Physicists are pondering on the possibility of simulating black holes in the laboratory by means of various "analog models". These analog models, typically based on condensed matter physics, can be used to help us understand general relativity (Einstein's gravity); conversely, abstract techniques developed in general relativity can sometimes be used to help us understand certain aspects of condensed matter physics. This book contains 13 chapters - written by experts in general relativity, particle physics, and condensed matter physics - that explore various aspects of this two-way traffic.

Presents simplified but useful and practical equations that can be applied in estimating performance and design of energy-efficient systems in low-temperature systems or cryogenics Contains practical approaches and advanced design materials for insulation, shields/anchors, cryogen vessels/pipes, calorimeters, cryogenic heat switches, cryostats, current leads, and RF couplers Provides a comprehensive introduction to the necessary theory and models needed for solutions to common difficulties and illustrates the engineering examples with about 300 figures

Features * Fully updated with the latest results from the spacecraft Hinode, Stereo, Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS), and Parker Solar Probe * Presents step-by-step explanations for calculating numerical models of the photosphere, convection zone, and radiative interior with exercises and simulation problems to test learning * Describes the structure of polytropic spheres and the acoustic power in the Sun and the process of thermal conduction in different physical conditions

Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) generators have been actively developed as a new device for medical treatment. The applications of plasma treatment include 1) disinfection, sterilization, and decontamination, which inactivates or kills bacteria, fungi, viruses and spores; 2) bleeding control, which coagulates blood swiftly; 3) wound healing, which shortens the healing period and benefits the regeneration of the epithelization of tissue to avoid scar formation; etc.Biomedical applications of CAPs are explored via either in-vitro assays, or in-vivo tests using pigs as animal models; tests include sterilization of oral pathogens and biofilm, decontamination of biological warfare agent, blood clotting and rapid control of active life-threatening hemorrhage, and post-operative observation of wound healing after plasma treatment. The conventional approaches in each application are first introduced, then the advantages of plasma treatments are discussed and demonstrated by the test results. The mechanisms of CAPs' biocidal effect, blood clotting effect, and wound healing effect are presented and discussed.

Surface Structure Modification and Hardening of Al-SI Alloys explores the hardening of material surfaces using concentrated energy flows resulting in the nanostructuring of surface layers. The authors demonstrate how these methods achieve a reduction in plastic deformation of the surface and a more uniform distribution of elastic stresses near the surface during operational use, significantly reducing part failure. It presents results from research and scientific and technological enterprises involved with the modification of light alloy surfaces for use in the automobile and aerospace industries. Additional key features include: Addresses theoretical and experimental research computer simulations of structural phase transformations at the nanolevel to create new materials Details and compares electroexplosion alloying, electron beam processing and electron-plasma alloying of an Al-Si Alloy Explains multiphase plasma jet treatment to obtain high-quality coatings with good and high functional properties This reference is a valuable resource for specialists in the field of physical material science, condensed state physics, metal science and thermal treatment and will be of interest to undergraduate and post-graduate students in these fields.

Microcavities are semiconductor, metal, or dielectric structures providing optical confinement in one, two or three dimensions. At the end of the 20th century, microcavities have attracted attention due to the discovery of a strong exciton-light coupling regime allowing for the formation of superposition light-matter quasiparticles: exciton-polaritons. In the following century several remarkable effects have been discovered in microcavities, including the Bose-Einstein condensation of exciton-polaritons, polariton lasing, superfluidity, optical spin Hall and spin Meissner effects, amongst other discoveries. Currently, polariton devices exploiting the bosonic stimulation effects at room temperature are being developed by laboratories across the world. This book addresses the physics of microcavities: from classical to quantum optics, from a Boltzmann gas to a superfluid. It provides the theoretical background needed for understanding the complex phenomena in coupled light-matter systems, and it presents a broad overview of experimental progress in the physics of microcavities.

