Vacuum Deposition onto Webs: Films and Foils, Third Edition, provides the latest information on vacuum deposition, the technology that applies an even coating to a flexible material that can be held on a roll, thereby offering a much faster and cheaper method of bulk coating than deposition onto single pieces or non-flexible surfaces such as glass. This technology has been used in industrial-scale applications for some time, including a wide range of metalized packaging. Its potential as a high-speed, scalable process has seen an increasing range of new products emerging that employ this cost-effective technology, including solar energy products that are moving from rigid panels onto cheaper and more versatile flexible substrates, flexible electronic circuit 'boards', and flexible displays. In this third edition, all chapters are thoroughly revised with a significant amount of new information added, including newly developed barrier measurement techniques, improved in-vacuum monitoring technologies, and the latest developments in Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD).

Explores the synthesis and application techniques of novel smart coatings to varied research areas Presents concise, critical and state of the art review of existing research on various types of smart coatings Ascertains the different mechanisms associated with the stimuli response of smart coatings Includes an exclusive chapter on real time applications in the biomedical field Covers self-healing, self-cleaning, pH balance, early corrosion detection and triggering mechanisms

The awareness and development of 'biodegradable' surfactants pre-dates current pressures by the environmental movement by nearly three decades, wherein a responsible industry mutually agreed to replace 'hard', non-biodegradable com ponents of household detergents by 'soft', biodegradable alternatives, without course to legislation. The only requirement at that time was for surfactants used in detergents to exhibit a 'primary biodegradability' in excess of 80%; this referring to the disap pearance or removal from solution of the intact surface active material as de tected by specified analytical techniques. This proved useful, as observed environmental impacts of surfactants, e.g. visible foam on rivers, are associated with the intact molecule. Test methods for 'primary biodegradability' were eventually enshrined in EU legislation for nonionic surfactants (Directive 821242/EEC, amended 73/404IEEC) and for anionic surfactants (Directive 8212431EEC, amended 73/405IEEC). No approved test methods and resultant legislation have been developed for cationic and amphoteric surfactants to date. The environmental classification of chemical substances, which of course includes surfactants, and associated risk assessment utilises a second criterion 'ready biodegradability'. This may be assessed by a number of methods which monitor oxygen uptake (BOD), carbon dioxide production or removal of dis solved organic carbon (DOC). Some surfactants which comply with the above Detergents Directive are borderline when it comes to 'ready biodegradability'."

Diamond-like carbons (DLCs) display a number of attractive properties that make them versatile coating materials for a variety of applications, including extremely high hardness values, very low friction properties, very low gas permeability, good biocompatibility, and very high electrical resistivity, among others. Further research into this material is required to produce hydrogen-free DLC films and to synthesize it together with other materials, thereby obtaining better film properties. Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings: Technologies and Applications examines emerging manufacturing technologies for DLCs with the aim of improving their properties for use in practical applications. Discusses DLC coatings used in mechanical, manufacturing, and medical applications Details recent developments in the novel synthesis of DLC films Covers advances in understanding of chemical, structural, physical, mechanical, and tribological properties for modern material processing Highlights methods to yield longer service life Considers prospects for future applications of emerging DLC technologies This work is aimed at materials science and engineering researchers, advanced students, and industry professionals.

This book presents the findings of experimental and theoretical (including first-principles molecular dynamics simulation) studies of nanostructured and nanocomposite metal-based materials, and nanoscale multilayer coatings fabricated by physical or chemical vapor deposition, magnetron sputtering, electrospark alloying, ionic layer absorption, contact melting, and high-current electron beam irradiation. It also discusses novel methods of nanocomposite formation, as well as the structure of the deposited films, coatings and other nanoscale materials, their elemental and phase composition, and their physical-mechanical, tribological, magnetic and electrical properties. Lastly, it explores the influence of a various surface modification methods, such as thermal annealing, pulsed laser modification, and thermomechanical and ultrasonic treatment, as well as different properties of nanostructured films.

