This is the first serious attempt to synthesize all that became known of glutathione over the last three decades. The book contains an update of glutathione biosynthesis with special emphasis on its regulation in adaptive stress responses. Other chapters review glutathione transport systems and glutathione peroxidases and their differences in substrate specificities and localization. Further contributions center on the diversified roles of different glutathione-S-transferases and the roles of nitrosoglutathione and glutaredoxins - a subfamily of redoxins. The book closes with discussions of the analogous or homologous thiol metabolism in pathogens and the potential suitability of involved enzymes as drug targets. Key selling features: Summarizing the way glutathione is involved in stress responses Compiling the multiple ways glutathione affects inflammatory responses Disclosing how glutathione dampens programmed cell death such as ferroptosis Exploring the enigma of how enzymes accelerate glutathione-dependent processes Discussing how detoxification and redox regulation is mediated by glutathionylation Reviewing the ways glutaredoxins catalyze protein disulfide reduction Highlighting the medical impact of glutathione-related metabolic pathways Illustrating the role thiol metabolism of pathogens might play in drug discovery

This book reviews the principles of design and examples of successful implementation of proteinkinase inhibitors (PKI), and offers a comprehensive and authoritative overview of the history and latest developments in the field. Chapters written by experts from industry and academia cover the function, structure and topology of Proteinkinases, molecular modelling, disclose how to achieve high level of selectivity for kinase inhibitors, and exploit kinase inhibitors for cancer treatment. Particular attention is given to Inhibitors of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3, and to covalent Janus Kinase 3 Inhibitors. A case study on Receptor Tyrosine Kinases EGFR, VEGFR, PDGFR is also presented in this book. Given its breath, this book will appeal to medicinal chemists, students, researchers and professionals alike.

"Introducing Proteomics" gives a concise and coherent overview of every aspect of current proteomics technology, which is a rapidly developing field that is having a major impact within the life and medical sciences.

This student-friendly book, based on a successful course developed by the author, provides its readers with sufficient theoretical background to be able to plan, prepare, and analyze a proteomics study.

The text covers the following: Separation TechnologiesAnalysis of Peptides/Proteins by Mass SpectrometryStrategies in Proteomics

This contemporary text also includes numerous examples and explanations for why particular strategies are better than others for certain applications. In addition, "Introducing Proteomics" includes extensive references and a list of relevant proteomics information sources; essential for any student.

This no-nonsense approach to the subject tells students exactly what they need to know, leaving out unnecessary information. The student companion site enhances learning and provides answers to the end of chapter problems.

"I think this book will be a popular and valuable resource for students and newcomers to the field who would like to have an overview and initial understanding of what proteomics is about. The contents are well organized and address the major issues."
--Professor Walter Kolch, Director, Systems Biology Ireland & Conway Institute, University College Dublin

Companion Website
www.wiley.com/go/lovric

Sets the stage for the design and application of new protein cages

Featuring contributions from a team of international experts in the coordination chemistry of biological systems, this book enables readers to understand and take advantage of the fascinating internal molecular environment of protein cages. With the aid of modern organic and polymer techniques, the authors explain step by step how to design and construct a variety of protein cages. Moreover, the authors describe current applications of protein cages, setting the foundation for the development of new applications in biology, nanotechnology, synthetic chemistry, and other disciplines.

Based on a thorough review of the literature as well as the authors' own laboratory experience, "Coordination Chemistry in Protein Cages"Sets forth the principles of coordination reactions in natural protein cagesDetails the fundamental design of coordination sites of small artificial metalloproteins as the basis for protein cage designDescribes the supramolecular design and assembly of protein cages for or by metal coordinationExamines the latest applications of protein cages in biology and nanotechnologyDescribes the principles of coordination chemistry that govern self-assembly of synthetic cage-like molecules

Chapters are filled with detailed figures to help readers understand the complex structure, design, and application of protein cages. Extensive references at the end of each chapter serve as a gateway to important original research studies and reviews in the field.

With its detailed review of basic principles, design, and applications, "Coordination Chemistry in Protein Cages" is recommended for investigators working in biological inorganic chemistry, biological organic chemistry, and nanoscience.

