Engaging exploration of race and youth culture which examines the development of new identities, ethnicities and forms of racism. This text analyzes the relationship between racism, community and adolescent social identities in the African and South Asian diasporas.; This book is intended for undergraduate and postgraduate students on courses in race and ethnicity, urban sociology, cultural studies and social anthropology. It will also have some appeal within social policy and social work.

This is a work summarizing in one volume the pioneering approach of the author to public-interest decision-taking in the field of urban & regional planning. This book is aimed at students, researchers and professionals in planning. Nathaniel Lichfield first introduced in his "Economics of Planned Development" the concept that, in any use and development of land, the traditional "development balance sheet" of the developers needed to be accompanied by a "planning balance sheet" prepared by the planning officer or planning authority. Over the forty years since this work was published, the author has brought to the operational level the "planning balance sheet," with many case studies, primarily for consultancy purposes. The present title reflects the incorporation during the 1970s of the then emerging field of environmental impact assessment.

Based on an analysis of a 1988 nationwide sample survey of 10,258 households, this book aims to offer insights into issues of rural inequality in China. The work focuses on the study of wealth rather than income as the primary measure.

Based on an analysis of a 1988 nationwide sample survey of 10,258 households, this book aims to offer insights into issues of rural inequality in China. The work focuses on the study of wealth rather than income as the primary measure.

The first fully-fledged ethnography on health-related issues to come out of contemporary Vietnam, Women's Bodies, Women's Worries is a study of women's lives in a rural commune in Vietnam's Red River delta. Starting as an examination of the impact of Vietnam's ambitious family planning policy on the health and lives of rural women, the study explores historical and contemporary socio-cultural forces which influence the lives of Vietnamese women. What begins as an investigation of contraceptive side effects becomes an inquiry into the daily lives of rural women, an examination of the moral ideologies by which women's lives are circumscribed, and an exploration of the ways women themselves manage and negotiate the moral demands and social relations which constitute daily lives. In addition, the book provides a sympathetic account of the everyday lives and concerns of rural women while also including theoretical considerations of the social grounding of bodily experience, the cultural meanings of health and illness, and the everyday politics of emotional expression.

This study examines the interaction, at national and international level, of the economic, political and social change processes within Europe which are bringing about fundamental transformations in rural areas. Although such changes are experienced at a local level, they are heavily imbued with a national tone, given that European nations possess distinctive visions of their rural areas. These rural identities set limits within which economic, political and social agents can act. Yet these limits are constantly being subjected to strain, particularly with the globalization of economic activity and the strengthening impetus for integrated EC policies. The authors expand on this view of rural Europe, and place its significance within the broader field of rural studies.

Based on an intensive fieldwork in a southern Hebei village in northern China (1992/3), the author takes an institutional approach and focuses on the way deliberate Chinese state policies driven by new economic and social agendas since the late 1970s have impacted on marriage, family relations and consequently on the way fertility trends have been adversely affected; the study is also very much concerned with the human dimension and the way in which such social and economic changes are perceived and applied in a rural community. The research presented in this study goes a long way to unravelling the puzzle concerning the reasons for a very rapid decline in Chinese fertility rates, contrasting sharply with a very different fertility transition within western cultures.

Research in school success in contemporary China has argued that market reforms have reproduced the advantages for children from the cadre and the professional families while simultaneously creating new opportunities for children of the new arising economic elites. However, it has performed less for traditional peasant families. This book places a special emphasis on how rural parents from different social backgrounds use guanxi (interpersonal social networks) to maintain the interconnectedness between their families and schools to create advantages for their children in school success. It investigates, by an ethnographic study in a rural county in middle China, how families from different social backgrounds within rural society get involved in the schooling of their children and how this contributes to different patterns of school success. The book argues that schools provide few formal and routine channels for rural parents to become involved in their children's schooling. This raises the importance of family strategic initiatives to employ guanxi in the creation of advantages for their children's school success. It concludes with discussions about guanxi as an important mechanism for social exclusion in post-socialist China. Chapters include: Family Strategies, Parental Involvement, and School Success The Roles of Parents: Voices of Parents in Zong Regarding School Involvement Policy Discourses: Missing the Link between Family and School Peasants: Family and Kinship The Blurring Division between Home and School This concise and comprehensive book is a qualitative study that will appeal to researchers and advance students in Chinese education and society.

