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Books > Social sciences > Psychology > Psychological methodology
This book is the result of a spirited debate stimulated by a recent meeting of the Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology. Although the viewpoints span a range of perspectives, the overriding theme that emerges states that significance testing may still be useful if supplemented with some or all of the following -- Bayesian logic, caution, confidence intervals, effect sizes and power, other goodness of approximation measures, replication and meta-analysis, sound reasoning, and theory appraisal and corroboration. The book is organized into five general areas. The first presents an overview of significance testing issues that sythesizes the highlights of the remainder of the book. The next discusses the debate in which significance testing should be rejected or retained. The third outlines various methods that may supplement current significance testing procedures. The fourth discusses Bayesian approaches and methods and the use of confidence intervals versus significance tests. The last presents the philosophy of science perspectives. Rather than providing definitive prescriptions, the chapters are largely suggestive of general issues, concerns, and application guidelines. The editors allow readers to choose the best way to conduct hypothesis testing in their respective fields. For anyone doing research in the social sciences, this book is bound to become "must" reading.
A Student Guide to Writing an Undergraduate Psychology Honors Thesis takes students through the entire process of creating a full-scale research project, from selecting a topic, choosing an experimental or correlational design, to writing and presenting their paper. The book offers valuable guidance on developing broader skills like communicating with your supervisor, time management and critical writing skills. Chapters cover topics such as mentor selection, collecting journal articles, gathering and analysing data, and writing a full APA or BPS experimental paper and will orientate and guide psychology students as they navigate the expected components of an honors thesis. Designed for any student that is currently working on an independent research project, A Student Guide to Writing an Undergraduate Psychology Honors Thesis is the perfect companion for those working on their senior honours thesis in psychology.
This volume deals with a number of related issues that are becoming
increasingly crucial for English studies during this time when most
faculty in the field are assistant professors approaching tenure
review or associate professors seeking promotion. These critical
issues focus on:
The topic of ego development developed when psychoanalysis did not
fulfill all the initial hopes during its early period of
prominence. Clinicians--psychiatrists, psychologists, social
workers, and counselors--realized that they needed to know more
than their patients' or clients' psychopathology or normalcy and
their psychosexual behavior and drives.
Personality assessment is a major component of many mental health practices, as well as a required course in most graduate programs in psychology. Interpreting Personality Tests is a clear, succinct guide that offers practicing clinical psychologists and graduate students precise interpretive guidelines for the four main personality inventories–MMPI-2, MCMI-III, CPI-R, and 16PF. This accessible book provides step-by-step procedures for clinical personality interpretation, helping mental health professionals determine the psychological health of their clients, ascertain maladjustment and problem behaviors, and ultimately reach a diagnosis. The book is divided into four chapters devoted to each of the key personality tests:
Clear and concise, Interpreting Personality Tests is an invaluable resource for everyone in the assessment field. The only concise guide to address each of the four most frequently used personality tests. Personality assessment is a crucial part of the mental health process. Interpreting Personality Tests is the ultimate guide for psychologists, counselors, and students who want to learn how to interpret the four key personality inventories. Offering hundreds of interpretive data profiles, this volume is a valuable source of information for these major objective personality tests:
For definitive, precise guidance on clinical personality interpretation, Interpreting Personality Tests is the reference the assessment field has been waiting for.
This accessible guide offers a concise introduction to the science behind worry in children, summarising research from across psychology to explore the role of worry in a range of circumstances, from everyday worries to those that can seriously impact children's lives. Wilson draws on theories from clinical, developmental and cognitive psychology to explain how children's worry is influenced by both developmental and systemic factors, examining the processes involved in pathological worry in a range of childhood anxiety disorders. Covering topics including different definitions of worry, the influence of children's development on worry, Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) in children, and the role parents play in children's worry, this book offers a new model of worry in children with important implications for prevention and intervention strategies. Understanding Children's Worry is valuable reading for students in clinical, educational and developmental psychology, and professionals in child mental health.
The "Advances in Personality Assessment Series" began in the early
1980s to facilitate the rapid dissemination of important new
developments in theory and research on all aspects of personality
assessment. Impressed with the extensive research on test
development and validation that was going on at that time, the
editors were concerned with the limited publication resources
devoted to personality assessment. With this series, they hoped to
provide a publication opportunity and resource for reports of
personality assessment research and/or clinical practice that might
not conveniently fit in journal format because of length, focus, or
content.
