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Books > Science & Mathematics > Biology, life sciences > Biochemistry > Proteins
This second edition presents an up-to-date chapters describing the
most relevant and novel techniques employed to study the opioid
receptors. Chapters detail transcriptional and post-transcriptional
analysis, cellular detection of opioid receptors, analysis of
signaling events modulated by opioid receptors, model systems to
studying opioid receptor-mediated functions, and behavioral effects
mediated by opioid receptors. Written in the highly successful
Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include
introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary
materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible
laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding
known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Opioid Receptors:
Methods and Protocols, Second Edition aims to ensure successful
results in the further study of this vital field.
Principles of Proteomics, Second Edition, provides a concise and
user-friendly introduction to the diverse technologies used for the
large-scale analysis of proteins, as well as their applications,
and their impact in areas such as drug discovery, agriculture, and
the fight against disease. Proteomics is a fast-advancing field in
which researchers seek to capture all the proteins in the cell and
characterize them in ever more detail. Principles of Proteomics has
been fully updated to reflect the most recent developments in the
field without losing its focus on the underlying principles. With
worked examples, case studies profiling both established and
emerging technologies, and further reading lists for each chapter,
Principles of Proteomics is an ideal introduction for students,
researchers and those working in the industry.
One of the phylogenetically oldest hormones, somatostatin is a
regulatory peptide with remarkable characteristics. It is a
nonclassical neurotransmitter discovered less than 20 years ago
both in the central nervous system and in the
gastroenteropancreatic system. It regulates the secretion of both
pituitary and digestive hormones, it ensures nutrient homeostasis
and it has therapeutic uses. This volume deals withall these
aspects.
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A Safety Considerations Many techniques described here involve a
number of hazards, such as high electrical current and voltage,
radioactivity and highly toxic chemicals. It is absolutely
essential that the instructions of equipment manufacturers be
followed, and that particular attention be paid to the local and
federal safety regulations. B Introduction The expression of
prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes has been shown most often to be
regulated at the level of mRNA synthesis. Thanks to the rapid
development of methods for dissecting DNA sequences, cis-acting
regulatory elements such as promoters and enhancers have been
recognised. More recently, the widely expressed intuition that
discrete sequences within these elements constitute binding sites
for sequence-specific binding proteins has been confirmed,
especially through the use of "footprinting" assays (for examples,
Galas and Schmitz, 1978). This and similar assays have already
resulted in the recognition, isolation and analysis of DNA-bind ing
proteins for several genes. Excellent reviews exist of the
structural studies on these transcription regulatory proteins and
related DNA elements (for example, Glover, 1989 and Johnson and
McKnight, 1989), to which the reader is referred for detailed
information. To set the scene for applications of the techniques
described in this volume, only the barest outline of previous
studies is presented here. Protein-DNA interactions are dependent
on very specific tertiary configurations of the binding protein
which allow the closest contact with the DNA helix.
There is increasing evidence for the clinicial value of the apo
lipoprotein measurements. Besides cholesterol in plasma and li
poprotein fractions, which is currently used as an indicator of
cardiovascular risk, the measurement of the AI and B apolipopro
teins can provide additional information about the patients'
clinical status. Several studies show that apo B is higher and apo
AI is lower in patients with angiographically documented coronary
heart dis ease than in symptomatic patients without coronary heart
disease. Moreover, discriminant analysis indicated that the
concentration of Apo AI and B in plasma are better discriminators
than lipo protein cholesterol for identifying patients with
coronary heart disease. In some studies the apo Bjapo AI ratio
appears to be a more powerful predictor than individual
lipoproteins. In a recent study carried out in men, apolipoproteins
AI and B were better correlated with the severity of cardiovascular
disease than HDL and LDL cholesterol. The predictive power of
apolipoproteins could however not be demonstrated in all studies
and the value of apolipoprotein measurements in the field of
clinical chemistry is still controversial. This is probably due to
discrepancies between the results of various studies, arising from
differences in the type of immunoassays, the lack of universal
reference materials, differ ences between study protocols,
variations in the selection of patients and in the grading and
interpretation of coronary lesions."