The Routledge History of Rural America charts the course of rural life in the United States, raising questions about what makes a place rural and how rural places have shaped the history of the nation. Bringing together leading scholars to analyze a wide array of themes in rural history and culture, this text is a state-of-the-art resource for students, scholars, and educators at all levels. This Routledge History provides a regional context for understanding change in rural communities across America and examines a number of areas where the history of rural people has deviated from the American mainstream. Readers will come away with an enhanced understanding of the interplay between urban and rural areas, a knowledge of the regional differences within the rural United States, and an awareness of the importance of agriculture and rural life to American society. The book is divided into four main sections: regions of rural America, rural lives in context, change and development, and resources for scholars and teachers. Examining the essays on the regions of rural America, readers can discover what makes New England different from the South, and why the Midwest and Mountain West are quite different places. The chapters on rural lives provide an entree into the social and cultural history of rural peoples - women, children and men - as well as a description of some of the forces shaping rural communities, such as immigration, race and religious difference. Chapters on change and development examine the forces molding the countryside, such as rural-urban tensions, technological change and increasing globalization. The final section will help scholars and educators integrate rural history into their research, writing, and classrooms. By breaking the field of rural history into so many pieces, this volume adds depth and complexity to the history of the United States, shedding light on an understudied aspect of the American mythology and beliefs about the American dream.

The book gives a practitioner's account of international experiences with rural development seen from a German angle. After 40 years of rural development efforts patterned and characterized by different models and approaches, the overall achievements of these efforts seem very sobering: rural mass poverty has not been overcome; in fact it has hardly been contained in many of the developing regions. It attempts to explain some of the reasons behind this obvious failure, and concludes that most rural development approaches suffered not only from both organizational and managerial design weaknesses, but were prone to failure because they neglected structural and political distortions in the macroand meso-spheres of the poor countries. Although donors could have seen that their rural development projects were doomed to failure if projects and programmes were not embedded in an enabling policy environment, they nevertheless continued with them. The book argues for a development co-operation for rural areas that actively supports popular participation, beneficiaries' self-organization, decentralization and, consequently, smaller self-managed (para)projects rather than large, top-down organized rural development projects. Under the conditions of the 1990s the success of rural development will depend largely not only on the creation of an enabling policy environment but also on the skilful linking of sectoral programmes and related (para)projects. Essential areas of co-operation in the struggle for greater and more effective orientation towards poverty alleviation are land and tenure reforms, rural financial systems, basic social services and social security systems.

Elizabeth Croll's "From Heaven to Earth" examines the images, policies and experiences of development in China, and more specifically shows how the peasant experience of revolution and reform has been greatly affected by their conceptualizations of time and change. Beginning with the first major reforms introduced into China's villages in 1979, numerous changes have been made in the translation and practice of reform policies. These reforms have in fact become so paradoxical and various, that analysts have had to modify their initial judgments of these complex changes over the years.
Croll takes a unique analytical approach to the subject of rural development policy in China by examining this issue in the context of peasant dreams of development--dreams which prove central to how this population views their family and individual experience. Croll also examines the desires which motivate peasant households in China; the strenuous demands that current reforms have forced upon peasant families; and the ways in which peasant households maximize their resources in the face of reform and rural development.
In its examination of the peasant family and household, the peasant individual and their relationship with the state, "From Heaven to Earth" shows how the translation and implementation of national policy is greatly dependent upon local knowledge and power.

Much has been written on China's peasant revolution, less has been written of the peasant experience of reform. Since 1979, when the first major reforms were introduced into China's villages, there have been many shifts and changes in the translation and practice of reform policies. Consequently, many of the initial assumptions and judgements made by observers, analysts and participants have been modified over the years. It is not so much that the implications of the reforms for lives, practices and policies have become clearer, as that they have become increasingly paradoxical and various. Elisabeth Croll examines the images, policies and experiences of development, and links the peasants' experience of revolution and reform with their conceptualizations of time and change. She combines a study of the dreams of development as sets of rhetorical lens - through which peasant populations perceive collective family and individual experiences - with an analysis of rural development policies and reforms at the centre of which lies the peasant household. She also examines the new and recent desires which motivate peasant households in China.

First Published in 2004. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

The frontier or `marcher' societies flourished in the Middle Ages and their influence has lasted well into modern times. In this study of Anglo-Scottish relations and of border society, the contributors examine the infrastructure beneath societies which were permanently `organized for war'. They draw on Anglo-Scottish archival material to argue that the issues which feature in other frontier societies - acculturation and the creation of special institutions - appeared also on the Anglo-Scottish frontier. The book uses the celebrated Battle of Otterburn as a starting-point for a major reassessment of border society, challenging the view put forward in popular ballads that the borders were isolated and self-contained.