Characterized by its multi-level interdisciplinary character,
communication has become a variable field -- one in which the level
of analysis varies. This has had important ramifications for the
study of communication because, to some extent, the questions one
asks are determined by the methods one has available to answer
them. As a result, communication research is characterized by the
plethora of both qualitative and quantitative approaches used by
its practitioners. These include survey and experimental methods,
and content, historical, and rhetorical analyses.
Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a very general and flexible multivariate technique that allows relationships among variables to be examined. The roots of SEM are in the social sciences. In writing this textbook, the authors look to make SEM accessible to a wider audience of researchers across many disciplines, addressing issues unique to health and medicine. SEM is often used in practice to model and test hypothesized causal relationships among observed and latent (unobserved) variables, including in analysis across time and groups. It can be viewed as the merging of a conceptual model, path diagram, confirmatory factor analysis, and path analysis. In this textbook the authors also discuss techniques, such as mixture modeling, that expand the capacity of SEM using a combination of both continuous and categorical latent variables. Features: Basic, intermediate, and advanced SEM topics Detailed applications, particularly relevant for health and medical scientists Topics and examples that are pertinent to both new and experienced SEM researchers Substantive issues in health and medicine in the context of SEM Both methodological and applied examples Numerous figures and diagrams to illustrate the examples As SEM experts situated among clinicians and multidisciplinary researchers in medical settings, the authors provide a broad, current, on the ground understanding of the issues faced by clinical and health services researchers and decision scientists. This book gives health and medical researchers the tools to apply SEM approaches to study complex relationships between clinical measurements, individual and community-level characteristics, and patient-reported scales.
Designed for professionals and graduate students in the
personality/social, military, and educational psychology, and
assessment/evaluation communities, this volume explores the state
of the art in motivational research for individuals and teams from
multiple theoretical viewpoints as well as their effects in both
schools and training environments.
The faking of personality tests in a selection context has been perceived as somewhat of a nuisance variable, and largely ignored, or glossed over by the academic literature. Instead of examining the phenomenon many researchers have ignored its existence, or trivialized the impact of faking on personality measurement. The present volume is a much needed, timely corrective to this attitude. In a wide range of chapters representing different philosophical and empirical approaches, the assembled authors demonstrate the courage to tackle this important and difficult topic head-on, as it deserves to be. The writers of these chapters identify two critical concerns with faking. First, if people fake their responses to personality tests, the resulting scores and the inferences drawn from them might become invalid. For example, people who fake their responses by describing themselves as diligent and prompt might earn better conscientiousness scores, and therefore be hired for jobs requiring this trait that in fact they might not perform satisfactorily. Second, the dishonesty of the faker might itself be a problem, separate from its effect on a particular score. Someone who lies on a pre-employment test might also lie about the hours he or she works, or how much cash is in the till at the end of the shift. Worse, these two problems might exacerbate each other: a dishonest applicant might get higher scores on the traits the employer desires through his or her lying, whereas the compulsively honest applicant might get low scores as an ironic penalty for being honest. Outcomes like these harm employers and applicants alike. The more one delves into the complexities of faking, as the authors of the chapters in this volume do so thoroughly and so well, the more one will recognize that this seemingly specialized topic ties directly to more general issues in psychology. One of these is test validity. The bottom-line question about any test score, faked or not, is whether it will predict the behaviors and outcomes that it is designed to predict. As Johnson and Hogan point out in their chapter, the behavior of someone faking a test is a subset of the behavior of the person in his or her entire life, and the critical research question concerns the degree to which and manner in which behavior in one domain generalizes to behavior in other domains. This observation illuminates the fact that the topic of faking is also a key part of understanding the relationship between personality and behavior. The central goal of theoretical psychology is to understand why people do the things they do. The central goal of applied psychology is to predict what someone will do in the future. Both of these goals come together in the study of applicant faking.
A useful handbook, this text presents guidelines frequently followed by writers of reports of empirical research designed for publication in scientific business journals. The guidelines describe the types of information that should be included, how this information should be expressed, and where various types of information should be placed within a report. Excerpts from journal articles are used to illustrate most of the guidelines. At the end of each chapter, there are questions for classroom discussion.
This book brings together psychometric, cognitive science, policy,
and content domain perspectives on new approaches to educational
assessment -- in particular, constructed response, performance
testing, and portfolio assessment. These new assessment approaches
-- a full range of alternatives to traditional multiple-choice
tests -- are useful in all types of large-scale testing programs,
including educational admissions, school accountability, and
placement. This book's multi-disciplinary perspective identifies
the potential advantages and pitfalls of these new assessment
forms, as well as the critical research questions that must be
addressed if these assessment methods are to benefit
education.