Surface active agents (surfactants) occur widely in nature, being found in locations as different as the membranes of living cells and in crude oil. Compounds in this class are surface active because of their amphiphilic nature. A consequence of this is that they have a remarkable tendency to aggregate in a variety of forms whose exact structures depend on the state of solvency and on some simple, but at times subtle, geometric packing considerations.

Optical coatings, i.e. multilayer stacks composed from a certain number of thin individual layers, are an essential part of any optical system necessary to tailor the properties of the optical surfaces. Hereby, the performance of any optical coating is defined by a well-balanced interplay between the properties of the individual coating materials and the geometrical parameters (such as film thickness) which define their arrangement. In all scientific books dealing with the performance of optical coatings, the main focus is on optimizing the geometrical coating parameters, particularly the number of individual layers and their thickness. At the same time, much less attention is paid to another degree of freedom in coating design, namely the possibility to tailor optical material properties to an optimum relevant for the required specification. This book, on the contrary, concentrates on the material aside of the problem. After a comprehensive review of the basics of thin film theory, traditional optical coating material properties and their relation to the efficiency of coating design methods, emphasis is placed on novel results concerning the application of material mixtures and nanostructured coatings in optical coating theory and practice, including porous layers, dielectric mixtures as well as metal island films for different applications.

"Intelligent Coatings for Corrosion Control" covers the most current and comprehensive information on the emerging field of intelligent coatings. The book begins with a fundamental discussion of corrosion and corrosion protection through coatings, setting the stage for deeper discussion of the various types of smart coatings currently in use and in development, outlining their methods of synthesis and characterization, and their applications in a variety of corrosion settings. Further chapters provide insight into the ongoing research, current trends, and technical challenges in this rapidly progressing field.
Reviews fundamentals of corrosion and coatings for corrosion control before delving into a discussion of intelligent coatings useful for researchers and grad students new to the subjectCovers the most current developments in intelligent coatings for corrosion control as presented by top researchers in the fieldIncludes many examples of current and potential applications of smart coatings to a variety of corrosion problems"

Corrosion Control Through Organic Coatings, Second Edition provides readers with useful knowledge of the practical aspects of corrosion protection with organic coatings and links this to ongoing research and development. Thoroughly updated and reorganized to reflect the latest advances, this new edition expands its coverage with new chapters on coating degradation, protective properties, coatings for submerged service, powder coatings, and chemical pretreatment. Maintaining its authoritative treatment of the subject, the book reviews such topics as corrosion-protective pigments, waterborne coatings, weathering, aging, and degradation of paint, and environmental impact of commonly used techniques including dry- and wet-abrasive blasting and hydrojetting. It also discusses theory and practice of accelerated testing of coatings to assist readers in developing more accurate tests and determine corrosion protection performance.

High Temperature Coatings, Second Edition, demonstrates how to counteract the thermal effects of rapid corrosion and degradation of exposed materials and equipment that can occur under high operating temperatures. This is the first true practical guide on the use of thermally protective coatings for high-temperature applications, including the latest developments in materials used for protective coatings. It covers the make-up and behavior of such materials under thermal stress and the methods used for applying them to specific types of substrates, as well as invaluable advice on inspection and repair of existing thermal coatings. With his long experience in the aerospace gas turbine industry, the author has compiled the very latest in coating materials and coating technologies, as well as hard-to-find guidance on maintaining and repairing thermal coatings, including appropriate inspection protocols. The book is supplemented with the latest reference information and additional support to help readers find more application- and industry-type coatings specifications and uses.