It is our great pleasure to introduce the Proceedings of the
Twenty-First European Peptide Symposium, held in Platja d' Aro,
Spain, September 2-8, 1990. Over seven hundred scientists from
nearly thirty countries, mostly European but also from the
Americas, Australia and Japan, assembled at the largest-to-date in
a series of European Peptide Symposia to present and discuss their
recent findings in the field of peptides. Whenever scientists meet,
a good deal of their interaction cannot be appropri ately recorded
in book form. Fruitful early morning dialogues go regrettably
unrecorded or, at most, precariously scribbled on ephemeral
breakfast napkins. Many a brilliant late night debate is bound to
fade away through the mists of a noisy discotheque. Alas, this book
will unfortunately ignore these potentially splendid contributions
to science! No effort has been made either to register the
discussions that followed the oral presentations of the Symposium,
or the two open sessions on special topics of general interest.
Spontaneity, the main appeal of oral discussion, is somewhat lost,
we believe, on literal transcription. Once all these non-recordable
forms of scientific communication are discounted one is left with
the core of the Symposium, i.e., its scientific communications,
both in oral and poster form, and it is to these that the book you
have in your hands is devoted.
This book reviews the principles of design and examples of
successful implementation of proteinkinase inhibitors (PKI), and
offers a comprehensive and authoritative overview of the history
and latest developments in the field. Chapters written by experts
from industry and academia cover the function, structure and
topology of Proteinkinases, molecular modelling, disclose how to
achieve high level of selectivity for kinase inhibitors, and
exploit kinase inhibitors for cancer treatment. Particular
attention is given to Inhibitors of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3, and
to covalent Janus Kinase 3 Inhibitors. A case study on Receptor
Tyrosine Kinases EGFR, VEGFR, PDGFR is also presented in this book.
Given its breath, this book will appeal to medicinal chemists,
students, researchers and professionals alike.
Techniques in the neurosciences are evolving rapidly. There are
currently very few volumes dedicated to the methodology - ployed by
neuroscrentists, and those that are available often seem either out
of date or limited in scope. This series is about the methods most
widely used by modern-day neuroscientists and is written by their
colleagues who are practicing experts. Volume 1 will be useful to
all neuroscientists since rt concerns those procedures used
routmely across the wrdest range of s- disciplines. Collecting
these general techniques together in a single volume strikes us not
only as a service, but will no doubt prove of exceptronal
utrlitarran value as well. Volumes 2 and 3 describe current
procedures for the analyses of amines and their metabolites and of
amino acids, respectively. These collections will clearly be of
value to all neuroscrentists working m or contemplating research m
these fields. Similar reasons exist for Volume 4 on receptor
binding techniques, since experimental details are provided for
many types of hgand-receptor binding, including chapters on general
prin- ples, drug discovery and development, and a most useful app-
dix on computer programs for Scatchard, nonlinear, and compe- tive
displacement analyses. Volume 5 provides procedures for the
assessment of enzymes involved in neurotransmitter synthesis and
catabolism. Volumes in the NEUROMETHODS series will be useful to
neurochemists, -pharmacologists, -physiologrsts, -anatomrsts,
psychopharmacologists, psychiatrists, neurologists, and chemists
(organic, analytical, pharmaceutical, medicinal); in fact, everyone
involved m the neuroscrences, both basic and clmical.
Methods in Protein Sequence Analysis -1986 brings together reports
of the most recent methodology available to protein chemists for
studying the molecular detail of proteins. The papers in this
volume constitute the proceedings of the Sixth International
Conference on Methods in Protein Sequence Analysis, which was held
at the University of Washington in Seattle, Washington on August
17-21, 1986. This series of conferences has taken place during a
period when new techniques in protein chemistry and molecular
biology have enabled not only exploration of the control of protein
function, but also deduction of the genetic origin of proteins, and
labo ratory generation of rare protein molecules for therapeu tic
and commercial use. The current reports are focused on the means by
which experimental questions can be answered rather than on the
biological implications in specific systems. The scope of the
meeting was quite broad, empha sizing microanalytical techniques
and the relative merits of DNA sequencing, mass spectrometry and
more tradi tional degradation techniques. A highlight of the
meeting was the Qrowing awareness of the role of mass spec trometry
In the analysis of proteins. The complementarity of protein
sequencing and DNA sequencing techniques was apparent throughout
the discussions and several papers dealt with the strategy of
obtaining sequence in formation from small amounts of protein in
order that ap propriate oligonucleotide probes could be constructed
and the encoding nucleic acids se. quenced and manipu lated."