The volume represents presentations given at the 86th annual meeting of the Psychometric Society, held virtually on July 19-23, 2021. About 500 individuals contributed paper presentations, symposiums, poster presentations, pre-conference workshops, keynote presentations, and invited presentations. Since the 77th meeting, Springer has published the conference proceedings volume from this annual meeting to allow presenters to share their work and ideas with the wider research community, while still undergoing a thorough review process. This proceedings covers a diverse set of psychometric topics, including item response theory, Bayesian models, reliability, longitudinal measures, and cognitive diagnostic models.
This second edition of Design of Observational Studies is both an introduction to statistical inference in observational studies and a detailed discussion of the principles that guide the design of observational studies. An observational study is an empiric investigation of effects caused by treatments when randomized experimentation is unethical or infeasible. Observational studies are common in most fields that study the effects of treatments on people, including medicine, economics, epidemiology, education, psychology, political science and sociology. The quality and strength of evidence provided by an observational study is determined largely by its design. Design of Observational Studies is organized into five parts. Chapters 2, 3, and 5 of Part I cover concisely many of the ideas discussed in Rosenbaum's Observational Studies (also published by Springer) but in a less technical fashion. Part II discusses the practical aspects of using propensity scores and other tools to create a matched comparison that balances many covariates, and includes an updated chapter on matching in R. In Part III, the concept of design sensitivity is used to appraise the relative ability of competing designs to distinguish treatment effects from biases due to unmeasured covariates. Part IV is new to this edition; it discusses evidence factors and the computerized construction of more than one comparison group. Part V discusses planning the analysis of an observational study, with particular reference to Sir Ronald Fisher's striking advice for observational studies: "make your theories elaborate." This new edition features updated exploration of causal influence, with four new chapters, a new R package DOS2 designed as a companion for the book, and discussion of several of the latest matching packages for R. In particular, DOS2 allows readers to reproduce many analyses from Design of Observational Studies.
This book presents state-of-the-art information on both the
scientific and clinical aspects of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial
Inventory, a test that uniquely assesses both personality pathology
and psychopathology. The book presents original contributions from
major researchers/clinicians who have published seminal papers on
the MCMI and who are recognized authorities in their specific
areas. Clinical examples of the MCMI with a variety of clinical
populations are provided, and many chapters summarize the research
in that area as well as present clinical illustrations of the MCMI
with actual cases.
In keeping with the goals of this series, which are to facilitate
the rapid dissemination of important new developments in theory and
research on all aspects of personality assessment, the eight
chapters in this volume examine a wide range of topics. These
include research investigations and clinical applications involving
traditional assessment techniques -- such as the Rorschach and the
MMPI-2 -- and promising but less known procedures. Specific topics
examined in the individual chapters range from the assessment of
appreciation of humor to assessment of marital distress. A review
of the contents of this volume once again demonstrates the
diversity in assessment philosophy, theoretical orientation, and
research methodology that characterizes the field of personality
assessment.
A volume in Advances in Cultural Psychology Series Editor: Jaan Valsiner, Clark University This book is a result of a major research project in Switzerland that brings together the fields of Education and Socio-Cultural Psychology. It is focused on how culture is involved in very concrete educational practices. The reader is invited to follow the research group in a Swiss technical college that trains young people in precision mechanics during a period of major technological change: the arrival of automated manufacturing systems. This transition in the trade is an opportunity to explore the educational and psychological challenges of vocational training from a perspective inspired by activity theory and the consideration of social interactions and semiotic or other technical mediations as crucial to the formation of professional identities and competencies. What are the most appropriate settings for learning? There is no simple answer to this question. What can lead a pupil to become engaged, even if this is within a school, with all the seriousness of a future professional? Under which conditions is an internship in a company genuinely formative? Is it necessary to possess the most recent technologies in order to offer high quality training? What do we know about the relation between doing and knowing in the construction of new competences? How can it be planned and informed to become an object of reflection and make sense in the eyes of the learner? Dealing with such questions, this study explores new working hypotheses on the manner in which the young experience their training and on the significant role for them of professional specialization.