Despite being known and studied for years, peptides have never before attracted enough attention to necessitate the invention of the term "peptidomics" in order to specify the study of the complement of peptides from a cell, organelle, tissue or organism. In Peptidomics: Methods and Protocols, expert researchers present a comprehensive range of analytical techniques for the analysis of the peptide contents of complex biological samples with an emphasis often on higher throughput techniques, suitable for the analysis of large numbers of peptides typically present in the peptidomes. Encompassing a number of species ranging from bacteria to man, the methods presented intensively cover topics such as organism handling, tissue and organ dissection, cellular and subcellular fractionation, peptide extraction, fractionation and purification, structural characterization, molecular cloning, and sequence analysis. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology (TM) series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Comprehensive and cutting-edge, Peptidomics: Methods and Protocols brings this ten year old field fully up-to-date in order to inspire novices and experts alike with the easy-to-follow practical advice needed to set up and carry out analysis of the peptide contents of complex biological samples.

How does the chemical description of a protein relate to its three-dimensional structure? How does the three-dimensional structure relate to the machinery that brings about a chemical reaction? How does the sequence of a gene encode not only the sequence of a protein but, more importantly, the architecture and function of that protein? Protein Structure and Function provides a clear and critical survey of our current understanding of the structure and function of proteins to answer questions such as these. Opening with a consideration of the link between protein sequence and structure, it goes on to explore the structural basis of protein function and how this function is controlled. Finally, it examines a range of case studies that illuminate the range of roles performed by proteins, and the diverse structures these proteins exhibit. Protein Structure and Function combines articulate prose with striking full colour illustrations, while the unique Primers in Biology modular structure integrates text, illustrations, definitions, and literature references for each topic into one double-page spread, bringing to the student's fingertips all the tools that they need to master that topic. Online Resource Centre The Online Resource Centre features figures from the book available to download, for registered adopters of the book.

Hemagglutinins refers to glycoproteins which bring about agglutination of erythrocytes or hemagglutination. Hemagglutination can be used to identify surface antigens on erythrocytes (with known antibodies) and, hence, the blood type of an individual. Hemagglutinins consist of lectins and antibodies. Lectins (from the Latin legere, "to select") are non-immune glycoproteins that exhibit reversible binding to specific carbohydrate structures, glycans of glycoproteins, glycolipids and polysaccharides. Lectins own at least one non-catalytic domain, and, in some cases, a few carbohydrate binding domains, which enable them to effect agglutination of erythrocytes and other cells or precipitation of glycoconjugates. Lectins are found in a constellation of organisms and display an array of activities. Topics discussed in this book encompass algal lectins, plant type 2 ribosome inactivating proteins, edible legume lectins, jacalin, jacalin-related lectin, wheat lectins, rice lectins, banana lectins and potato lectin, immunomodulatory action of plant lectins, piezoelectric assay using the galactose-binding Bauhinia monandra leaf lectin and its antibody as a potent tool for detection of antigen-antibody recognition, assays using hemagglutinins of different origins to investigate their mechanisms of action, lectins from medicinal herbs and medicinal mushrooms, C-type lectins from a diversity of invertebrates and vertebrates, fish lectins and amphibian lectins.

Protein engineering has proved to be one of the more fruitful technological approaches in biotechnology, being both very powerful and able to generate valuable intellectual property. This book aims to present examples in which the application of protein engineering has successfully solved problems arising in industrial biotechnology. There is a section on its use to enhance purification of recombinant proteins. The use of protein engineering to modify the activity or the stability of industrial enzymes from lipases to proteases, from carboxypeptidases to glucanases and glucosidases, and from pectin modifying enzymes to enzymes able to degrade recalcitrant compounds is extensively covered. It is shown how areas as diverse as agrofood technology, fine chemistry, detergents, bioremediation and biosensors receive significant contributions from protein and solvent engineering. The application of protein engineering to health care is also covered, from the development of new vaccines to new potential therapeutic proteins. A specific notation is given to protein engineering in the development of target molecules for drug discovery. International in scope, the many contributions are drawn from academia and industry. The text should be of interest to students and researchers in industrial biotechnology as well as to everybody interested in basic research in protein structure, molecular genetics, bio-organic chemistry, biochemistry, agrobiotechnology, pharmaceutical sciences and medicine.

