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Books > Academic & Education > Professional & Technical > Physics
Quantum Mechanics of Non-Hamiltonian and Dissipative Systems is
self-contained and can be used by students without a previous
course in modern mathematics and physics. The book describes the
modern structure of the theory, and covers the fundamental results
of last 15 years. The book has been recommended by Russian Ministry
of Education as the textbook for graduate students and has been
used for graduate student lectures from 1998 to 2006.
Requires no preliminary knowledge of graduate and advanced
mathematics
Discusses the fundamental results of last 15 years in this
theory
Suitable for courses for undergraduate students as well as
graduate students and specialists in physics mathematics and other
sciences
Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics merges two long-running
serials-Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics and Advances
in Optical and Electron Microscopy. This series features extended
articles on the physics of electron devices (especially
semiconductor devices), particle optics at high and low energies,
microlithography, image science and digital image processing,
electromagnetic wave propagation, electron microscopy, and the
computing methods used in all these domains.
Publication of this 150th volume is an event to be celebrated and,
to mark the occasion, the editor has brought together leaders of
some of the main themes of past and hopefully of future volumes:
electron microscopy, since Ladislaus Marton was one of the
pioneers; mathematical morphology, which has often appeared in this
series and also fills a supplement, so often cited that it usually
appears just as "Academic Press, 1994" (H.J.A.M. Heijmans,
Morphological Image Operators, Supplement 25, 1994) with no mention
of the Advances; ptychography, a highly original approach to the
phase problem, the latter also the subject of a much cited
Supplement (W.O. Saxton, 'Computer Techniques for Image Processing
in Electron Microscopy', Supplement 10, 1978); and wavelets, which
have become a subject in their own right, not just a tool in image
processing.
* Updated with contributions from leading international scholars
and industry experts
* Discusses hot topic areas and presents current and future
research trends
* Invaluable reference and guide for physicists, engineers and
mathematicians
Thin Metallic multilayer films have become an important part in
today's computer technology. The giant magnetoresistance (GMR)
effect, which plays a central role here, was discovered in the late
1980s. This can be essentially described as the effect of a
magnetic field on the electron transport leading to significant
changes in the resistance. Other aspects of multilayers systems,
such as stability, growth, confinement are also addressed.
Theoretical and experimental methods used in such work are
described in some detail, with special emphasis on density
functional and spin density functional theories. Magnetic
anisotropy in thin films is also discussed while addressing
unresolved issues and new results from exchange-bias experiments.
* Discusses the GMR effect
* What makes multilayers interesting and useful?
* What are the latest discoveries in this field?
* Simple insights in to the physics behind multilayers
* Novel concepts at small length scales
* Theoretical and experimental background
The purpose of the book is to give a survey of the physics that is
relevant for biological applications, and also to discuss what kind
of biology needs physics. The book gives a broad account of basic
physics, relevant for the applications and various applications
from properties of proteins to processes in the cell to wider
themes such as the brain, the origin of life and evolution. It also
considers general questions of common interest such as
reductionism, determinism and randomness, where the physics view
often is misunderstood. The subtle balance between order and
disorder is a repeated theme appearing in many contexts. There are
descriptive parts which shall be sufficient for the comprehension
of general ideas, and more detailed, formalistic parts for those
who want to go deeper, and see the ideas expressed in terms of
mathematical formulas.
- Describes how physics is needed for understanding basic
principles of biology
- Discusses the delicate balance between order and disorder in
living systems
- Explores how physics play a role high biological functions, such
as learning and thinking
The origin of the word synchronization is a greek root, meaning "to
share the common time." The original meaning of synchronization has
been maintained up to now in the colloquial use of this word, as
agreement or correlation in time of different processes.
Historically, the analysis of synchronization phenomena in the
evolution of dynamical systems has been a subject of active
investigation since the earlier days of physics.
Recently, the search for synchronization has moved to chaotic
systems. In this latter framework, the appearance of collective
(synchronized) dynamics is, in general, not trivial. Indeed, a
dynamical system is called chaotic whenever its evolution
sensitively depends on the initial conditions. The above said
implies that two trajectories emerging from two different closeby
initial conditions separate exponentially in the course of the
time. As a result, chaotic systems intrinsically defy
synchronization, because even two identical systems starting from
slightly different initial conditions would evolve in time in a
unsynchronized manner (the differences in the systems' states would
grow exponentially). This is a relevant practical problem, insofar
as experimental initial conditions are never known perfectly. The
setting of some collective (synchronized) behavior in coupled
chaotic systems has therefore a great importance and interest.