Handbook of Antimicrobial Coatings is the first comprehensive work on the developments being made in the emerging field of antimicrobial coatings. Crucial aspects associated with coating research are presented in the form of individual chapters. Particular close attention has been given to essential aspects necessary to understand the properties of novel materials. The book introduces the reader to progress being made in the field, followed by an outline of applications in different areas. Various methods and techniques of synthesis and characterization are detailed as individual chapters. Chapters provide insight into the ongoing research, current trends and technical challenges in this rapidly progressing field. The covered topics were chosen so that they can be easily understood by new scholars as well as advanced learners. No book has been written on this topic thus far with so much crucial information for materials scientists, engineers and technologists.

A valuable learning tool as well as a reference, this book provides students and researchers in surface science and nanoscience with the theoretical crystallographic foundations, which are necessary to understand local structure and symmetry of bulk crystals, including ideal and real single crystal surfaces. The author deals with the subject at an introductory level, providing numerous graphic examples to illustrate the mathematical formalism. The book brings together and logically connects many seemingly disparate structural issues and notations used frequently by surface scientists and nanoscientists. Numerous exercises of varying difficulty, ranging from simple questions to small research projects, are included to stimulate discussions about the different subjects. From the contents: Bulk Crystals, Three-Dimensional Lattices - Crystal Layers, Two-Dimensional Lattices, Symmetry - Ideal Single Crystal Surfaces - Real Crystal Surfaces - Adsorbate layers - Interference Lattices - Chiral Surfaces - Experimental Analysis of Real Crystal Surfaces - Nanoparticles and Crystallites - Quasicrystals - Nanotubes

This updated version of the popular handbook further explains all aspects of physical vapor deposition (PVD) process technology from the characterizing and preparing the substrate material, through deposition processing and film characterization, to post-deposition processing. The emphasis of the new edition remains on the aspects of the process flow that are critical to economical deposition of films that can meet the required performance specifications, with additional information to support the original material.
The book covers subjects seldom treated in the literature: substrate characterization, adhesion, cleaning and the processing. The book also covers the widely discussed subjects of vacuum technology and the fundamentals of individual deposition processes. However, the author uniquely relates these topics to the practical issues that arise in PVD processing, such as contamination control and film growth effects, which are also rarely discussed in the literature. In bringing these subjects together in one book, the reader can understand the interrelationship between various aspects of the film deposition processing and the resulting film properties. The author draws upon his long experience with developing PVD processes and troubleshooting the processes in the manufacturing environment, to provide useful hints for not only avoiding problems, but also for solving problems when they arise. He uses actual experiences, called "war stories," to emphasize certain points. Special formatting of the text allows a reader who is already knowledgeable in the subject to scan through a section and find discussions that are of particular interest. The author has tried to make the subject index as useful as possible so that the reader can rapidly go to sections of particular interest. Extensive references allow the reader to pursue subjects in greater detail if desired.
The book is intended to be both an introduction for those who are new to the field and a valuable resource to those already in the field. The discussion of transferring technology between R&D and manufacturing provided in Appendix 1, will be of special interest to the manager or engineer responsible for moving a PVD product and process from R&D into production. Appendix 2 has an extensive listing of periodical publications and professional societies that relate to PVD processing. The extensive Glossary of Terms and Acronyms provided in Appendix 3 will be of particular use to students and to those not fully conversant with the terminology of PVD processing or with the English language.
Fully revised and updated to include the latest developments in PVD process technology War stories drawn from the author s extensive experience emphasize important points in development and manufacturingAppendices include listings of periodicals and professional societies, terms and acronyms, and material on transferring technology between R&D and manufacturing"

