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Books > Social sciences > Psychology > Psychological methodology
Featuring in-depth coverage of categorical and nonparametric statistics, this book provides a conceptual framework for choosing the most appropriate type of test in various research scenarios. Class tested at the University of Nevada, the book's clear explanations of the underlying assumptions, computer simulations, and Exploring the Concept boxes help reduce reader anxiety. Problems inspired by actual studies provide meaningful illustrations of the techniques. The underlying assumptions of each test and the factors that impact validity and statistical power are reviewed so readers can explain their assumptions and how tests work in future publications. Numerous examples from psychology, education, and other social sciences demonstrate varied applications of the material. Basic statistics and probability are reviewed for those who need a refresher.Mathematical derivations are placed in optional appendices for those interested in this detailed coverage. Highlights include: Unique coverage of categorical and nonparametric statistics better prepares readers to select the best technique for their particular research project but some chapters can be omitted entirely if preferred.Step by step examples of each test help readers see how the material is applied in a variety of disciplines. Although the book can be used with any program, examples of how to use the tests in SPSS & EXCEL foster conceptual understanding. Exploring the concept boxes integrated throughout prompt students to review key material and draw links between the concepts to deepen understanding. Problems in each chapter help readers test their understanding of the material. Emphasizes selecting tests that maximize power to help readers avoid marginally significant results. Website featuring datasets for the book's examples and problems, and for the instructor Power Points, author's course syllabus, and answers to the even numbered problems. Chapters 1-3 cover basic concepts in probability, especially the binomial formula followed by two chapters that address the analysis of contingency tables. Chapters 6-8 address nonparametric tests involving at least one ordinal variable, including testing for nonparametric interaction effects, a topic omitted from other texts. The book then turns to situations that involve one metric variable.Chapter 9 reviews concepts that are foundational to CDA, including linear regression and generalized linear models. Chapters 10-11 cover logistic, ordinal, and Poisson regression. Chapters 12 and 13 review loglinear models and the General Estimating Equations (GEE) methodology for measuring outcomes from multiple time points. For a deeper understanding of how various CDA techniques work, chapter 14 covers estimation methods, such as Newton-Raphson and Fisher scoring. The book concludes with a summary of factors that need to be considered when choosing the best statistical technique. Intended for individual or combined graduate or advanced undergraduate courses in categorical and nonparametric data analysis, cross-classified data analysis, advanced statistics and/or quantitative techniques taught in psychology, education, human development, sociology, political science, and other social and life sciences, the book also appeals to researchers in these disciplines. The nonparametric chapters can be deleted if preferred. Prerequisites include knowledge of t-tests and ANOVA.
The Ozone Layer is an accessible history of stratospheric ozone, from its discovery in the nineteenth century to current investigations of the Antarctic ozone hole. Drawing directly on the scientific literature, Christie uses the story of ozone as a case study for examining fundamental issues relating to the practice of modern science and the conduct of scientific debate. Linking key debates in the philosophy of science to an example of real-world science it is an excellent and thought-provoking introduction to the philosophy of science.
This volume addresses an important problem in social scientific research on global religions and spirituality: How to evaluate the role of diverse religious and spiritual (R/S) beliefs and practices within the rapid evolution of spiritual globalization and diversification trends. The book examines this question by bringing together a panel of international scholars including psychologists, sociologists, and researchers in religious studies, public health, medicine, and social work. The content includes chapters describing innovative concepts of post-Christian spirituality, Eastern forms of meditation, afterlife beliefs associated with the three dominant cultural legacies, various non-religious worldviews, spiritual Jihad, and secular and religious reverence. The book also covers such important themes as spiritual well-being, faith, struggle, meaning making, modeling, and support, as well as mysticism and using prayer to cope with existential crises. This book advances the understanding of the role of R/S across different faiths and cultural systems, including both Western and non-Western ones, and enriches the mainstream of psychological sciences and practices. It appeals to students, educators, researchers, and clinicians in multiple related fields and disciplines.
This edited volume contains reports of current research, and literature reviews of research, involving self-efficacy in various instructional technology contexts. The chapters represent international perspectives across the broad areas of K- 12 education, higher education, teacher self-efficacy, and learner self-efficacy to capture a diverse cross section of research on these topics. The book includes reviews of existing literature and reports of new research, thus creating a comprehensive resource for researchers and designers interested in this general topic. The book is especially relevant to students and researchers in educational technology, instructional technology, instructional design, learning sciences, and educational psychology.