This book provides a thoroughly revised, invaluable resource for university students and researchers in the life sciences, medicine and related fields. This esteemed text attempts to organize available information on this topic to help a better understanding of the role of cytochrome c oxidase and its functional interaction with cytochrome c (Cyt c), the network of oxidation-reduction processes of cyt c in the cell with an emphasis on the implications for apoptosis induction and possible roles of cyt c reducing agents as an attractive strategy to improve neurodegenerative pathologies or cancer. In this book, the authors also reviewed the advantages of cytochrome c oxidase histochemistry to disentangle brain substrates underlying different kinds of learning and memory, from memory engram being retrieved with an untrained hippocampus to its power to identify sensory areas in the teleost fish. Finally, the authors will explore different approaches in cell cultures, animal models, and clinical trials to enhance cytochrome c oxidase activity that lead to improve brain respiratory metabolism, namely, methylene blue and photobiomodulation. This volume effectively introduces basic concepts that are followed by more specific applications as the text evolves, providing the potential of cytochrome c to lead a revolution in the way neurodegenerative disorders are treated.

In this collection, the authors aim to provide information the preparation of marine protein hydrolysates and their main bioactive properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumor and antihypertensive. Applications of these compounds in the area food technology and pharmaceuticals are also discussed.Protein Hydrolysates: Uses, Properties and Health Effects goes on to present some biological properties of fish peptides and their beneficial effects on health, emphasizing properties such as antidiabetic neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory, as a natural alternative to drugs and possible strategies to delay cognitive impairment.As confectionery manufacturers are trying to be innovative in producing suitable fat fillings for various applications. As such, the authors examine the functional, rheological and sensory properties of confectionery fat filling supplemented with different concentrations of bioactive whey protein hydrolysate powders, produced by enzymatic and microbial modification of whey proteins.Next, the bioactive potential of hydrolysate powders produced by enzymatic and microbial hydrolysis of whey proteins followed by spray drying is examined in order to determine which process allows for a highly bioactive production.A strain-substrate combination is introduced which allows for the production of dairy protein hydrolysates with high antioxidant activity and improved functional properties, which may be used as high-quality food supplements.The traditional methods for the production of functional peptides from biological sources are time-consuming and tedious. In the drug industry, it takes about five to ten years from the discovery of an industrial bioactive peptide to market delivery. To overcome the drawbacks of these traditional methods, the authors propose that a fast and versatile method is necessary.The concluding chapter presents an overview of the production and applications of bioactive peptides, demonstrating their potential use as helper agents of health processes. These peptides may aid in traditional health treatments since they can be used in high concentrations without associated toxic effects.

The ?eld of sensory science has grown exponentially since the publication of the p- vious version of this work. Fifteen years ago the journal Food Quality and Preference was fairly new. Now it holds an eminent position as a venue for research on sensory test methods (among many other topics). Hundreds of articles relevant to sensory testing have appeared in that and in other journals such as the Journal of Sensory Studies. Knowledge of the intricate cellular processes in chemoreception, as well as their genetic basis, has undergone nothing less than a revolution, culminating in the award of the Nobel Prize to Buck and Axel in 2004 for their discovery of the olfactory receptor gene super family. Advances in statistical methodology have accelerated as well. Sensometrics meetings are now vigorous and well-attended annual events. Ideas like Thurstonian modeling were not widely embraced 15 years ago, but now seem to be part of the everyday thought process of many sensory scientists. And yet, some things stay the same. Sensory testing will always involve human participants. Humans are tough measuring instruments to work with. They come with varying degrees of acumen, training, experiences, differing genetic equipment, sensory capabilities, and of course, different preferences. Human foibles and their associated error variance will continue to place a limitation on sensory tests and actionable results. Reducing, controlling, partitioning, and explaining error variance are all at the heart of good test methods and practices.

