There are relatively few texts currently available in the field of liquid atomization and these are mostly prepared from theoretical or experimental viewpoints and often with emphasis on fuel sprays for combustion purposes. This book provides a critical and extensive compilation of the wide range of manufacturing processes that involve the application of spray technology in industry. It covers design of atomizers as well as the performance of plant and their corresponding spray systems. The content of the book covers the needs of practising engineers from different disciplines, who may include project managers, and works, maintenance and design engineers. It addresses the lack of in-depth understanding, in the area of the application of spray in industry. Of interest to researchers is the field of liquid sprays, information on fundamental processes involved is discussed, including outlines of the contemporary and possible future research and challenges in the different fields of application.These are all dealt with within the following general framework:- sprays and their production;- sprays in industrial production processes;- processes involving vaporisation and cooling or cleaning of gases;- processes involving spray surface impact;- fuel sprays for fixed plant;- spraying of hot surfaces for steel making and other metals;- spraying of molten metals.Wherever possible guidance is given in respect to the analysis and interpretation of experimental data obtained using different measurement techniques in industrial spray processes.

In preparing the second edition of this book, I have revised, updated and extended the original material, with particular attention to two areas of the book where there has been considerable publication of new material. The chapters on the use of surfactant theory and polymeric surfactants have been completely rewritten. Surfactant theory has seen considerable progress in the 1980s, but it is only in the last few years that it has been simplified such that it can be used in helping to formulate compositions containing surfactants in different applications. It must be admitted that even now most applications utilise empirical methods of formulation but the results in many cases can be better interpreted. Wetting and micro emulsions are now much better understood, but foams and defoamers still elude simplification. The use of theory in formulating compositions will probably very slowly be extended, but only if fairly simple rules, preferably non-mathematical, can be taught to industrial chemists. The concept of geometrical packing of surfactant molecules at an interface and the effect of the relative size of the head and tail has probably been the major advance in simplifying theory. This concept is now well recognised in the scientific literature but is not yet used widely by technologists using surfactants. I hope that this book will help in spreading the use of this simple concept."

This text provides a balanced introduction to the principles and techniques of heterogeneous catalysis. Beginning with the basic chemistry and physics of catalysis, the book goes on to pay particular attention to the contribution that surface science is making to our understanding of catalysis. It concludes with chapters devoted to carefully chosen examples of real catalytic systems, including catalytic action by enzymes and industrial processes based on solid catalysis. Looking to the future, the book introduces many novel types of catalysis. This book should be of interest to undergraduates and postgraduates in chemistry and related fields.

Turn to this new second edition for an understanding of the latest advances in the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. CVD technology has recently grown at a rapid rate, and the number and scope of its applications and their impact on the market have increased considerably. The market is now estimated to be at least double that of a mere seven years ago when the first edition of this book was published. This second edition is an update with a considerably expanded and revised scope.

Plasma CVD and metallic-organic CVD (MOCVD) are two major factors in this rapid growth. Readers will find the latest data on both processes in this volume. Likewise, the book explains the growing importance of CVD in production of semiconductor and related applications.

The new edition also chronicles the recent expansion of a number of materials produced by CVD, including copper, tungsten, diamond, silicon carbide and silicon nitride, titanium nitride, and others.

Key Features:

- Practical approach in the handbook stresses CVD use in industry, such as semiconductors, optoelectronics, optics, cutting tools, refractory fibers, filters, and man others

- Coverage of the chemistry and deposition techniques of new materials produced by CVD as been greatly expanded in the book

- Special focus on the rapid growth of two major CVD processes: plasma CVD and metallo-organic CVD

- Emphasizes the broad expansion of the use of CVD processes in today's industry, showing the reasons for the growth and the different appli-cations that have developed in the last few years

Phase transfer catalysis is a sophisticated chemical technique which can be used to perform a variety of chemical reactions under mild conditions and with improved control. Since the concept was developed, both the theoretical and practical synthetic applications have seen considerable development, to the point where the technique can be applied to many areas of chemistry. Thus, phase transfer methods are now utilized in many applications, from research chemistry to full-scale production, where the benefits of faster, cleaner and more selective reactions are required. In this new book, the editors have brought together a range of contributors, each of whom is working at the forefront of the technology, to provide a clear, concise and ahtoritative review of this important area of chemistry. Industrial and academic chemists working on the synthesis, scale-up, production or analysis of a wide range of chemical products will find this book an essential reference on phase transfer technology.

There is a need for materials of exceptional hardness in order to coat mechanical components. One way to do this is take advantage of the properties of nanostructured materials. This book delivers practical insights into a broad range of fields related to hard coatings, from their deposition and characterization up to the hardening and deformation mechanisms, allowing the interpretation of results. In addition to the above-mentioned hardness, this type of coating often must meet other stringent criteria for mechanical properties such as, excellent adhesion to the substrate and very high fracture toughness and other requirements. Their use in chemical aggressive environments at very high temperatures demand also very high oxidation/corrosion resistance and thermal stability. Thus, increasing concern is prevalent among researchers in this field concerning the development of coatings that could satisfy simultaneously all the necessary properties to guarantee successful implementation in real mechanical applications.