The subject of the present book is to summarize the recent
discoveries involving the study of synchronization in coupled
chaotic systems.
Not always the word synchronization is taken as having the same
colloquial meaning, and one needs to specify what synchrony means
in all particular contexts in which we will describe its emergence.
The book describes the complete synchronization phenomenon, both
for low and for high dimensional situations, and illustrates
possible applications in the field of communicating with
chaos.
Furthermore, the book summarizes the concepts of phase
synchronization, lag synchronization, imperfect phase
synchronization, and generalized synchronization, describing a
general transition scenario between a hierarchy of different types
of synchronization for chaotic oscillators.
These concepts are extended to the case of structurally different
systems, of uncoupled systems subjected to a common external
source, of space extended nonlinearly evolving fields, and of
dynamical units networking via a complex wiring of connections,
giving thus a summary of all possible situations that are
encountered in real life and in technology.
.Technical, but not specialistic language
.About 100 illustrative Figures
.Full overview on synchronization phenomena
.Review of the main tools and techniques used in the field
.Paradigmatic examples and experiments illustrating the basic
concepts
.Full Reference to the main publications existing in the literature
on the subject"
This book is aimed at researchers who are working in a field of
quasicrystals to provide a reference to recent developments and
ideas in the field and also at graduate students, who intend to
study quasicrystals, to provide introduction of ideas. Topics in
this book cover an entire field of quasicrystals, both experimental
and theoretical, including new developments: the state of the art
in quasicrystallography, new families of quasicrystals, phasons in
aperiodic solids, ab initio studies on stability mechanism, quantum
transport phenomena, elastic/plastic properties and surface of
quasicrystals.
. Comprehensive reviews by experts in the field
. Complete reference of original papers and new topics
. Intelligible introduction of quasicrystals by experts
In the fourty-six years that have gone by since the first volume of
Progress in Optics was published, optics has become one of the most
dynamic fields of science. The volumes in this series which have
appeared up to now contain nearly 300 review articles by
distinguished research workers, which have become permanent records
for many important developments.
- Historial Overview
- Attosecond Laser Pulses
- History of Conical refraction
- Particle Concept of Light
- Field Quantization in Optics
- History of Near-Field Optics
- History of Tunneling
- Influence of Young's Interference Experiment ob Development of
Statistical optics
- Planck, Photon Statistics and Bose-Einstein Condensation
The book on Heavy-Fermion Systems is a part of the Book series
"Handbook of Metal Physics," each volume of which is written to
facilitate the research of Ph.D. students, faculty and other
researchers in a specific area. The Heavy-Fermions (sometimes known
as Heavy-Electrons) is a loosely defined collection of
intermetallic compounds containing rare-earth (mostly Ce) or
actinide (mostly U) elements. These unusual names were given due to
the large effective mass (100-1,000 times greater than the mass of
a free electron) below a critical temperature. They have a variety
of ground states including superconducting, antiferromagnetic,
paramagnetic or semiconducting. Some display unusual magnetic
properties such as magnetic quantum critical point and
metamagnetism. This book is essentially a summary as well as a
critical review of the theoretical and experimental work done on
Heavy Fermions.
- Extensive research references.
- Comprehensive review of a very rapidly growing number of
theories.
- Summary of all important experiments.
- Comparison with other highly correlated systems such as High-Tc
Superconductors.
- Possible Technological applications.
This book is a collection of lectures given in August 2006 at the
Les Houches Summer School on Particle Physics and Cosmology: the
Fabric of Spacetime . It provides a pedagogical introduction to the
various aspects of both particle physics beyond the Standard Model
and Cosmology of the Early Universe, covering each topic from the
basics to the most recent developments.
. Provides a pedagogical introduction to topics at the interface of
particle physics and cosmology
. Addresses each topic from the basis to the most recent
developments
. Provides necessary tools to build new theoretical models
addressing various issues both in cosmology and particle
physics
. Covers the lectures by internationally-renowned and leading
experts
. Faces the predictions of theoretical models against collider
experimental data as well as from cosmological observations
The main purpose of developing stability theory is to examine
dynamic responses of a system to disturbances as the time
approaches infinity. It has been and still is the object of intense
investigations due to its intrinsic interest and its relevance to
all practical systems in engineering, finance, natural science and
social science. This monograph provides some state-of-the-art
expositions of major advances in fundamental stability theories and
methods for dynamic systems of ODE and DDE types and in limit
cycle, normal form and Hopf bifurcation control of nonlinear
dynamic systems.