Marine biofouling can be defined as the undesirable accumulation of microorganisms, algae and animals on structures submerged in seawater. From the dawn of navigation, marine biofouling has been a major problem for shipping in such areas as reduced speed, higher fuel consumption and increased corrosion. It also affects industries using off-shore structures such as oil and gas production and aquaculture. Growing concerns about the environmental impact of antifouling coatings has led to major new research to develop more environmentally-friendly alternatives. Advances in marine antifouling coatings and technologies summaries this wealth of research and its practical implications.
This book is divided into four sub-sections which discuss: marine fouling organisms and their impact, testing and development of antifouling coatings, developments in chemically-active marine antifouling technologies, and new surface approaches to the control of marine biofouling. It provides an authoritative overview of the recent advances in understanding the biology of fouling organisms, the latest developments on antifouling screening techniques both in the field and in the laboratory, research on safer active compounds and the progress on nontoxic coatings with tailor-made surface properties.
With its distinguished editors and international team of contributors, Advances in marine antifouling coatings and technologies is a standard reference for manufacturers of marine antifouling solutions, the shipping industry, oil and gas producers, aquaculture and other industries using offshore structures, and academics researching this important area.
Assesses marine antifouling organisms and their impact, including a historical review and directions for future researchDiscusses developments in antifouling coatings examining chemically-active and new surface approachesReviews the environmentally friendly alternative of safer active compounds and the progress of non-toxic compounds

Polymer microencapsulation technology originally came from pharmaceuticals as a means of coating precious compounds for better storage or for their journey through the human body to their destination, either as protection from adverse environments such as stomach acid, or to facilitate their entry into the cells of affected body regions due to tailor-made surface characteristics.
This principle is now generating great interest in other branches of industry such as food, agriculture, automobiles and textiles, and microcapsules are finding new applications as decisive components in self-healing, optically active, high-strength, anti-bacterial and other novel types of functional coatings for all kinds of surfaces, materials and purposes.

Paint and Coatings: Applications and Corrosion Resistance helps designers, engineers, and maintenance personnel choose the appropriate coatings to best protect equipment, structures, and various components from corrosion, degradation, and failure. The book addresses all factors - including physical and mechanical properties, workability, corrosion resistance, and cost - that need to be considered in selecting the material of construction for application-specific components. The first chapters provide a background of the principles of coatings, the theory of adhesion, and the importance of surface preparation. The remaining chapters address paint systems and the different types of coatings, including organic coatings for immersion applications, metallic coatings, conversion coatings, cementitious coatings, monolithic surfacing for concrete, tribological synergistic coatings, and high temperature coatings. Each category includes the method or methods of applications, areas of application, and corrosion resistance properties. The book also includes tables that compare various coating materials in the presence of selected corrodents. Paint and Coatings: Applications and Corrosion Resistance is an essential guide for those involved in the design, material selection, and maintenance of structures, equipment, plant facilities, and miscellaneous components.

The Chemistry and Physics of Coatings provides an introduction to the science underpinning the paint (organic coatings) industry to graduate level chemists who may have no previous knowledge of polymer-based technologies. This book stresses important physical phenomena such as rheology, film formation, and mechanical properties, their exploitation in paint, and the economic and legislative background against which coatings technology is tested. Attention is given to the chemistry of the polymers, pigments, and solvents that compose typical coatings, and the complex 'science and art' of formulating them effectively. The book also aims to give insights into the commercial application of the chemistries described, and includes a glossary of industry and polymer-related terms. Revised and updated, this second edition has been expanded to include separate chapters on binders for high solids and solvent-free coatings, inorganic and hybrid coatings and coatings formulation. There is also a new section on coatings additives. The Chemistry and Physics of Coatings will be of particular interest to graduates of materials and polymer sciences and related areas. It will also appeal to undergraduates, lecturers and those in the paint industry. Extracts from reviews of 1st Edition "... readable and surprisingly comprehensive ... In short this is an excellent book, which I recommend without hesitation." Journal of Materials Chemistry "..an informative and thoroughly recommended volume." Polymer International

As with the popular first edition, this updated version provides complete and detailed coverage of the various theories, analytical solutions, and finite element models of laminated composite plates and shells. It covers a range of recent developments in the field, such as the health monitoring of composite structure through sensing and actuation mechanisms and functionally graded materials. It also includes a new chapter on the analysis of laminated shell structures and a reorganized presentation of chapters that make the book even more valuable. Well written and authoritative, this will be a welcomed addition to libraries and curriculum of the engineering community.