Electroinduced Drift of Neutral Charge Clusters in Salt Solutions presents studies of the processes accompanying the effect of periodic electric and magnetic fields on salt solutions in polar dielectric liquids. The authors explain phenomena from a physical point of view, without theoretical constructions and mathematical calculations. This is done in order to make the book accessible to a wide audience and to help the reader navigate in a multilateral topic that is touched upon when studying processes that occur in liquid media under the external influence of an electromagnetic nature. Additional Features: Explores the phenomenon of selective drift of solvated ions in polar dielectric liquids Applies general principles of electricity and magnetism to describe experimental results Demonstrates how small perturbations of the equilibrium distribution determine not the corrections to the effects but the effects themselves Approaches nonequilibrium molecular physics as a science of physical and chemical processes This book will be useful to specialists, engineers and graduate students, especially those recording and transmitting information in liquid media.

Suspension Plasma Spray Coating of Advanced Ceramics presents the significance of suspension plasma spray coating of ceramics for thermal barrier applications. It covers suspension formation and optimization in different oxide and non-oxide mixtures and ceramic matrix composites (CMC) of sub-micron and nanosized powders. Enabling readers to understand the importance of thermally inert and insulating ceramic coatings on metals and alloys, the book explains how to improve their utilization in applications, such as turbine blades or diesel engines, gas turbines, and coating methods. This book also discusses advanced topics on nanomaterials coatings in monolithic or composite forms as thermal barriers through organic and non-organic based suspensions using high energy plasma spray methods. Features: Presents significant thermal barrier properties using high energy plasma spray methods. Explores advanced surface modification techniques. Covers monolithic, composite, and solid solution ceramics coating. Discusses high precision coating methods. The book will be useful for professional engineers working in surface modification and researchers studying materials science and engineering, corrosion, and abrasion.

The behaviour of electrons in systems without periodicity is one of the most fascinating areas in solid-state physics, and the last 25 years have seen an enormous increase in research in this field. This has given rise to many new ideas for understanding electronic states in disordered systems, especially the study of the degenerate electron gas in which electron-electron interactions are important. This book provides a much needed survey of these advances. In the first part of the book, the authors discuss impurity bands in three dimensions. Attention is focused on the regime in which the electrons are spatially localized rather than free, so that an interesting interplay of localization and interaction arises. In the second part of the book, they look at the outstanding features of the two-dimensional systems, explaining how these make the localization problem special and interesting. The authors have provided a clear outline of the theoretical picture for the chosen materials and description heuristic. Each chapter is self-contained, allowing readers to pursue their special interests.

Modern Magnetooptics and Magnetooptical Materials provides a comprehensive account of the principles and applications of magnetooptics, bridging the gap between textbooks and specialist accounts in the research and review literature. The book is aimed at the graduate physicist and electrical engineer, but assumes no specialist knowledge of magnetooptics. Chapters have been designed to be reasonably independent, so that readers in search of information on a particular topic can go straight to the appropriate place in the book, with only occasional reference to material elsewhere. Divided into three main parts, the book begins with the principles of magnetooptics to provide the necessary theoretical background. This section's emphasis is on introducing practical considerations through examples taken from real-life situations. The next part surveys a wide range of magnetooptic materials, including metals, alloys, and granular structures. The final part explores applications of magnetooptics in practical devices, such as modulators, switches, memory devices, and waveguides. This book provides a thorough introduction for graduate students of physics and electrical engineering, and a useful reference for researchers.

This new book is fully up to date with all the latest developments on both theoretical and experimental investigations of the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics with a particular emphasis on its historical development on both sides. It further stresses the cross-fertilisation between the two sub-disciplines of theoretical and experimental particle physics which has been instrumental in establishing the SM. In other words, the book develops a truly phenomenological attitude to the subject. In addition to emphasising the successes of the SM, this book also critically assesses its limitations and raises key unanswered questions for the purpose of presenting a new perspective of how to further our knowledge above and beyond it. It also contains both historical information from past experiments and latest results from the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. This book will be an invaluable reference to advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students, in addition to early-stage researchers in the field. Key Features: Provides a unique approach not found in current literature in developing and verifying the SM Presents the theory pedagogically but rigorously from basic knowledge of quantum field theory Brings together experimental and theoretical practice in one, cohesive text