. Presents comprehensive theory and methodology of stability
analysis
. Can be used as textbook for graduate students in applied
mathematics, mechanics, control theory, theoretical physics,
mathematical biology, information theory, scientific computation
. Serves as a comprehensive handbook of stability theory for
practicing aerospace, control, mechanical, structural, naval and
civil engineers
This is the fourth volume in a series of survey articles covering
many aspects of mathematical fluid dynamics, a vital source of open
mathematical problems and exciting physics.
This book discussed fundamental problems in dynamics, which
extensively exist in engineering, natural and social sciences. The
book presented a basic theory for the interactions among many
dynamical systems and for a system whose motions are constrained
naturally or artificially. The methodology and techniques presented
in this book are applicable to discontinuous dynamical systems in
physics, engineering and control. In addition, they may provide
useful tools to solve non-traditional dynamics in biology, stock
market and internet network et al, which cannot be easily solved by
the traditional Newton mechanics. The new ideas and concepts will
stimulate ones' thought and creativities in corresponding subjects.
The author also used the simple, mathematical language to write
this book. Therefore, this book is very readable, which can be
either a textbook for senior undergraduate and graduate students or
a reference book for researches in dynamics.
- Challenging continuous Newton's dynamics
- Original theory and seeds of new researches in the field
- Wide spectrum of applications in science and engineering
- Systematic presentation and clear illustrations
The Standard Model of elementary particles and interactions is one
of the best tested theories in physics. It has been found to be in
remarkable agreement with experiment, and its validity at the
quantum level has been successfully probed in the electroweak
sector. In spite of its experimental successes, though, the
Standard Model suffers from a number of limitations, and is likely
to be an incomplete theory. It contains many arbitrary parameters;
it does not include gravity, the fourth elementary interaction; it
does not provide an explanation for the hierarchy between the scale
of electroweak interactions and the Planck scale, characteristic of
gravitational interactions; and finally, it fails to account for
the dark matter and the baryon asymmetry of the universe. This led
particle theorists to develop and study various extensions of the
Standard Model, such as supersymmetric theories, Grand Unified
Theories or theories with extra space-time dimensions - most of
which have been proposed well before the experimental verification
of the Standard Model. The coming generation of experimental
facilities (such as high-energy colliders, B-physics experiments,
neutrino superbeams, as well as astrophysical and cosmological
observational facilities) will allow us to test the predictions of
these theories and to deepen our understanding of the fundamental
laws of nature.
This book is a collection of lectures given in August 2005 at
the Les Houches Summer School on Particle Physics beyond the
Standard Model. It provides a pedagogical introduction to the
various aspects of particle physics beyond the Standard Model,
covering each topic from the basics to the most recent
developments: supersymmetric theories, Grand Unified Theories,
theories with extra dimensions, flavour physics and CP violation,
neutrino physics, astroparticle physics and cosmology.
-Provides a pedagogical introduction to particle physics beyond the
Standard Model
-Covers the various aspects of particle physics beyond the Standard
Model
-Addresses each topic from the basics to the most recent
developments
-Addresses both the theoretical and phenomenological aspects of the
subject
-Written in a pedagogical style by leading experts in the field
This volume is the first of a series on Physical Techniques in the
Study of Art, Archaeology and Cultural Heritage. It follows a
successful earlier publication by Elsevier (Radiation in Art and
Archaeometry).
There has been an upsurge of interest world wide in cultural
heritage issues, and in particular, large organizations such as
UNESCO and the European Union are active in providing funding for a
very diverse range of projects in cultural heritage preservation.
It is perceived that it is essential to preserve the cultural
heritage of societies, both to benefit the future generations of
those societies, and to inform other cultures.
A growing need exists for the education of conservators and
restorers because it is these professionals who will make decisions
on how best to preserve our cultural heritage. This book series
therefore has as its primary aim, the dissemination of technical
information on scientific conservation to scientific conservators,
museum curators, conservation science students, and other
interested people.
Scientific conservation, as a discipline, is a comparatively modern
concept. Interested scientists have for many years addressed
scientific problems associated with cultural heritage artefacts.