Additives in Water-borne Coatings covers both current technology and the future prognosis for the key additives used in water-borne coatings today. It brings together international expertise to provide a comprehensive, practical overview of the field, its direction, and selection of key additives currently employed for in-depth treatment of their use, behaviour and scope by expert practitioners in those additives. This timely publication includes two excellent plenary chapters reviewing the developments together with the regulatory and legislative scene in the overall field. It also contains seven in-depth chapters devoted to key additive types, specifically; rheology modifiers, matting agents, surface active agents, dispersants, defoamers, and biocides. In addition, the book provides: * a systematic approach to additive selection - additive rules - for the development of a coating * a good understanding of the biocidal degradation effects and the key biocide strengths and weaknesses in addressing them * the reader with a thorough understanding of silica-based matting agents and their mode of action * useful overviews of water borne dispersants, silicone surface active agents and cellulosic and associative thickener rheology modifiers This key book amalgamates some of the latest developments in this field and provides an authoritative source of information for the research community and those in the industry, as well as providing invaluable information to graduate and postgraduate students.

This book describes wetting fundamentals and reviews the standard protocol for contact angle measurements. The authors include a brief overview of applications of contact angle measurements in surface science and engineering. They also discuss recent advances and research trends in wetting fundamentals and include measurement techniques and data interpretation of contract angles.

Focusing on Lifshitz-Van der Waals, Lewis acid-base, and electrical double layer interactions, Colloid and Surface Properties of Clays and Related Minerals discusses measuring the surface properties of flat or particulate solids with contact angles of drops of high-energy liquids deposited on solid surfaces or via the thin-layer wicking technique. Topics include: applications of clays and clay minerals, other mineral colloids, surface thermodynamic properties, theory and interactions between colloids, surface thermodynamic properties of minerals, and biological interactions with mineral particles.

"Presents the latest research on the flow and structure of complex particulate sustemsions, the adsorption behavior of polymers, and the consolidation behavior and mechanical properties of films. Highlights recent advances in polymer functionality, conformation, and chemistry for biological, biomedical, and industrial applications."

Sol-Gel processing methods, first used historically for decorative and constructional materials, were extensively developed in the last century for applications such as glasses, ceramics, catalysts, coatings, composites and fibres. Today they are reaching their full potential, enabling the preparation of new generations of advanced materials not easily accessible by other methods yet using mild, low-energy conditions. The topic is therefore increasingly included in advanced undergraduate, MSc and PhD programmes in the areas of chemistry, physics and materials science. This concise introductory text, written at the advanced undergraduate/first-year postgraduate level, is also suitable as an introduction to the development, mechanisms, chemistry, characterisation methods and applications of the technique. It provides readers with an extensive yet concise grounding in the theory of each area of the subject and details the real and potential applications and the future prospects of sol-gel chemistry.

We live in a time of great change. In the electronics world, the last several decades have seen unprecedented growth and advancement, described by Moore's law. This observation stated that transistor density in integrated circuits doubles every 1. 5-2 years. This came with the simultaneous improvement of individual device perf- mance as well as the reduction of device power such that the total power of the resulting ICs remained under control. No trend remains constant forever, and this is unfortunately the case with Moore's law. The trouble began a number of years ago when CMOS devices were no longer able to proceed along the classical scaling trends. Key device parameters such as gate oxide thickness were simply no longer able to scale. As a result, device o- state currents began to creep up at an alarming rate. These continuing problems with classical scaling have led to a leveling off of IC clock speeds to the range of several GHz. Of course, chips can be clocked higher but the thermal issues become unmanageable. This has led to the recent trend toward microprocessors with mul- ple cores, each running at a few GHz at the most. The goal is to continue improving performance via parallelism by adding more and more cores instead of increasing speed. The challenge here is to ensure that general purpose codes can be ef?ciently parallelized. There is another potential solution to the problem of how to improve CMOS technology performance: three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D ICs).