Developed and adapted by the authors of this book, thematic analysis (TA) is one of the most popular qualitative data analytic techniques in psychology and the social and health sciences. Building on the success of Braun & Clarke's 2006 paper first outlining their approach - which has over 100,000 citations on Google Scholar - this book is the definitive guide to TA, covering: - Contextualisation of TA - Developing themes - Writing TA reports - Reflexive TA It addresses the common questions surrounding TA as well as developments in the field, offering a highly accessible and practical discussion of doing TA situated within a clear understanding of the wider terrain of qualitative research. Virginia Braun is a Professor in the School of Psychology at The University of Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand. Victoria Clarke is an Associate Professor in Qualitative and Critical Psychology in the Department of Social Sciences at the University of the West of England (UWE), Bristol.
Measurement, Judgment, and Decision Making provides an excellent
introduction to measurement, which is one of the most basic issues
of the science of psychology and the key to science. Written by
leading researchers, the book covers measurement, psychophysical
scaling, multidimensional scaling, stimulus categorization, and
behavioral decision making. Each chapter provides a useful handbook
summary and unlocks the door for a scholar who desires entry to
that field.
This new combination volume of three-books-in-one, dealing with the
topic of artifacts in behavioral research, was designed as both
introduction and reminder. It was designed as an introduction to
the topic for graduate students, advanced undergraduates, and
younger researchers. It was designed as a reminder to more
experienced researchers, in and out of academia, that the problems
of artifacts in behavioral research, that they may have learned
about as beginning researchers, have not gone away.
This edited collection will provide an overview of the field of physiological computing, i.e. the use of physiological signals as input for computer control. It will cover a breadth of current research, from brain-computer interfaces to telemedicine.
This book addresses problems and challenges that face educational measurement at a time when multipurpose usage of observational data from educational assessments, tests and international surveys has become a growing global trend. While the construction of educational measures and use of educational data offer many opportunities, they also require awareness of the numerous threats to validity and methods of reducing such threats. Written by leading international scholars, the book demonstrates the complexity of educational measurement by addressing three broad and interrelated topics. The first part discusses cognitive abilities, including studies on fluid intelligence, its improvement and its links to aptitude tests for admission to higher education. The second part focuses on the effects of school and teacher-related factors on school outcomes at individual and group levels, and uses international studies to analyze causes. The third part presents analytical techniques and measurement methods to improve reliability, for example factor analysis using Bayesian estimators, bi-factor analysis, model misfit and solutions, and discusses balance issues in reporting test results. The book provides examples of state-of-the-art analytical techniques for pursuing fundamental research problems, and the latest advances in measurement methods, with a focus on validity improvement. Eminent researchers discuss and provide insights into questions such as: Is it possible to train individuals to think at a higher level than normal for their age? What determines prospective preschool teachers' skill to perceive mathematics-related preschool situations? Can international indicator design and instruments be improved to use trends and national context variables more efficiently? Can indicator data at national, school and class levels be compared easier? Are value-added measures of teacher effectiveness valid when it comes to hiring and promoting teachers? Is money better spent on teacher training than on smaller class-size? How do theory and empirical statistical data intertwine in building structures of understanding? This book is inspired by the career and personal influence of the Swedish scholar Professor Jan-Eric Gustafsson, renowned for his research on individual differences, especially the structure of cognitive abilities, and on the effects of education on knowledge and skills.
The general theme of this book is to present innovative psychometric modeling and methods. In particular, this book includes research and successful examples of modeling techniques for new data sources from digital assessments, such as eye-tracking data, hint uses, and process data from game-based assessments. In addition, innovative psychometric modeling approaches, such as graphical models, item tree models, network analysis, and cognitive diagnostic models, are included. Chapters 1, 2, 4 and 6 are about psychometric models and methods for learning analytics. The first two chapters focus on advanced cognitive diagnostic models for tracking learning and the improvement of attribute classification accuracy. Chapter 4 demonstrates the use of network analysis for learning analytics. Chapter 6 introduces the conjunctive root causes model for the understanding of prerequisite skills in learning. Chapters 3, 5, 8, 9 are about innovative psychometric techniques to model process data. Specifically, Chapters 3 and 5 illustrate the usage of generalized linear mixed effect models and item tree models to analyze eye-tracking data. Chapter 8 discusses the modeling approach of hint uses and response accuracy in learning environment. Chapter 9 demonstrates the identification of observable outcomes in the game-based assessments. Chapters 7 and 10 introduce innovative latent variable modeling approaches, including the graphical and generalized linear model approach and the dynamic modeling approach. In summary, the book includes theoretical, methodological, and applied research and practices that serve as the foundation for future development. These chapters provide illustrations of efforts to model and analyze multiple data sources from digital assessments. When computer-based assessments are emerging and evolving, it is important that researchers can expand and improve the methods for modeling and analyzing new data sources. This book provides a useful resource to researchers who are interested in the development of psychometric methods to solve issues in this digital assessment age.