But their involvement has been sporadic and driven by the needs of
individual museums, rather than a personal lifetime study of issues
of conservation of for example, buildings, large functional
objects, paintings, and so on.
In this book series contributors will come from both interested
scientists and the museum-based scientists. The authors have been
selected with an eye to involving young, and well as established,
scientists.
Dr Jean Louis Boutaine, was Head of the Research Department of the
Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musees de France at the
Louvre. Dr Boutaine has had a most distinguished career within the
conservation science community. He writes here on the concept of
the Modern Museum.
Professor Casali is responsible for the teaching of Archaeometry at
the University of Bologna. He has developed advanced equipment for
both micro-Computer Tomography and for large-object Computer
Tomography. His chapter deals with X-ray, neutron, and digital
radiography as applied to the study of objects of cultural heritage
significance.
Professor Tim Wess holds the Chair of Biomaterials in the
Biophysics Division in the School of Optometry and Vision Science
at Cardiff University. The systems in which he is interested
contain collagen, fibrillin, and cellulose (which relate, in the
cultural heritage discipline, to an interest in parchment and
papers). A parallel interest is in the structure of bone and
artificial composite materials (which relates to his interest in
historical studies of bone materials). Chapter 3 will describe the
techniques used to study alteration to structure of minerals in the
bone. Preservation of intact bone mineral crystallites has been
shown to relate to the endurance of amplifiable ancient DNA from
archaeological and fossil bone. In collaboration with Drs K.
Nielsen and Rene Larsen (School of Conservation, Copenhagen,
Denmark) Tim Wess has analyzed the deterioration of historic
parchments and also simulated ageing processes.
Chapter 5 has been written by Dr Andrew Hardy who began studying
Middle Eastern eye cosmetics (kohls) in the early 1990's whilst
working in Oman. He has continued thiswork at the Centre for
Medical History, School of Historical, Political and Sociological
Studies, Exeter University. The chapter summarizes and reviews the
usage and composition of kohls in ancient (Pharaonic) Egypt. It
also gives information, from later time periods, on kohl usage and
its recipes, which have been studied using a wide range of
experimental techniques.
- Written in a style that is readily understandable by conservation
scientists, archaeologists, museum curators, and students
- Provides an introduction to the advanced fields of synchrotron
radiation science, neutron science, and computed tomography
- Outstanding review of the use of modern technology to study
museum and archaeological artifacts
- Offers solutions through advanced scientific techniques to a wide
range of problems facing museum staff
This book deals with density, temperature, velocity and
concentration fluctuations in fluids and fluid mixtures. The book
first reviews thermal fluctuations in equilibrium fluids on the
basis of fluctuating hydrodynamics. It then shows how the method of
fluctuating hydrodynamics can be extended to deal with hydrodynamic
fluctuations when the system is in a stationary nonequilibrium
state. In contrast to equilibrium fluids where the fluctuations are
generally short ranged unless the system is close to a critical
point, fluctuations in nonequilibrium fluids are always long-ranged
encompassing the entire system. The book provides the first
comprehensive treatment of fluctuations in fluids and fluid
mixtures brought out of equilibrium by the imposition of a
temperature and concentration gradient but that are still in a
macroscopically quiescent state. By incorporating appropriate
boundary conditions in the case of fluid layers, it is shown how
fluctuating hydrodynamics affects the fluctuations close to the
onset of convection. Experimental techniques of light scattering
and shadowgraphy for measuring nonequilibrium fluctuations are
elucidated and the experimental results thus far reported in the
literature are reviewed.
- Systematic exposition of fluctuating hydrodynamics and its
applications
- First book on nonequilibrium fluctuations in fluids
- Fluctuating Boussinesq equations and nonequilibrium fluids
- Fluid layers and onset of convection
- Rayleigh scattering and Brillouin scattering in fluids
- Shadowgraph technique for measuring fluctuations
- Fluctuations near hydrodynamic instabilities
Fluctuating parameters appear in a variety of physical systems and
phenomena. They typically come either as random forces/sources, or
advecting velocities, or media (material) parameters, like
refraction index, conductivity, diffusivity, etc. The well known
example of Brownian particle suspended in fluid and subjected to
random molecular bombardment laid the foundation for modern
stochastic calculus and statistical physics. Other important
examples include turbulent transport and diffusion of
particle-tracers (pollutants), or continuous densities (''oil
slicks''), wave propagation and scattering in randomly
inhomogeneous media, for instance light or sound propagating in the
turbulent atmosphere.