This book is dedicated to the fundamental physical aspects of stability, the influence of structural defects on the properties and structural phase transformations of BCC alloys. The authors present patterns that occur in the structural-phase states of functional alloys with low stability or instability under thermal cycling effects. Structural-phase transformations and the physical laws governing the influence of the thermomechanical effect on the properties of alloys are examined to advance development of technological processes for processing functional materials. Features: Studies the correlation between structural phase states and changes in the physico-mechanical properties of intermetallic compounds Explores the influence of thermomechanical cycling on the properties of functional alloys Details low-stability pretransition states in alloys

The self-contained properties of discotic liquid crystals (DLCs) render them powerful functional materials for many semiconducting device applications and models for energy and charge migration in self-organized dynamic functional soft materials. The past three decades have seen tremendous interest in this area, fueled primarily by the possibility of creating a new generation of organic semiconductors and wide viewing displays using DLCs. While a number of books on classical calamitic liquid crystals are available, there are, as yet, no books that are dedicated exclusively to the basic design principles, synthesis, and physical properties of DLCs. The first reference book to cover DLCs, Chemistry of Discotic Liquid Crystals: From Monomers to Polymers highlights the chemistry and thermal behavior of DLCs. Divided into six chapters, each with a general description, background, and context for the concepts involved, the book begins with a basic introduction to liquid crystals, describing molecular self-assembly and various types of liquid crystals. It outlines their classification, covers their history and general applications, and focuses on DLCs and their discovery, structure, characterization, and alignment. The book goes on to examine the chemistry and physical properties of various monomeric DLCs, including 25 sections describing the synthesis and mesomorphic properties of monomeric DLCs formed by different cores. The bulk of the book covers the chemistry and mesomorphism of discotic dimers, oligomers, and polymers and concludes with a look at some applicable properties of DLCs. A comprehensive and up-to-date resource, this book is designed to be accessible and of value not just for students and researchers but also to the directors and principal investigators working in this field, providing the foundation and fuel to advance this fast-growing technological field.

Elastic waves are used in fields as diverse as the non-destructive evaluation of materials, medicine, seismology and telecommunications. Elastic Waves in Solids 2 analyzes the radiation, scattering and generation of these waves. It studies the emission of bulk or surface waves from sources localized on the surface of an isotropic or anisotropic solid. It then examines the scattering of a longitudinal or transverse elastic wave by one or more cylindrical or spherical heterogeneities. Finally, it explores the methods and devices used to generate and detect elastic waves, using the piezoelectric effect or the interaction with a laser beam. Accompanying figures illustrate these properties, and the text provides the orders of magnitude of some characteristic parameters. This book is intended for students completing a master's degree in acoustics, mechanics, geophysics or engineering, as well as teachers and researchers in these disciplines.

With easily accessible oil reserves dwindling, petroleum engineers must have a sound understanding of how to access technically challenging resources, especially in the deepwater environment. These technically challenging resources bring with them complexities around fluid flow not normally associated with conventional production systems, and engineers must be knowledgeable about navigating these complexities. Practical Aspects of Flow Assurance in the Petroleum Industry aims to provide practical guidance on all aspects of flow assurance to offer readers a ready reference on how to ensure uninterrupted transport of processed fluids throughout the flow infrastructure by covering all practical aspects of flow assurance, being written in such a way that any engineer dealing with the oil and gas industry will be able to understand the material, containing solved examples on most topics, placing equal emphasis on experimental techniques and modeling methods, and devoting an entire chapter to the analysis and interpretation of published case studies. With its balance of theory and practical applications, this work provides petroleum engineers from a variety of backgrounds with the information needed to maintain and enhance productivity.

Remains accessible but incorporates a rigorous mathematical treatment with clarity and emphasizing a contemporary style and a rejuvenated approach Presents a student-friendly and self-contained structure Balances theory and worked examples