The second edition of this textbook provides expanded and updated guidance on the process of psychoeducational assessment and report writing for children in grades K-12. It casts the entire process within a newly proposed evidence-based psychoeducational assessment and report writing framework, and explains how to convey results through detailed, well-written reports. The new edition guides readers, step by step, through the assessment process - collecting data, writing reports, and communicating conclusions - for students with conditions spanning the range of IDEA classifications. Chapters offer a broad understanding of assessment and communication skills as well as the ethical, legal, cultural, and professional considerations that come with psychoeducational evaluation. In addition, chapters significantly expand on the coverage of learning disabilities, autism spectrum, intellectual disabilities, gifted, and other health-impaired and emotional disturbance assessment. The text updates sample reports from the previous edition, offering annotated commentary in the report explaining salient points and major decisions, and incorporates additional report samples to demonstrate fully the assessment and report writing process. Key topics addressed in the revised and expanded edition include: Psychoeducational assessment and report writing in school and clinic settings. Interview formats from various perspectives, including caregivers/parents, teachers, and students. Assessment of culturally and linguistically diverse youth. Assessment of social, emotional, behavioral and mental health difficulties that may affect students' educational functioning. Common academic difficulties, including reading, writing and mathematics. Common recommendations and accommodations for behavioral, social, emotional, and learning needs. Incorporation of response-to-intervention/curriculum based assessment data into the psychoeducational report. Psychoeducational Assessment and Report Writing, 2nd Edition, is an essential textbook for graduate students as well as researchers, professors, and professionals in child and school psychology, educational assessment, testing, and evaluation, social work, and related disciplines.
Vor etwa 10 Jahren erschien die Originalausgabe von Conducting Psychological Assessment. Seitdem wird dieses Referenzwerk, insbesondere in der Lehre, eingesetzt, um Psychologen in der Erstellung psychologischer Gutachten zu schulen, vor allem im Hinblick auf die Integration von Daten und das Abfassen von Berichten. Das in der Originalausgabe vorgestellte Hypothesentestmodell ist heute das Standardmodell fur eine ethische und in jeder Hinsicht umfassende Begutachtung. Die 2. Auflage greift auf grundlegende Modelle der ersten Auflage zuruck, erganzt um Nuancen und Details, die in Workshops uber die letzten zehn Jahre erarbeitet wurden. Der Autor hat anerkannte Modelle zum Abgleich widerspruchlicher Daten aus unterschiedlichen Quellen entwickelt, die in das Kapitel zur Datenintegration einfliessen koennen. Auch nutzt der Autor verschiedene andere Modelle zur Persoenlichkeitsfunktion als Vorlage fur die Erarbeitung von Daten, darunter das interpersonelle Circumplex-Modell. Diese Ansatze kommen in diesem Buch durchgangig zur Anwendung.
Psychological Testing and Assessment: An Introduction to Tests and Measurements, 10th edition, is a measurement textbook that provides a sound grounding in psychometrics using a logical organization and pedagogical aids. The book is scholarly and authoritative while having a "hands-on" feel due to the authors' experience administering, scoring, and interpreting tests in various contexts. The content brings a human face to testing and assessments while balancing breadth and depth of coverage.