Milestones in the techniques and methodology of polypeptide
structure determination include the determination of the sequence
of insulin by Sanger in 1951 (I) and the introduction of the repeti
tive degradation of proteins with phenylisothiocyanate by Edman in
1959 (2). The automation of Edman chemistry (3) played a major role
in the determination of polypeptide structures. Important
modifications of Edman chemistry include the solid-phase approach
by Laursen in 1971 (4) and the use of modified Edman reagents such
as 4-N, N-dimethylaminoazobenzene-4'-isothiocy- ate (DABITC) for
manual sequencing by Chang et al. (5) in 1976. A second major
breakthrough in the analysis of polypeptides was automated amino
acid analysis described by Spackman et al. in 1958 (6). However,
during the period from 1975 to 1980, it became increasingly clear
that the amount of material required for struc tural analysis was
more than could be easily isolated for the vast majority of
proteins. The field was criticized for its lack of sensitive
techniques for the analysis of growth factors, immune modulators,
membrane receptors, and peptide hormones. In addition, very little
had been done to modernize and improve the original instruments
introduced in the mid-1960s. The first indications of improved
instrumentation for Edman chemistry came from Wittmann-Liebold's
laboratory (7), followed by the introduction of a "micro" sequencer
by Hunkapiller and Hood in 1978 (8). The movement toward improved
instrumentation culminated in the "gas"-phase sequencer of Hewick
et al. (9) in 1981."
Techniques in the neurosciences are evolving rapidly. There are
currently very few volumes dedicated to the methodology - ployed by
neurosclentlsts, and those that are available often seem either out
of date or limited m scope. This series is about the methods most
widely used by modern-day neurosclentists and 1s wrltten by their
colleagues who are practicing experts. Volume 1 will be useful to
all neurosclentists since It concerns those procedures used
routinely across the widest range of subdisciplines. Collecting
these general techniques together m a single volume strikes us not
only as a service, but will no doubt prove of exceptIona
utilitarian value as well. Volumes 2 and 3 - scribe all current
procedures for the analyses of amines and their metabolltes and of
ammo aads, respectively. These collections will clearly be of value
to all neuroscientlsts working m or contemplating research m these
fields. Similar reasons exist for Volume 4 on receptor binding
techniques since experimental - tails are provided for all types of
llgand-receptor bmdmg, including chapters on general prmciples,
drug discovery and - velopment, and a most useful appendix on
computer programs for Scatchard, nonlinear, and competitive
displacement analyses. Volume 5 provides procedures for the
assessment of enzymes - volved m biogenic amme synthesis and
catabolism. Volumes in the NELJROMETHODS series will be useful to
neurochemists, -pharmacologists, -physiologists, -anatomlsts,
psychopharmacologists, psychlatnsts, neurologists, and chemists
(organic, analytical, pharmaceutical, medicinal), in fact, everyone
involved m the neurosclences, both basic and clinical.
In recent years there has been a tremendous increase in our
understanding of the functioning of the cell at the molecular
level. This has been achieved in the main by the invention and
development of new methodology, parti- larly in that area generally
referred to as "'genetic en- neering." While this revolution has
been taking place in the field of nucleic acids research, the
protein chemist has at the same time developed fresh methodology to
keep pace with the requirements of present day molecular bi- ogy.
Today's molecular biologist can no longer be content with being an
expert in one particular area alone. He/she needs to be equally
competent in the laboratory at h- dling DNA, RNA, and proteins,
moving from one area to another as required by the problem he/she
is trying to solve. Although many of the new techniques in
molecular biology are relatively easy to master, it is often
difficult for a researcher to obtain all the relevant information
nec- sary for setting up and successfully applying a new te- nique.