This book provides an interdisciplinary guide to quasicrystals, the 2011 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winning topic, by presenting an up-to-date and detailed introduction to the many fundamental aspects and applications of quasicrystals science. It reviews the most characteristic features of the peculiar geometric order underlying their structure and their reported intrinsic physical properties, along with their potential for specific applications. The role of quasiperiodic order in science and technology is also examined by focusing on the new design capabilities provided by this novel ordering of matter. This book is specifically devoted to promoting the very notion of quasiperiodic order, and to spur its physical implications and technological capabilities. It, therefore, explores the fundamental aspects of intermetallic, photonic, and phononic quasicrystals, as well as soft-matter quasicrystals, including their intrinsic physical and structural properties. In addition, it thoroughly discusses experimental data and related theoretical approaches to explain them, extending the standard treatment given in most current solid state physics literature. It also explores exciting applications in new technological devices of quasiperiodically ordered systems, including multilayered quasiperiodic systems, along with 2D and 3D designs, whilst outlining new frontiers in quasicrystals research. This book can be used as a reader-friendly introductory text for graduate students, in addition to senior scientists and researchers coming from the fields of physics, chemistry, materials science, and engineering. Key features: * Provides an updated and detailed introduction to the interdisciplinary field of quasicrystals in a tutorial style, considering both fundamental aspects and additional freedom degrees provided by designs based on quasiperiodically ordered materials. * Includes 50 fully worked out exercises with detailed solutions, motivating, and illustrating the different concepts and notions to provide readers with further learning opportunities. * Presents a complete compendium of the current state of the art knowledge of quasicrystalline matter, and outlines future next generation materials based on quasiperiodically ordered designs for their potential use in useful technological devices. Dr. Enrique Macia-Barber is Professor of condensed matter physics at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid. His research interests include the thermoelectric properties of quasicrystals and DNA biophysics. In 2010 he received the RSEF- BBVA Foundation Excellence Physics Teaching Award. His book Aperiodic Structures in Condensed Matter: Fundamentals and Applications (CRC Press, Boca-Raton, 2009) is one of the Top Selling Physics Books according to YBP Library Services.

Semiconductors with optical characteristics have found widespread use in evolving semiconductor photovoltaics, where optical features are important. The industrialization of semiconductors and their allied applications have paved the way for optical measurement techniques to be used in new ways. Due to their unique properties, semiconductors are key components in the daily employed technologies in healthcare, computing, communications, green energy, and a range of other uses. This book examines the fundamental optical properties and applications of semiconductors. It summarizes the information as well as the optical characteristics and applicability of semiconductors through an in-depth review of the literature. Accomplished experts in the field share their knowledge and examine new developments. FEATURES Comprehensive coverage of all types of optical applications using semiconductors Explores relevant composite materials and devices for each application Addresses the optical properties of crystalline and amorphous semiconductors Describes new developments in the field and future potential applications Optical Properties and Applications of Semiconductors is a comprehensive reference and an invaluable resource for engineers, scientists, academics, and industry R&D teams working in applied physics.

Consistent explanation of all basic principles of cavitation. Scientific background for engineering applications. Modern theory and experimental results. Contains objective discussions of controversial issues. Can be used by students.

Details the use of advanced AFMs and addresses all types of functional AFMs First book to focus on application of AFM for energy research Enables readers to operate an AFM successfully and to understand the data obtained Covers new achievements in AFM instruments, including higher speed and resolution, automatic and deep learning AFM, and how AFM is being combined with other new methods like IR and Raman microscopy

The technology behind computers, fiber optics, and networks did not originate in the minds of engineers attempting to build an Internet. The Internet is a culmination of intellectual work by thousands of minds spanning hundreds of years. We have built concept upon concept and technology upon technology to arrive at where we are today, in a world constructed of silicon pathways and controlled by silicon processors. From computers to optical communications, The Silicon Web: Physics for the Internet Age explores the core principles of physics that underlie those technologies that continue to revolutionize our everyday lives. Designed for the nonscientist, this text requires no higher math or prior experience with physics. It starts with an introduction to physics, silicon, and the Internet and then details the basic physics principles at the core of the information technology revolution. A third part examines the quantum era, with in-depth discussion of digital memory and computers. The final part moves onto the Internet era, covering lasers, optical fibers, light amplification, and fiber-optic and wireless communication technologies. The relation between technology and daily life is so intertwined that it is impossible to fully understand modern human experience without having at least a basic understanding of the concepts and history behind modern technology, which continues to become more prevalent as well as more ubiquitous. Going beyond the technical, the book also looks at ways in which science has changed the course of history. It clarifies common misconceptions while offering insight on the social impacts of science with an emphasis on information technology. As a pioneering researcher in quantum mechanics of light, author Michael Raymer has made his own significant contributions to contemporary communications technology