Over the past decade, adipose tissue has received much attention for its immunological properties. Additionally, it has become increasingly apparent that adipose-secreted factors such as leptin, tumor necrosis factor-a, IL-6, adiponectin and more recently, resistin are implicated in some inflammatory and metabolic diseases. As such, Resistin: Structure, Function and Role in Disease opens by discussing resistins therapeutic properties. Because evidence appears to suggest that resistin is a proinflammatory cytokine, resistin may impact metabolic disease.Following this, the authors present experimental and clinical evidence indicating that resistin may have functions related to inflammation and oxidative stress. The circulating resistin level may be also useful as a marker of the effects of exercise.Resistin may also encourage vasculopathy through the promotion of macrophage scavenger receptors and CD36 atheroma macrophages expression, the formation of foam cells, as well as proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. This causes endothelial dysfunction, resulting in limited nitric oxide and increased superoxide production.When present in the diseased vessel wall, resistin may orchestrate pro-atherosclerotic events, contributing to atherosclerosis progression towards plaque rupture. Thus, resistin may augment monocyte and macrophage infiltration, interfere in cell cross-talk and modulate the expression of various inflammatory cytokines leading to the acceleration of plaque growth.Based on the known sequential events of obesity preceding severe acute pancreatitis, the authors investigate resistin as a new potential predictive marker of fat necrosis and pancreatitis severity.

The present book covers estrogen, its receptors and estrogen mediated gene regulation in the brain. Further, it explains the mechanism of estrogen action and dysfunction leading to diseases. Briefly, estrogen mediates its multiple functions in the brain through two well-characterised receptors: ER and ER . Upon binding with estrogen, ER recruits coregulators, which are responsible for tissue specific regulation. When coregulators activate the transcription of a particular gene, they become coactivators; when they repress the activity of particular gene, they are called corepressors. These coregulators make a bridge between the basal transcription machinery and the receptors by protein-protein interaction. Estrogen disrupters are also explained in this book. Furthermore, the role of estrogen and its receptors are explained in the context of aging. Taken together, this book shall be self-explanatory concerning estrogen action in the brain in various aspects. Therefore, it is intended for researchers interested in the aforementioned aspects.

G Proteins and G Protein-Coupled Receptors.- Traditional GPCR Pharmacology and Beyond.- Regulation of Intraneuronal Trafficking of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors by Neurotransmitters In Vivo.- Small GTPases and Their Role in Regulating G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signal Transduction.- Regulation of G Protein Receptor Coupling, Mood Disorders and Mechanism of Action of Antidepressants.- Dysregulation of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling in Cancer.- Growth Factors.- Insulin Signaling in Normal and Diabetic Conditions.- Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) Receptor Signaling and Cancer.- Leptin Signaling Pathway.- Signaling in Normal and Pathological Angiogenesis.- Signaling Platforms.- Spatial and Temporal Control of Cell Signaling by A-Kinase Anchoring Proteins.- Mitochondria, a Platform for Diverse Signaling Pathways.- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases and Their Scaffolding Proteins.- Molecular and Functional Determinants of Ca2+ Signaling Microdomains.- Nuclear Receptors / Transcription.- Eukaryotic Gene Transcription.- Estrogen Signaling Mechanisms.- Signal Transduction Pathways Involved in Glucocorticoid Actions.- Reactive Signaling Molecules.- Cellular Signaling by Reactive Oxygen Species: Biochemical Basis and Physiological Scope.- Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase: The Nitric Oxide Receptor.- Cell Cycle, Cell Death and Cancer.- Distinct Roles of the Pocket Proteins in the Control of Cell Cycle.- Activation of the p53 Tumor Suppressor and its Multiple Roles in Cell Cycle and Apoptosis.- Aging and Cancer: Caretakers and Gatekeepers.- Signal Transduction in Embryonic Stem Cells and the Rise of iPS Cells.- Erratum to.