Such models naturally render to statistical description, where the
input parameters and solutions are expressed by random processes
and fields.
The fundamental problem of stochastic dynamics is to identify the
essential characteristics of system (its state and evolution), and
relate those to the input parameters of the system and initial
data.
This raises a host of challenging mathematical issues. One could
rarely solve such systems exactly (or approximately) in a closed
analytic form, and their solutions depend in a complicated implicit
manner on the initial-boundary data, forcing and system's (media)
parameters . In mathematical terms such solution becomes a
complicated "nonlinear functional" of random fields and processes.
Part I gives mathematical formulation for the basic physical models
of transport, diffusion, propagation and develops some analytic
tools.
Part II sets up and applies the techniques of variational calculus
and stochastic analysis, like Fokker-Plank equation to those
models, to produce exact or approximate solutions, or in worst case
numeric procedures. The exposition is motivated and demonstrated
with numerous examples.
Part III takes up issues for the coherent phenomena in stochastic
dynamical systems, described by ordinary and partial differential
equations, like wave propagation in randomly layered media
(localization), turbulent advection of passive tracers
(clustering).
Each chapter is appended with problems the reader to solve by
himself (herself), which will be a good training for independent
investigations.
.This book is translation from Russian and is completed with new
principal results of recent research.
.The book develops mathematical tools of stochastic analysis, and
applies them to a wide range of physical models of particles,
fluids, and waves.
.Accessible to a broad audience with general background in
mathematical physics, but no special expertise in stochastic
analysis, wave propagation or turbulence"
This book deals with the impact of uncertainty in input data on the
outputs of mathematical models. Uncertain inputs as scalars,
tensors, functions, or domain boundaries are considered. In
practical terms, material parameters or constitutive laws, for
instance, are uncertain, and quantities as local temperature, local
mechanical stress, or local displacement are monitored. The goal of
the worst scenario method is to extremize the quantity over the set
of uncertain input data.
A general mathematical scheme of the worst scenario method,
including approximation by finite element methods, is presented,
and then applied to various state problems modeled by differential
equations or variational inequalities: nonlinear heat flow,
Timoshenko beam vibration and buckling, plate buckling, contact
problems in elasticity and thermoelasticity with and without
friction, and various models of plastic deformation, to list some
of the topics. Dozens of examples, figures, and tables are
included.
Although the book concentrates on the mathematical aspects of the
subject, a substantial part is written in an accessible style and
is devoted to various facets of uncertainty in modeling and to the
state of the art techniques proposed to deal with uncertain input
data.
A chapter on sensitivity analysis and on functional and convex
analysis is included for the reader's convenience.
-Rigorous theory is established for the treatment of uncertainty in
modeling
- Uncertainty is considered in complex models based on partial
differential equations or variational inequalities
- Applications to nonlinear and linear problems with uncertain data
are presented in detail: quasilinear steady heat flow, buckling of
beams and plates, vibration of beams, frictional contact of bodies,
several models of plastic deformation, and more
-Although emphasis is put on theoretical analysis and approximation
techniques, numerical examples are also present
-Main ideas and approaches used today to handle uncertainties in
modeling are described in an accessible form
-Fairly self-contained book
Deep connections are emerging in the physics of non-thermal
systems, such as granular media, and other "complex systems" such
as glass formers, spin glasses, colloids or gels. This book
discusses the unifying physical theories, developed in recent
years, for the description of these systems. The special focus of
the book is on recent important developments in the formulation of
a Statistical Mechanics approach to granular media and the
description of out-of-equilibrium dynamics, such as "jamming"
phenomena, ubiquitous in these "complex systems." The book collects
contributions from leading researchers in these fields, providing
both an introduction, at a graduate level, to these rapidly
developing subjects and featuring an up to date, self contained,
presentation of theoretical and experimental developments for
researchers in areas ranging from Chemistry, to Engineering and
Physical Sciences.
-the book discusses very hot topics in physical sciences
-it includes contributions from the most prominent researchers in
the area
-it is clearly written and self contained
Optics has become one of the most dynamic fields of science since
the first volume of Progress in Optics was published, forty years
ago. At the time of inception of this series, the first lasers were
only just becoming operational, holography was in its infancy,
subjects such as fiber optics, integrated optics and
optoelectronics did not exist and quantum optics was the domain of
only a few physicists. The term photonics had not yet been coined.