This book proposes a conceptual-empirical framework for exploring forms of continuity and change along psychosocial pathways in South African universities. It illustrates how the psychosocial pathways are grounded in the symbolic narratives and knowledges of young scientists, engineers and architects - all interlocutors in the research from which this book is based. Alala, Mamoratwa, Welile, Odirile, Kaiya, Amirah, Takalani, Nosakhele, Naila, Ambani, Khanyisile, Itumeleng, Ethwasa and Kgnaya provide collective standpoints in the multiplicities within and between the lived lives and told stories of young Black South African women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) fields. In doing so, this compelling work advances possibilities for demythologising scientific endeavour as a white male achievement and shifting knowledge communities across gendered, racialised, class and national divides. This book presents an innovative narrative methodology, utilising the myth of the Minotaur to examine the state of the university at the heart of the hierarchical labyrinth in "post"-apartheid South Africa. Throughout the work the author wrestles with and self-reflexively highlights her own positionality as a white, middle-class South African woman to examine how this affects the production of this research in ways which serve to preserve the colonial knowledge system. With the rise of the Rhodes Must Fall and Fees Must Fall student movement in South Africa, demanding for the fall of institutionalised racial hierarchies, the author uses the cover image of narrative formations in the spirit of exploration to think with and through undulating networked forms that could possibly forge new psychosocial pathways towards decolonising and reinventing South African universities. This work offers a unique conceptual and methodological resource for students and scholars of psychosocial and narrative theory, as well as those who are concerned about the politics of higher education, both in South Africa and in other contexts around the world.
"Why Science Matters: Understanding the Methods of Psychological
Research "rises above standard research methods texts by presenting
an up-to-date view of contemporary psychological science as it is
currently understood and practiced.
This book applies a range of ideas about scientific discovery found in contemporary philosophy of science to psychology and related behavioral sciences. In doing so, it aims to advance our understanding of a host of important methodological ideas as they apply to those sciences. A philosophy of local scientific realism is adopted in favor of traditional accounts that are thought to apply to all sciences. As part of this philosophy, the implications of a commitment to philosophical naturalism are spelt out, and a correspondence theory of truth is defended by showing how it helps explain various features of scientific practice. The central chapter of the book presents a broad theory of scientific method that comprises the detection of empirical phenomena and their subsequent understanding by constructing explanatory theories through the use of abductive methods. This theory of scientific method is then used as a framework to reconstruct the well-known qualitative method of grounded theory, and to present a systematic perspective on clinical reasoning and case formulation. Relatedly, an abductive or explanationist understanding of methods is employed to evaluate the knowledge credentials of evolutionary psychology. In addition, the conceptual and methodological foundations of a variety of quantitative methods are examined. Exploratory factor analysis and tests of statistical significance are given special attention.
The past forty years have revealed a myriad of theoretical advances to Freud s original conceptions of the personality. It has also witnessed the continued use of projective methods as a vital means of understanding the what and the how of mental health and psychopathology. Understanding Personality Through Projective Testing provides the reader with a comprehensive framework for linking these revitalized key domains of personality functioning to the quality of responses to projective testing in both children and adults. Six core aspects of personality: two facets of object relations (moving towards and away from self and others); the quality of defense mechanisms; the nature of affect maturity; the integrity of autonomous ego functioning and the capacity for playfulness are defined, articulated, and linked to one another in a reciprocal manner. Four commonly used projective testing methods: the Rorschach Inkblot Method (RIM); the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), the Sentence Completion Test (SCT), and the Animal Preference Test (APT) are then described in detail. Each of these projective methods is in turn presented as dynamically-based tools to indicate the relative performance of the patient across the six core personality domains. Clinical case examples provide both the beginning and more seasoned clinician with a comprehensive psychodynamic paradigm with which to view each of the testing methods, as well as enhanced methods with which to use each of the tests more subtly and hence with greater clinical acumen. A comprehensive battery of projective testing is then assessed through the protocol of a single adult patient, allowing the reader to integrate the value of each of the individual projective methods into a comprehensive assessment of the whole person. Readers will find the book a vital complement to both standard reference works on projective methods as well as books that describe personality along developmental and psychodynamic lines."
Your Psychology Project Handbook is the complete guide to preparing, carrying out and writing up a psychology research project or dissertation. Designed to support you through every stage of the project process, this second edition has been updated to include new chapters on doing online research and employability. The text offers you advice and practical guidance on each aspect of the project including ethics, choosing a research question, working with a supervisor and more. Whether it's qualitative or quantitative, the handbook provides you with all the support you need to carry out your project with confidence.