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) has many applications across various disciplines. This oncofetal protein is routinely used by clinicians for antenatal testing as well for the screening and treatment monitoring of certain malignances. Innovative research using AFP has also been very promising. Recent developments include the use of AFP or its recombinant fragments for drug delivery to cancer cells, as well as for the engineering of cancer vaccines and T cell immunotherapies. The anti-estrogenic potential of AFP has also been utilised to develop drugs directed against estrogen receptor positive malignancies. This book is divided into five sections. In Section One, the history of AFP is recollected, and the role of AFP in normal and pathological conditions is explored. Section Two and Three focus on the utility of AFP during pregnancy. In Section Two, the use of routine maternal serum AFP screening for detection of chromosomal aneuploidies and neural tube defects in normal pregnancies and pregnancies with pre-existing disease is discussed; the potential use of AFP for the detection of preeclampsia is also reviewed. Section Three explores the pathogenesis and data linking unexplained elevations of AFP to adverse obstetrical outcomes. Section Four presents chapters that discuss AFP ligand binding, receptor targeting, and drug delivery strategies. Finally, Section Five serves to explain the regulatory roles of AFP, its use in immunotherapy, and in the development of cancer vaccines. The aim of this book is to bring together some of the great research and clinical insights that currently surround AFP. The target audiences for this book are basic science researchers as well as clinicians.

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are biomolecules that do not have a definite 3D structure; their role in the biochemical network of a cell relates to their ability to switch rapidly among different secondary and tertiary structures. The emergence of IDPs has challenged the classical protein structure-function paradigm. IDPs play an important role in cellular regulation, signaling and control in health and disease. However, the unusual biophysics of these proteins makes structural characterisation of IDPs and their complexes not only challenging but often resulting in opposite conclusions. This book studies the structural characterisation and future directions of IDPs. Chapter One focuses on the DNA-binding IDPs and how intrinsic disorder affects their function. Chapter Two discusses the use of a computer atomistic simulation for the structural analysis of IDPs. The final chapter, Chapter Three, examines two long-standing contradictions concerning dimerisation and membrane-binding activities of IDPs; provides an explanation of these discrepancies; and demonstrates how the resolution of these critical issues in the field results in the expanded understanding of cell function with multiple applications in biology and medicine.

An important but relatively unknown protein modification is PHBylation. In this book, the authors review the physical properties and molecular characteristics of PHB, and discuss the influences of PHBylation on protein folding. In the second chapter, protein-folding mechanisms, namely the framework model and nucleation-condensation mechanism are discussed. The final chapter examines the fundamental physical law governing protein folding - the Thermodynamic Principle.

Human Serum Albumin (HSA) is the most abundant plasma protein. It has been widely used for drug delivery systems and has recently emerged as a versatile carrier for therapeutic agents against diabetes, cancer and infectious diseases. This book provides an overview of the expanding field of preclinical and clinical applications and developments that use albumin as a carrier of drug delivery systems. The authors' discuss the properties of drug binding sites within the structure of HSA, discuss new possibilities for the therapeutic potential of HSA and analyze recently reported HSA-drug complexes including HSA-antibody conjugates. Novel investigations on the applications of albumin fusion proteins are discussed as well, with a focus on tumor targeting and intracellular delivery. Other chapters examine the different aspects of albumin glycation and oxidation, the changes in the structure of human serum albumin determined from infrared spectroscopy and a review of CAPIDAN, a special fluorescent dye, which attaches to drug binding sites of human serum albumin.

Proteins: Concepts in Biochemistry teaches the biochemical concepts underlying protein structure, evolution, stability, folding, and enzyme kinetics, and explains how interactions in macromolecular structures determine protein function. Intended for a one-semester course in biochemistry or biophysical chemistry with a focus on proteins, this textbook emphasizes the logic underlying biophysical chemical principles. Problems throughout the book encourage statistical and quantitative thinking. The text is ideal for senior undergraduates, first year graduate students, and practitioners in chemistry, biochemistry, biology, and biophysics.

Get Insight on the Function of Supercomplexes in Biological Systems Redox Proteins in Supercomplexes and Signalosomes is one of the first books to explore the key role played by redox proteins and their interaction network in a wide range of essential cellular processes in all domains of life. The book explains how the mitochondrial respiratory chain is dynamically organized in supercomplexes even under physiological conditions. It also addresses the impact of supercomplex assembly on mitochondrial morphology, physiology, and biogenesis to shed light on the molecular mechanisms of pathological situations, including aging. Discover the Connection between Bioenergetic Supercomplexes and Signalosomes Compiling state-of-the-art research from leading practitioners in the field, this book gives you guidance on dealing with these biological systems in your investigations. The book shows that supercomplexes and signalosomes provide the link between reductive and systems biology, which enables us to understand how the molecular properties of individual macromolecular components trigger cellular function.