Today these fields are flourishing and have become areas of
specialisation for many science and engineering students and
numerous research workers and engineers throughout the world. Some
of the advances in these fields have been recognized by awarding
Nobel prizes to seven physicists in the last twenty years. The
volumes in this series which have appeared up to now contain 240
review articles by distinguished research workers, which have
become permanent records for many important developments. They have
helped optical scientists and optical engineers to stay abreast of
their fields. There is no sign that developments in optics are
slowing down or becoming less interesting. We confidently expect
that, just like their predecessors, future volumes of Progress in
Optics will faithfully record the most important advances that are
being made in optics and related fields.
This volume emphasises studies related to
classical Stefan problems. The term "Stefan problem" is
generally used for heat transfer problems with
phase-changes such
as from the liquid to the solid. Stefan problems have some
characteristics that are typical of them, but certain
problems
arising in fields such as mathematical physics and
engineering
also exhibit characteristics similar to them. The term
classical" distinguishes the formulation of these problems
from
their weak formulation, in which the solution need not
possess
classical derivatives. Under suitable assumptions, a weak
solution
could be as good as a classical solution. In hyperbolic
Stefan
problems, the characteristic features of Stefan problems are
present but unlike in Stefan problems, discontinuous solutions
are
allowed because of the hyperbolic nature of the heat equation.
The
numerical solutions of inverse Stefan problems, and the analysis
of
direct Stefan problems are so integrated that it is difficult
to
discuss one without referring to the other. So no strict line
of
demarcation can be identified between a classical Stefan
problem
and other similar problems. On the other hand, including
every
related problem in the domain of classical Stefan problem
would
require several volumes for their description. A suitable
compromise has to be made.
The basic concepts, modelling, and analysis of the classical
Stefan problems have been extensively investigated and there
seems
to be a need to report the results at one place. This book
attempts to answer that need. Within the framework of the
classical Stefan problem with the emphasis on the basic concepts,
modelling and analysis, it tries to include some weak
solutions and analytical and numerical solutions also. The
main
considerations behind this are the continuity and the clarity
of
exposition. For example, the description of some phase-field
models in Chapter 4 arose out of this need for a smooth
transition
between topics. In the mathematical formulation of Stefan
problems, the curvature effects and the kinetic condition are
incorporated with the help of the modified Gibbs-Thomson
relation.
On the basis of some thermodynamical and metallurgical
considerations, the modified Gibbs-Thomson relation can be
derived, as has been done in the text, but the rigorous
mathematical justification comes from the fact that this
relation
can be obtained by taking appropriate limits of phase-field
models. Because of the unacceptability of some phase-field
models
due their so-called thermodynamical inconsistency, some
consistent
models have also been described. This completes the discussion
of
phase-field models in the present context.
Making this volume self-contained would require reporting and
deriving several results from tensor analysis, differential
geometry, non-equilibrium thermodynamics, physics and
functional
analysis. The text is enriched with appropriate
references so as not to enlarge the scope of the book. The
proofs
of propositions and theorems are often lengthy and different
from
one another. Presenting them in a condensed way may not be of
much
help to the reader. Therefore only the main features of
proofs
and a few results have been presented to suggest the
essential
flavour of the theme of investigation. However at each place,
appropriate references have been cited so that inquisitive
readers can follow them on their own.
Each chapter begins with basic concepts, objectives and the
directions in which the subject matter has grown. This is
followed
by reviews - in some cases quite detailed - of published works. In
a
work of this type, the author has to make a suitable
compromise
between length restrictions and understandability.
Intelligent systems are required to enhance the capacities being
made available to us by the internet and other computer based
technologies. The theory necessary to help providing solutions to
difficult problems in the construction of intelligent systems are
discussed. In particular, attention is paid to situations in which
the available information and data may be imprecise, uncertain,
incomplete or of a linguistic nature. Various methodologies to
manage such information are discussed. Among these are the
probabilistic, possibilistic, fuzzy, logical, evidential and
network-based frameworks.
One purpose of the book is not to consider these methodologies
separately, but rather to consider how they can be used
cooperatively to better represent the multiplicity of modes of
information. Topics in the book include representation of imperfect
knowledge, fundamental issues in uncertainty, reasoning,
information retrieval, learning and mining, as well as various
applications.
