specialistsDiscusses landmark experiments and their fruitful interplay with basic theoretical ideasComprehensible rather than comprehensive, containing only minimal equations

This book provides a practical guide to molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulation techniques used in the modelling of simple and complex liquids. Computer simulation is an essential tool in studying the chemistry and physics of condensed matter, complementing and reinforcing both experiment and theory. Simulations provide detailed information about structure and dynamics, essential to understand the many fluid systems that play a key role in our daily lives: polymers, gels, colloidal suspensions, liquid crystals, biological membranes, and glasses. The second edition of this pioneering book aims to explain how simulation programs work, how to use them, and how to interpret the results, with examples of the latest research in this rapidly evolving field. Accompanying programs in Fortran and Python provide practical, hands-on, illustrations of the ideas in the text.

Part of the Princeton Aeronautical Paperback series designed to bring to students and research engineers outstanding portions of the twelve-volume High Speed Aerodynamics and Jet Propulsion series. These books have been prepared by direct reproduction of the text from the original series and no attempt has been made to provide introductory material or to eliminate cross reference to other portions of the original volumes. Originally published in 1961. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

A state-of-the-art survey of both classical and quantum lattice gas models, this two-volume work will cover the rigorous mathematical studies of such models as the Ising and Heisenberg, an area in which scientists have made enormous strides during the past twenty-five years. This first volume addresses, among many topics, the mathematical background on convexity and Choquet theory, and presents an exhaustive study of the pressure including the Onsager solution of the two-dimensional Ising model, a study of the general theory of states in classical and quantum spin systems, and a study of high and low temperature expansions. The second volume will deal with the Peierls construction, infrared bounds, Lee-Yang theorems, and correlation inequality. This comprehensive work will be a useful reference not only to scientists working in mathematical statistical mechanics but also to those in related disciplines such as probability theory, chemical physics, and quantum field theory. It can also serve as a textbook for advanced graduate students. Originally published in 1993. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

First-rate text covers introductory concepts from thermodynamics, one-dimensional gas dynamics and one-dimensional wave motion, waves in supersonic flow, flow in ducts and wind tunnels, methods of measurement, the equations of frictionless flow, small-perturbation theory, transonic flow, and much more. For advanced undergraduate or graduate physics and engineering students with at least a working knowledge of calculus and basic physics. Exercises demonstrate application of material in text.

Being a Scientist is a comprehensive introduction to the many aspects of scientific life beyond the classroom and laboratory. Written with undergraduate science majors in mind, the book covers ethics, the philosophical bases of scientific methods, library research, reading, peer review, creativity, proposal and paper writing, and oral and poster presentations. In contrast to other texts in the field, which often take a simple prescriptive approach to these topics, Being a Scientist connects them to the historical and philosophical roots of modern science, as well as the common experiences of all people. Written in a conversational style, the book makes use of metaphor, historical anecdote, and hypothetical research about everyday household questions. This approach helps undergraduates learn basic research skills without being too intimidated by the advanced concepts, vocabulary, and methods which are encountered in looking at the current scientific literature. Being a Scientist is a textbook for a semester-long course devoted to teaching research and communication skills to undergraduate science majors, but it can be adapted for use in summer research experiences, capstone research courses, and other courses throughout the undergraduate curriculum.

In "Applied Gas Dynamics," Professor Ethirajan Rathakrishnan introduces the high-tech science of gas dynamics, from a definition of the subject to the three essential processes of this science, namely, the isentropic process, shock and expansion process, and Fanno and Rayleigh flows. The material is presented in such a manner that beginners can follow the subject comfortably. Rathakrishnan also covers the theoretical and application aspects of high-speed flows in which enthalpy change becomes significant.Covers both theory and applications Explains involved aspects of flow processes in detail Provides a large number of worked through examples in all chapters Reinforces learning with concise summaries at the end of every chapter Contains a liberal number of exercise problems with answers Discusses ram jet and jet theory -- unique topics of use to all working in the field Classroom tested at introductory and advanced levels Solutions manual and lecture slides available for instructors

"Applied Gas Dynamics" is aimed at graduate students and advanced undergraduates in Aerospace Engineering and Mechanical Engineering who are taking courses such as Gas Dynamics, Compressible Flows, High-Speed Aerodynamics, Applied Gas Dynamics, Experimental Aerodynamics and High-Enthalpy Flows. Practicing engineers and researchers working with high speed flows will also find this book helpful.

Lecture materials for instructors available at http: //www.wiley.com/go/gasdyn

This work includes: table of enthalpy of formation and higher and lower heating values of fuels; table of thermodynamic properties of gases; table of thermal properties of saturated water; Mollier chart for steam; Psychrometric chart; and, generalized compressibility chart.