Information is of course available in the research l- erature, but
this often lacks the depth of description that the new user
requires. This requirement for in-depth pr- tical details has
become apparent by the considerable - mand for places on our
Molecular Biology Workshops held at Hatfield each summer.
In recent years there has been a tremendous increase in our
understanding of the functioning of the cell at the molecular
level. This has been achieved in the main by the invention and
development of new methodology, parti- larly in that area generally
referred to as "'genetic en- neering." While this revolution has
been taking place in the field of nucleic acids research, the
protein chemist has at the same time developed fresh methodology to
keep pace with the requirements of present day molecular bi- ogy.
Today's molecular biologist can no longer be content with being an
expert in one particular area alone. He/she needs to be equally
competent in the laboratory at h- dling DNA, RNA, and proteins,
moving from one area to another as required by the problem he/she
is trying to solve. Although many of the new techniques in
molecular biology are relatively easy to master, it is often
difficult for a researcher to obtain all the relevant information
nec- sary for setting up and successfully applying a new te- nique.
Information is of course available in the research l- erature, but
this often lacks the depth of description that the new user
requires. This requirement for in-depth pr- tical details has
become apparent by the considerable - mand for places on our
Molecular Biology Workshops held at Hatfield each summer.
During the past decade we have witnessed several major dis coveries
in the area of protein synthesis and post-translational
modification of protein molecules. In this volume, many of the lat
est research developments in these fields are reported by the dis
tinguished international group of scientists who presented their
state-of-the-art results at the 13th Linderstr0m-Lang Conference
held at God0Ysund, Norway, June 14-18, 1983. We feel that the
presentation here of so wide a variety of articles on both the
molecular and the cellular aspects of protein synthesis will be of
considerable value to many scientists working in the area who were
unable to attend, as well as to many who are active in related
areas. In addition to the research papers, the contents of the six
scientific sessions held during the conference have been summarized
by the respective session chairmen. These individual summaries
provide insightful syntheses of all the recent progress in each
field, identify which current problems remain of special inter est,
and suggest what the future may hold in the several areas of
protein synthesis research covered. Though this volume obviously
cannot provide a complete survey of all important ongoing research
on the molecular and cellular biology of translational and
post-translational events, we are confi dent that it will
facilitate a much better understanding of many im portant
contemporary problems in research on protein synthesis, including
cell differentiation, translational accuracy, protein modifi
cation, intracellular transport, and membrane turnover."
Methods in Protein Sequence Analysis contains an intensely prac
tical account of all the new methodology available to scientists
carrying out protein and peptide sequencing studies. Many of the
striking advances in fields as diverse as immunology, cell
motility, and neurochemistry have in fact been fueled by our ever
more powerful ability to determine the sequences and structures of
key proteins and peptides. It is our hope that the rich array of
tech niques and methods for sequencing proteins discussed in this
volume-methods that generate much of the information crucial to
progress in modern biology-will now become accessible to all who
can benefit from them. The papers of the present volume constitute
the Proceedings of the IVth International Conference on Methods in
Protein Se quence Analysis, which was held at Brookhaven National
Labo ratory, Upton, NY, September 21-25, 1981. It was the most
recent in a series of biennial conferences, the previous one having
been held in Heidelberg, GFR, in 1979. The series was originated by
Richard Laursen, and initially dealt with one aspect of the field,
solid-phase sequencing. The scope of the meeting was very broad and
among the many aspects of protein sequencing discussed were:
instrumentation, strategy, chemicals, mass spectrometry, cleavage
of proteins and separation of peptides, and solid, liquid, manual,
and even "gas phase" sequencing."
The handling and analysis of data generated by proteomics
investigations represent a challenge for computer scientists,
biostatisticians, and biologists to develop tools for storing,
retrieving, visualizing, and analyzing genomic data. Informatics in
Proteomics examines the ongoing advances in the application of
bioinformatics to proteomics research and analysis. Through
computer simulations, scientists can determine more about how
diseases affect cells, predict how various drug interventions would
work, and ultimately use proteins as therapeutic targets. This book
first addresses the infrastructure needed for public protein
databases. It discusses information management systems and user
interfaces for storage, retrieval, and visualization of the data as
well as issues surrounding data standardization and integration of
protein sequences recorded in the last two decades. The authors
subsequently examine the application of statistical and
bioinformatic tools to data analysis, data presentation, and data
mining. They discuss the implementation of algorithms, statistical
methods, and computer applications that facilitate pattern
recognition and biomarker discovery by integrating data from
multiple sources. This book offers a well-rounded resource of
informatic approaches to data storage, retrieval, and protein
analysis as well as application-specific bioinformatic tools that
can be used in disease detection, diagnosis, and treatment.