Key Features:
Tools for construction of intelligent systems
Contributions by world leading experts
Fundamental issues and applications
New technologies for web searching
Methods for modeling uncertain information
Future directions in web technologies
Transversal to methods and domains
"
In order to select an optimal structure among possible similar
structures, one needs to compare the elastic behavior of the
structures. A new criterion that describes elastic behavior is the
rate of change of deformation. Using this criterion, the safe
dimensions of a structure that are required by the stress
distributed in a structure can be calculated. The new non-linear
theory of elasticity allows one to determine the actual individual
limit of elasticity/failure of a structure using a simple
non-destructive method of measurement of deformation on the model
of a structure while presently it can be done only with a
destructive test for each structure. For building and explaining
the theory, a new logical structure was introduced as the basis of
the theory. One of the important physical implications of this
logic is that it describes mathematically the universal domain of
the possible stable physical relations.
Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) has become the technique of
choice for many areas of radiation dosimetry. The technique is
finding widespread application in a variety of radiation dosimetry
fields, including personal monitoring, environmental monitoring,
retrospective dosimetry (including geological dating and accident
dosimetry), space dosimetry, and many more. In this book we have
attempted to synthesize the major advances in the field, covering
both fundamental understanding and the many applications. The
latter serve to demonstrate the success and popularity of OSL as a
dosimetry method.
The book is designed for researchers and radiation dosimetry
practitioners alike. It delves into the detailed theory of the
process from the point of view of stimulated relaxation phenomena,
describing the energy storage and release processes
phenomenologically and developing detailed mathematical
descriptions to enable a quantitative understanding of the observed
phenomena. The various stimulation modes (continuous wave, pulsed,
or linear modulation) are introduced and compared. The properties
of the most important synthetic OSL materials beginning with the
dominant carbon-doped Al2O3, and moving through discussions of
other, less-well studied but nevertheless important, or potentially
important, materials. The OSL properties of the two most important
natural OSL dosimetry material types, namely quartz and feldspars
are discussed in depth. The applications chapters deal with the use
of OSL in personal, environmental, medical and UV dosimetry,
geological dating and retrospective dosimetry (accident dosimetry
and dating). Finally the developments in instrumentation that have
occurred over the past decade or more are described.
The book will find use in those laboratories within academia,
national institutes and the private sector where research and
applications in radiation dosimetry using luminescence are being
conducted. Potential readers include personnel involved in
radiation protection practice and research, hospitals, nuclear
power stations, radiation clean-up and remediation, food
irradiation and materials processing, security monitoring,
geological and archaeological dating, luminescence studies of
minerals, etc.
Optics has become one of the most dynamic fields of science since
the first volume of Progress in Optics was published forty years
ago. At the time of inception of this series, the first lasers were
only just becoming operational, holography was in its infancy,
subjects such as fiber optics, integrated optics and
optoelectronics did not exist and quantum optics was the domain of
only a few physicists. The term photonics had not yet been coined.
Today these fields are flourishing and have become areas of
specialization for many science and engineering students as well as
numerous research workers and engineers throughout the world.
The awarding of Nobel prizes to seven physicists over the last
twenty years has recognized advances in these fields. The volumes
in this series now contain 240 review articles by distinguished
research workers, which have become permanent records for many
important developments. They have helped optical scientists and
optical engineers to stay abreast of their fields. There is no sign
that developments in optics are slowing down or becoming less
interesting. We confidently expect that, just like their
predecessors, future volumes of Progress in Optics will faithfully
record the most important advances that are being made in optics
and related fields.
The articles in this volume 43 cover a broad range of subjects,
of interest to scientists concerned with optical theory or with
optical devices.
Hardbound. It is a pleasure to record that Progress in Optics is
commencing the fifth decade of its existence. The first volume was
published in 1961, only a few months after the invention of the
laser. This event triggered a wealth of new and exciting
developments, many of which were reported in the 240 review
articles which were published in this series since its inception.
The present volume contains seven articles covering a wide range of
subjects. The first article, by M.H. Fields, J. Popp, and R.K.
Chang, presents a review of various optical effects in spherical
and circular micro-cavities capable of supporting high-Q resonant
modes (commonly referred to as morphology-dependent resonances
(MDRs) or whispering gallery modes (WGMs)). The article treats the
theory of symmetrical and deformed micro-cavities and describes
recent research and development in the areas of quantum
electrodynamics, lasers, optical spectroscopy, and filters for
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