This book is a continuation of the book Medicine Researcher Biographical Sketches and Research Summaries which compiles biographical sketches of top professionals in the field of medicinal research, as well as research summaries from a number of different focuses in this important field.

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) is a super family of phase I enzyme in the biotransformation of xenobiotics and medications. Most medications undergo deactivation by CYP, and then are eliminated through either bile or kidneys from the body. CYP isozymes play a crucial role in drug interactions that may result in enhanced toxicity, reduced efficacy or onset of adverse reactions. On the other hand, many agents affecting CYP expression and activity may alter metabolic rate of different medications co-administrated. Therefore, the molecular basis, regulation by inducers or inhibitors, and pharmacologic reaction of specific CYP isozymes are the key issues of biochemical mechanisms, pharmaceutical development and safe use of various medications. This book is to meet the needs from basic molecular biochemists, pharmacologists, pharmacists, medical students, clinical practitioners and scientists, as well as broad readers who wish to understand how an herbal extract, medication or natural supplement is metabolized or transformed in the liver or other sites for deactivation and elimination. Special focuses are paid to herbal extracts and medications in the treatment of neuro-psychiatric or cardiovascular disorders, diabetes and viral hepatitis. Detailed dissection of drug interactions in a particular field intends to provide rationales for useful guidance of safe drug use in daily practice. The contributing authors are basic scientists, pharmacists, pharmacologists and on-service physicians in cardiovascular, neuro-psychiatric, gastroenterologic and hepatologic fields from Europe (Germany, France, Portugal), Australia, the US and China. Thus, the book is the collection of master pieces by well-known experts from various regions of the world, and represents the current understanding of CYP enzyme reaction and a contemporary coverage of possible drug interactions in involved fields. The featured chapters are scientific elucidation of basic biochemistry, pharmacology and clinical investigations in the interest of drug metabolism, interaction and safe use guidance in the single focus of this microsomal enzyme with multi-facet metabolic function.

The concept of glycopeptins all started off as part of a bug hunt. It started off with the observation that from 70 recent obstetrics and gynaecology and reproductive biology books, they all only cite hCG as just a promoter of corpus luteal progesterone, a 1920s finding, and ignore the hundreds of more recent findings. Confirmed and double confirmed science shows that hCG is a molecule with at least 12 important functions in pregnancy. That hCG is not one molecule but a group of five independent substances. These are hCG, hyperglycosylated hCG, sulphated hCG, hyperglycosylated hCG free subunit and foetal hCG. Each being structurally slightly different, and each having separate biological functions. If a single principal function had to be attributed to the hCG group of molecules, it was surely constructing and running placental hemochorial placentation, the process whereby a mother feeds a foetus. And this process has nothing to do with the female gonad or ovary. How 70 major obstetrics and gynaecology books and reproductive books all claimed that hCG's sole job was promoting ovarian corpus luteal progesterone production was misinformation, it was a sin. The hCG group of molecules has many critical functions in the placenta, foetus, uterus, gonads and in human cancer cells. Here these 70 books were, wrongly teaching medical students, medical residents, and graduate students, very out of date garbage. What compounded this garbage was the name human chorionic gonadotropin. Chorionic Gonadotropin meaning placenta gonad hormone or placenta gonad promoter. Clearly, gonad stimulation, or promotion of ovarian progesterone production was not the principal function of this hormone.

Whey proteins are now one of the most important products in food processing industries. Profit of whey proteins in food applications include its high amino acid content; low calorie, fat, and sodium content; high emulsification and capacity and compatibility with other ingredients. This book discusses the functional properties of whey proteins along with the production and health benefits of consuming these proteins.

Globulins are plasma proteins mostly synthesised by liver and lymphatic tissues. They fall into a-globulins (antiprotease / protease globulins), a-globulins (carrier globulins) and a-globulin (immuno globulins). More in particular, an immuno globulin is a serum glycoprotein with an Y-shaped quaternary structure, secreted by activated plasma cells in response to a foreign macromolecule. This book discusses the role of immunoglobulins in monoclonal gammopathies; the role of immunoglobulins in anaphylaxis; the biochemical characteristics, and nutraceutical and technological uses of amaranth globulins; and seed storage globulins.