The ancient Greco-Roman world was a world full of cities: not of cities in the modern sense of massive conglomerations, but in a distinctive sense of communities in which countryside was dominated by urban centre. Interest in the special relationship of town and country in the ancient world goes back to Max Weber and beyond. This volume of papers by influential archaeologists and historians seeks to bring together the two disciplines in exploring the city-country relationship and its impact on social, political, economic and cultural conditions in classical antiquity. Topics include the rise of the "polis" in ancient Greece, the economic and cultural role of city elites in Athens, central Italy and Asia Minor, and the role of taxation in subordinating town to country.

This impressive work, set to become the standard history on the subject, offers a definitive survey of peasant society in Russia, from the consolidation of serfdom and tsarist autocracy in the 17th century through to the destruction of the peasant's traditional world under Stalin. Over three-quarters of Russian society were peasants in these years, and David Moon explores all aspects of their life xxx; including the rural economy, peasant households, village communities xxx; and their political role, including protest against the landowning elites. In the process he presents a fresh perspective on the history of Russia itself. A big book in every way xxx; and compellingly readable.

The author examines the linkages and similarities between compulsive athletics and eating disorders, and proposes that they are different manifestations of a single condition: the activity disorder.

Originally published in 1982, this book emphasizes the continued significance and distinctiveness of rural settlement, while at the same time recognizing the great changes of recent decades. The early chapters review the field of rural study and trace the evolution of man-land relationships in the establishment of the traditional elements of rural settlement. Later chapters discuss the changes wrought by urbanisation, the industrialisation and commercialisation of agriculture, the growth of recreation and the expanding role of public policy. The book stresses the processes which underlie rural settlement structure and, consistent with its geographical bias, the functional and cultural foundations of settled landscapes. While the main emphasis is on Europe and North America, the diversity of expression of general trends in rural settlement is recognised by drawing upon examples from Africa, India, Latin America and South-East Asia.

Contents:
Preface Introduction Part One - Puzzles and Dilemmas 1. Persistent Poverty and Crippled Agriculture: A Single Problem 2. The Ideological Shift and Dilemmas Facing Government Part Two - The Analytical Issues of Land Reform and Rural Poverty 3. Accessible Opportunities: The Meaning of Land Reform 4. Large Estate: Issues in Efficiency and Employment in Capitalist and Socialist Economies Part Three - The Obstacles and Realities in Reducing Poverty 5. Institutional Monopoly and Rural Poverty 6. Case Studies in Complete and Partial Land Reform 7. The pace of Poverty Reduction: Inter-Country Comparisons 8. Policy Implications and Prospects of Land Reform

Analysing the ongoing changes and dynamics in rural development from a functional perspective through a series of case studies from the global north and south, this volume deepens our understanding of the importance of new functional and multifunctional approaches in policy, practice and theory. In rural areas of industrialized societies, food production as a basis for growth and employment has been declining for many decades. In the Global South, on the other hand, food production is still often the most important factor for socio-economic development. However, rural areas both in the industrialized north and in the global south are facing new challenges which lead to significant changes and threats to their development. New forms of food production, but also new functional (e.g. housing or business parks) and often multifunctional approaches are being discussed and practiced yet it remains unclear the extent to which these result in better or more sustainable development of rural areas.

Peasant rebellions are uncommon. "Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance" explores peasants' foot dragging, feigned ingorance, false compliance, manipulation, flight, slander, theft, arson, sabotage, and similar prosaic forms of struggle. These kinds of resistance stop well short of collective defiance, a strategy usually suicidal for the subordinate. The central argument about peasant resistance is presented in the opening chapter by James Scott in which he summarizes and extends the thesis of his book on Malaysia's peasantry, "Weapons of the Weak". Scott's ideas are employed and refined in the ensuing seven country studies of peasant resistance: Poland, India, Egypt, Colombia, China, Nicaragua and Zimbabwe.

Describing in detail her analytic treatment of eight female homosexuals with common symptoms of incomplete body image and unconscious denial of differences between the sexes, Siegel details the recurring treatment phases that typified their analyses and offers formulations based on both ego-developmental and object-relational perspectives. She candidly describes the countertransferential issues that entered into the treatment of these women and examines basic societal assumptions about sexuality that are imprinted on the analyst.

First published in 1986. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Published in the year 1964, Igbo Village Affairs is a valuable contribution to the field of History.