The current volume in the series, "Vibrational Spectra and Structure, "is a single topic volume on gas phase structural parameters. The title of the volume, "Equilibrium Structural Parameters," covers the two most common techniques for obtaining gas phase structural parameters: microwave spectroscopy and the electron diffraction technique. Since the quantum chemical method provides equilibrium geometries, the volume is an attempt to provide a connection between the experimental and theoretical parameters. The book provides a review on molecular structure determinations from spectroscopic data using scaled moments of inertia. The limited number of molecules for which equilibrium parameters have been obtained and the requirement of a large number of microwave data needed to obtain the equilibrium structural parameters is noted. Electron diffraction technique is reviewed, along with a description of how this can incorporate structural information from microwave spectroscopy, vibrational spectroscopy, or theoretical calculations to improve the determination of the structural parameters by electron diffraction studies. Also discussed are the theory and methods of microwave spectroscopy, describing in some detail ro and rs structures as well as rm structures and corrections based on "ab initio" calculations. The accuracy of the molecular geometry predictions by quantum chemical methods is considered in some detail with data presented in graphic rather than tabular form. This makes it possible to readily note the difference in the parameters predicted at the various levels of quantum mechanical calculations. The four authors have provided a coherent description of the various structural parameters obtained experimentally along with treatments needed to extract equilibrium bond distances and angles.

Interactions of Slow Electrons as a Function of State: Linking the Gaseous and the Condensed Phases of Matter; L.G. Christophorou. Ionization in Dilute and in Condensed Matter: Ionization of Atoms or Molecules by Radiation as a Function of Phase; W.F. Schmidt. Elementary Processes Induced in Clusters by Electrons and Photons: Clusters; E. Illenberger. Electron Motion in Gases and Liquids: Boltzmann Equation for Slow Electron Transport in Gases and Liquids; Y. Sakai. Electron Attachment in the Gaseous and the Condensed Phases of Matter: Electron Attachment to Molecules; E. Illenberger. Electron-Ion Recombination in Gases and Liquids: ElectronIon Recombination in Dense Molecular Media; Y. Hatano. Electron Transfer at Interfaces: Low Energy Electrons for the Investigation of Liquid Surfaces; H. Morgner. Applications: Physics of Noble Gas Xray Detectors; T.H.V.T. Dias. Summary of Discussion Panel: Theory; R. Schiller. 31 additional articles. Index.

This collective book provides a review of research concentrated on runaway electron beams and X-rays in an inhomogeneous electric field with different gases at increased pressure. Attention is also given to supershort avalanche electron beam (SAEB) in the optimal conditions. New experimental techniques and equipment, including those with picosecond time resolutions, were required for diagnostics of electrical and optical signals. The book consists of twenty-four chapters, some of which were written jointly by researchers of different teams. Some chapters consider the range of SAEB applications.

This book derives from the content of graduate courses on cold atomic gases, taught at the Renmin University of China and at the University of Science and Technology of China. It provides a brief review on the history and current research frontiers in the field of ultracold atomic gases, as well as basic theoretical description of few- and many-body physics in the system. Starting from the basics such as atomic structure, atom-light interaction, laser cooling and trapping, the book then moves on to focus on the treatment of ultracold Fermi gases, before turning to topics in quantum simulation using cold atoms in optical lattices.The book would be ideal not only for professionals and researchers, but also for familiarizing junior graduate students with the subject and aiding them in their preparation for future study and research in the field.

Boyle s Law, which describes the relation between the pressure and volume of a gas, was worked out by Robert Boyle in the mid-1600s. His experiments are still considered examples of good scientific work and continue to be studied along with their historical and intellectual contexts by philosophers, historians, and sociologists. Now there is controversy over whether Boyle s work was based only on experimental evidence or whether it was influenced by the politics and religious controversies of the time, including especially class and gender politics.

Elizabeth Potter argues that even good science is sometimes influenced by such issues, and she shows that the work leading to the Gas Law, while certainly based on physical evidence, was also shaped by class and gendered considerations. At issue were two descriptions of nature, each supporting radically different visions of class and gender arrangements. Boyle s Law rested on mechanistic principles, but Potter shows us an alternative law based on hylozooic principles (the belief that all matter is animated), whose adherents challenged social stability and the status quo in 17th-century England."

This book provides a practical guide to molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulation techniques used in the modelling of simple and complex liquids. Computer simulation is an essential tool in studying the chemistry and physics of condensed matter, complementing and reinforcing both experiment and theory. Simulations provide detailed information about structure and dynamics, essential to understand the many fluid systems that play a key role in our daily lives: polymers, gels, colloidal suspensions, liquid crystals, biological membranes, and glasses. The second edition of this pioneering book aims to explain how simulation programs work, how to use them, and how to interpret the results, with examples of the latest research in this rapidly evolving field. Accompanying programs in Fortran and Python provide practical, hands-on, illustrations of the ideas in the text.