With recent advances in computing power and the widespread availability of preference, perception and choice data, such as public opinion surveys and legislative voting, the empirical estimation of spatial models using scaling and ideal point estimation methods has never been more accessible.The second edition of Analyzing Spatial Models of Choice and Judgment demonstrates how to estimate and interpret spatial models with a variety of methods using the open-source programming language R. Requiring only basic knowledge of R, the book enables social science researchers to apply the methods to their own data. Also suitable for experienced methodologists, it presents the latest methods for modeling the distances between points. The authors explain the basic theory behind empirical spatial models, then illustrate the estimation technique behind implementing each method, exploring the advantages and limitations while providing visualizations to understand the results. This second edition updates and expands the methods and software discussed in the first edition, including new coverage of methods for ordinal data and anchoring vignettes in surveys, as well as an entire chapter dedicated to Bayesian methods. The second edition is made easier to use by the inclusion of an R package, which provides all data and functions used in the book. David A. Armstrong II is Canada Research Chair in Political Methodology and Associate Professor of Political Science at Western University. His research interests include measurement, Democracy and state repressive action. Ryan Bakker is Reader in Comparative Politics at the University of Essex. His research interests include applied Bayesian modeling, measurement, Western European politics, and EU politics. Royce Carroll is Professor in Comparative Politics at the University of Essex. His research focuses on measurement of ideology and the comparative politics of legislatures and political parties. Christopher Hare is Assistant Professor in Political Science at the University of California, Davis. His research focuses on ideology and voting behavior in US politics, political polarization, and measurement. Keith T. Poole is Philip H. Alston Jr. Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of Georgia. His research interests include methodology, US political-economic history, economic growth and entrepreneurship. Howard Rosenthal is Professor of Politics at NYU and Roger Williams Straus Professor of Social Sciences, Emeritus, at Princeton. Rosenthal's research focuses on political economy, American politics and methodology.
These two companion volumes provide a comprehensive review and
critical evaluation of the major DSM-III and DSM-III-R child
disorders. Their major goal is to provide diagnostic and assessment
guidelines that are based on scientific literature in specific
clinical domains. Each chapter contains a discussion of the
historical background of a particular diagnosis, definitional
issues, a critical but selective review of the literature
addressing the diagnosis in question, proposed changes in the
diagnostic criteria based on the available literature, and proposed
assessment models and methods based on the designated criteria.
Given the scientific bases for many of these discussions of
diagnostic criteria, these two volumes will serve professionals and
graduate students in a wide variety of fields: clinical child
psychology, child psychiatry, pediatrics, pediatric and school
psychology, special education, social work, and other child mental
health specialties.
Measurement theory has only recently become recognized as a
legitimate, specialized field of inquiry. This text covers a wide
range of issues of central concern to contemporary measurement
theorists, and a broad range of philosophical perspectives are
represented. The formalist, representationalist approach defines
measurement as the assignment of numbers to entities and events to
represent their properties and relations. It also states that
measurement theory is supposed to analyze the concept of a scale of
measurement, describe various types of scales and their uses, and
formulate the conditions required for the existence of scales of
various types. Since this approach dominates contemporary
measurement theory, the volume begins with essays by some of its
leading architects. In order to allow for diverse points of view,
the book also includes articles that attempt to broaden this
approach, and several that even criticize the approach.
This groundbreaking study on the psycholinguistics of spelling presents the author's original empirical research on spelling and supplies the theoretical framework necessary to understand how children's ability to write is related to their ability to speak a language. The author explores areas in a field dominated by work traditionally concerned with the psychodynamics of reading skills and, in so doing, highlights the importance of learning to spell for both psycholinguists and educators, since as they begin to spell, children attempt to represent the phonological, or sound form, of words. The study of children's spelling can shed light on the nature of phonological systems and can illuminate the way sounds are organized into larger units, such as syllables and words. Research on children's spelling leads directly to an understanding of the way phonological knowledge is acquired and how phonological systems change with the development of reading and writing ability. In addition to this insight concerning cognitive processes, the findings presented here have implications for how spelling should be taught and why some writing systems are easier to master than others. The work will interest a wide range of cognitive and developmental psychologists, psycholinguists, and educational psychologists, as well as linguists and educators interested in psycholinguistics.
This volume celebrates Lee J. Cronbach's considerable contributions
to the methodology of social and behavioral science. Comprised of
chapters written by colleagues and contemporaries of the highly
influential scholar, it offers a range of ideas, perspectives, and
new approaches to improving social science inquiry. |
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