Informatics in Proteomics captures the current state-of-the-art and
provides a valuable foundation for future directions.
This text offers in-depth perspectives on every aspect of protein
structure identification, assessment, characterization, and
utilization, for a clear understanding of the diversity of protein
shapes, variations in protein function, and structure-based drug
design. The authors cover numerous high-throughput technologies as
well as computational methods to study protein structures and
residues. A valuable reference, this book reflects current trends
in the effort to solve new structures arising from genome
initiatives, details methods to detect and identify errors in the
prediction of protein structural models, and outlines challenges in
the conversion of routine processes into high-throughput platforms.
While the genomic revolution has quickly led to the deposit of more
than 30,000 structures in the protein data bank (PDB), less than
one percent of those contributions represent membrane proteins
despite the fact that membrane proteins constitute some 20 percent
of all proteins. This discrepancy becomes significantly troublesome
when it is coupled with the fact that 60 percent of current drugs
are based on targeting this group of proteins, a trend that does
not seem likely to reverse. Structural Genomics on Membrane
Proteins provides an excellent overview on novel research in
bioinformatics and modeling on membranes, as well as the latest
technological developments being employed in expression,
purification, and crystallography to obtain high-resolution
structures on membrane proteins. This cutting-edge work also
explains the difficulties facing researchers-both technical and
ethical-that have slowed the process. Structural Genomics on
Membrane Proteins provides researchers with an unprecedented look
at the novel technologies that will ultimately allow them to
conquer the last frontier in structural biology, leading to
accelerated breakthroughs in drug discovery.
The elucidation of the ultrastructure, cytochemistry and reactivity
of cutaneous recep- tors is of particular importance in the
unsolved biological problem of sensory transduc- tion.
Topographically and with regard to evolution, cutaneous receptors
are the most widespread primary sense organs. Because of their
simple structure they are particular- ly useful in the study of the
functional morphology of receptor end-organs. Research into
receptor structures in classic neuromorphology revealed magnificent
patterns and pictures of receptors, showing their great diversity
and their presence in all human and animal systems. Since the end
of the sixties, ultrastructural studies have led to the discovery
of a large amount of new information. The findings concerning the
cellular organization of the inner core (pease and Quilliam, 1957),
axon terminals (Cauna and Ross, 1960) and capsule cells (Polacek
and Mazanek, 1966) of encapsulated receptors have opened up new
possibilities for a revaluation of receptor cell units and their
relationships.
Meeting the need for a book on developing and using new methods to
investigate membrane proteins, this is the first of its kind to
present the full range of novel techniques in one resource. Top
researchers from around the world focus on the physical principles
exploited in the different techniques, and provide examples of how
these can bring about important new insights.
Following an introduction, further sections discuss structural
approaches, molecular interaction and large assemblies, dynamics
and spectroscopies, finishing off with an exploration of
structure-function relationships in whole cells.
This highly readable textbook serves as a concise and engaging
primer to the emerging field of antibody engineering and its
various applications. It introduces readers to the basic science
and molecular structure of antibodies, and explores how to
characterize and engineer them. Readers will find an overview of
the latest methods in antibody identification, improvement and
biochemical engineering. Furthermore, alternative antibody formats
and bispecific antibodies are discussed. The book's content is
based on lectures for the specializations "Protein Engineering" and
"Medical Biotechnology" within the Master's curriculum in
"Biotechnology." The lectures have been held at the University of
Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, in cooperation with
the Medical University of Vienna, since 2012 and are continuously
adapted to reflect the latest developments in the field. The book
addresses Master- and PhD students in biotechnology, molecular
biology and immunology, and all those who are interested in
antibody engineering.
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