The monograph summarizes the results of research of many years in the field of numerical simulation based on the continuum dynamics equations for transonic and supersonic flows of viscous perfect gas in the context of the problems of external aerodynamics, which have been obtained by the authors and their colleagues and published in different domestic journals. The monograph consists of two parts. The first part deals with stationary and non-stationary two-dimensional problems, stationary three-dimensional problems are considered in the second part. That said, the uniform steady flow over the bodies of comparably simple configuration, which surface is determined analytically, is studied. Each part begins with mathematical statement of the problem and method of its numerical analysis. This is followed by the detailed discussion of the results of computations for a number of aerodynamic problems, which have been obtained within some range of the key similarity parameters. The problems under consideration are divided into two groups according to the purposes. The problems intended to the theoretical study of the flow field near the streamlined body, its local and total aerodynamic characteristics and of the effect of the key similarity parameters on the flow field characteristics refer to the first group. For this purpose it is necessary to obtain computational results within a wide range of the key similarity parameters. Such research is usually performed using the bodies of simple configuration, with the great attention being paid to the verification of the numerical simulation method and adequacy of the results. The monograph considers the classic bodies such as: circular and elliptical cylinders, sharp circular and elliptical cones. The problems related to the computational validation of the aerodynamic experiment in different supersonic and hypersonic wind tunnels of TsAGI refer to the second group. In this case the computations are implemented for the considered body as applied to the experimental conditions. That said, in most cases the computations include estimation of the flow field along the whole channel of the wind tunnel, i.e. the flow of the actuating medium is calculated in the nozzle and in the test chamber of the wind tunnel both with and without the model in it. The results of computations are compared with the experimental data. The monograph considers mainly the axisymmetric blunted bodies of Martian probe type (United States and European analogs). The monograph is of interest for professionals in the field of computational and applied aerodynamics as well as for undergraduate and graduate students whose major is somehow related to the applied aerodynamics.

Sir Joseph John Thomson (1856-1940) was a British physicist who is credited with the discovery of the electron. First published in 1933, this volume is one of two books making up the third edition of a 1903 original by Thomson. The text was greatly enlarged for this edition, which resulted in its division into two parts, and incorporates numerous advances in research relating to the discharge of electricity through gases. Numerous illustrative figures are provided throughout. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in Thomson and his contribution to the development of physics.

This book is devoted to analysis of Monte Carlo methods developed in rarefied gas dynamics. Presented is the short history of the development of such methods, described are their main properties, their advantages and deficiencies. It is shown that the contemporary stage in the progress of computational methods cannot be regarded without a complex approach to the preparation of algorithms taking into account all the peculiarities of the problem under consideration, that is, of the physical nature of a process, the mathematical model and the theoretical aspects of computational mathematics and stochastic processes. Thoroughly investigated is the possibility of application of Monte Carlo methods in some kindred areas of science which are non-traditional for the use of statistical modeling (continuous media, turbulence). Considered are the possible directions of development of statistical modeling.

The editors have carried out a major project published here to select and specify a range of hot cases for interface tracking methods. The cases range from single individual bubble behaviour to more complex cases such as cavitation. The cases will be of enormous help to all specialists using advanced computational methods to classify and validate multiphase flows. The practical significance of each case is explained.

Professor Skripov obtained worldwide recognition with his monograph "Metastable liquids," published in English by Wiley & Sons.

Based upon this work and another monograph published only in Russia, this book investigates the behavior of melting line and the properties of the coexisting crystal and liquid phase of simple substances across a wide range of pressures, including metastable states of the coexisting phases. The authors derive new relations for the thermodynamic similarity for liquid-vapour phase transition, as well as describing solid-liquid, liquid-vapor and liquid-liquid phase transitions for binary systems employing the novel methodology of thermodynamic similarity.

Until now the topic of gas dynamics has been included as a section in comprehensive textbooks on physical chemistry, or discussed at too high a level for undergraduate or graduate students. This book, based on courses given by the author in several countries, aims to fill this gap. To make the subject more accessible to students, there is a very strong emphasis on current applications of the theory. Part I introduces the kinetic theory of gases with relevance to molecular energies and intermolecular forces. Part II focuses on how these theories are used to explain real techniques and phenomena involving gases, allowing students to answer questions such as: 'How does a Laser work?' and 'What is a shock wave?' By stressing the practical implications, the book explains the theory of gas dynamics in a highly readable and comprehensible manner.