Jung's Personality Theory Quantified fills an urgent need for professionals using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (R) (MBTI) to map it on to the cognitive modes of Jung's personality theory, avoiding potential logical errors in the traditional "type dynamics" method. It furthers Jung's original concepts while placing them on a solid axiomatic basis not possessed by other personality theories. Bringing these quantitative findings to the millions of MBTI users - managers, consultants, counsellors, teachers, psychoanalysts and human resource professionals - will require further education of those already certified to administer the instrument according to type dynamics. For this reason numerical exercises follow most chapters to make the book a source reference for briefer workbooks usable in enhanced certification programs. Backed by quantitative theory and new graphical methods, the pioneering qualitative typology work of Myers and Briggs is thus extended to yield deeper understanding of the vital topics of human personality, creativity and human relations. Jungian psychoanalysts may find Jung's Personality Theory Quantified helpful in organizing complicated clinical information and it can also enhance the work of MBTI practitioners worldwide.
Outline of Theoretical Psychology discusses basic philosophical problems in the discipline and profession of psychology. The author addresses such topics as what it means to be human in psychology; how psychological knowledge is possible and what it consists of; the role of social justice in psychology; and how aesthetic experience could help us to understand the human condition. Proposing possible solutions to a range of such issues, Thomas Teo situates theoretical questions within traditional branches of philosophical inquiry: ontology, epistemology, ethics, and aesthetics. This book argues that in order to improve psychology as a discipline and in practice, psychologists must reconceive the unit of psychological analysis, looking beyond individual capacity and even experience. By engaging with these basic philosophical problems, Teo demonstrates how psychology can avoid its common pitfalls and continue as a force for resistance and the good.
When this work appeared in 1928, it was probably the most intensive study of any form of the Binet tests ever made, based upon the largest group of preschool children ever reported.
Fashion Branding and Consumer Behaviors presents eye-opening theory, literature review and original research on the mutual influence of branding strategies and consumer response. Contributors use multiple methods to analyze consumers' psychosocial needs and the extent that their fulfillment goes beyond the usefulness or value of the items they purchase as well as the fashion industry's means of communicating brand identity and enhancing brand loyalty. Along the way, these studies raise important questions about consumer behaviors, consumer welfare, environmental ethics and the future of consumer research. Included in the coverage: * A symbolic interactionist perspective on fashion brand personality and advertisement response.* Optimizing fashion branding strategies in a fluctuating market.* An analysis of fashion brand extensions by artificial neural networks.* Domestic or foreign luxury brands? A comparison of status- and non-status- seeking teenagers.* The impact of consumers' need for uniqueness on purchase perception.* How brand awareness relates to market outcome, brand equity and the marketing mix.A breakthrough volume on the complexities of how and why we buy, Fashion Branding and Consumer Behaviors will captivate researchers and practitioners in the fields of consumer psychology, marketing and economics.
This text provides a study of Jean-Martin Charcot, a founding figure in the history of neurology as a discipline and a colleague of Sigmund Freud. It argues that Charcot's diagnostic and pedagogic models, explaining both how disease is recognized and described and how to teach the act of neurological diagnosis, should be considered through a theatrical lens. Considering the constitution of the living, moving body in terms of performance, Charcot created a situation whereby the line between deceptive acting and real pathology, scientific accuracy and creative falsehood, and indeed between health and unhealth, becomes blurred. The physician becomes a medical subject in his or her own display, transforming medicine into a potentially destabilizing, even grand guignolesque, discourse. Offering a unique insight into Charcot's work, his concepts and his methods, this text represents a unique and interdisciplinary analysis cutting across the fields of art and neurology.
This book discusses the psychological traits associated with drug consumption through the statistical analysis of a new database with information on 1885 respondents and use of 18 drugs. After reviewing published works on the psychological profiles of drug users and describing the data mining and machine learning methods used, it demonstrates that the personality traits (five factor model, impulsivity, and sensation seeking) together with simple demographic data make it possible to predict the risk of consumption of individual drugs with a sensitivity and specificity above 70% for most drugs. It also analyzes the correlations of use of different substances and describes the groups of drugs with correlated use, identifying significant differences in personality profiles for users of different drugs. The book is intended for advanced undergraduates and first-year PhD students, as well as researchers and practitioners. Although no previous knowledge of machine learning, advanced data mining concepts or modern psychology of personality is assumed, familiarity with basic statistics and some experience in the use of probabilities would be helpful. For a more detailed introduction to statistical methods, the book provides recommendations for undergraduate textbooks. |
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