Finish Manufacturing Processes are those final stage processing techniques which are deployed to bring a product to readiness for marketing and putting in service. Over recent decades a number of finish manufacturing processes have been newly developed by researchers and technologists. Many of these developments have been reported and illustrated in existing literature in a piecemeal manner or in relation only to specific applications. For the first time, Comprehensive Materials Finishing, Three Volume Set integrates a wide body of this knowledge and understanding into a single, comprehensive work. Containing a mixture of review articles, case studies and research findings resulting from R & D activities in industrial and academic domains, this reference work focuses on how some finish manufacturing processes are advantageous for a broad range of technologies. These include applicability, energy and technological costs as well as practicability of implementation. The work covers a wide range of materials such as ferrous, non-ferrous and polymeric materials. There are three main distinct types of finishing processes: Surface Treatment by which the properties of the material are modified without generally changing the physical dimensions of the surface; Finish Machining Processes by which a small layer of material is removed from the surface by various machining processes to render improved surface characteristics; and Surface Coating Processes by which the surface properties are improved by adding fine layer(s) of materials with superior surface characteristics. Each of these primary finishing processes is presented in its own volume for ease of use, making Comprehensive Materials Finishing an essential reference source for researchers and professionals at all career stages in academia and industry.

Phenomena associated with the adhesion interaction of surfaces have been a critical aspect of micro- and nanosystem development and performance since the first MicroElectroMechanicalSystems(MEMS) were fabricated. These phenomena are ubiquitous in nature and are present in all systems, however MEMS devices are particularly sensitive to their effects owing to their small size and limited actuation force that can be generated. Extension of MEMS technology concepts to the nanoscale and development of NanoElectroMechanicalSystems(NEMS) will result in systems even more strongly influenced by surface forces. The book is divided into five parts as follows: Part 1: Understanding Through Continuum Theory; Part 2: Computer Simulation of Interfaces; Part 3: Adhesion and Friction Measurements; Part 4: Adhesion in Practical Applications; and Part 5: Adhesion Mitigation Strategies. This compilation constitutes the first book on this extremely important topic in the burgeoning field of MEMS/NEMS. It is obvious from the topics covered in this book that bountiful information is contained here covering understanding of surface forces and adhesion as well as novel ways to mitigate adhesion in MEMS/NEMS. This book should be of great interest to anyone engaged in the wonderful and fascinating field of MEMS/NEMS, as it captures the current R&D activity.

This book provides an interdisciplinary overview of a new and broad class of materials under the unifying name Nanostructured Soft Matter. It covers materials ranging from short amphiphilic molecules to block copolymers, proteins, colloids and their composites, microemulsions and bio-inspired systems such as vesicles.

Surfactants are vital components in biological systems, are key ingredients in many formulated products and play an important role in many industrial processes. The property which makes surfactants so useful is their ability to stabilize complex colloidal and interfacial systems. It is not surprising therefore that many new surfactant materials are developed, many of which have novel properties. However because their potential is not fully appreciated they remain underutilized by industry. The main purpose of this book is to illustrate the utility of a range of novel surfactants, in particular those which have been found useful in specific areas and which seem to offer promise across a wider range of applications. The contributors are drawn from industry and academic research and provide a comprehensive account of the preparation, properties and applications of these specialist surfactants. Research chemists in industry and academia will find this book a concise and authoritative account of this important group of surfactants.

Serving as an all-in-one guide to the entire field of coatings technology, this encyclopedic reference covers a diverse range of topics-including basic concepts, coating types, materials, processes, testing and applications-summarizing both the latest developments and standard coatings methods. Take advantage of the insights and experience of over 100 recognized experts in over 100 chapters to select and apply the best coatings for your own product needs. Emphasizing an interdisciplinary exchange of ideas and approaches, the Coatings Technology Handbook, Second Edition review the most recent testing methods, including infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis, weathering, and cure monitoring...extensively details a variety of contemporary processes such as flexography, electroless plating, flame surface treatment, embossing, and calendaring ...analyses current materials and surface coatings from resins and thermoplastic elastomers to peelable medical, radiation-cured, leather, and metal coatings...and much more.

An introduction to microbial spoilage. A review of chemical preservatives. The control of microbes through plant hygiene. Introduction to surfactants. Biodegradation of surfactants. Preservation of agrochemicals. Preservation of personal care products. Preservation of paint. Preservation of polymer emulsions. Preservation of adhesives. Preservation of inorganic systems. Preservation of metal working fluids. Toxicology of preservation. Safe handling of preservatives. North American preservative legislation. European preservative legislation. References. Index.

The spread of modern coating technology is impeded by the slow development of the special methods of evaluating their stucture and properties. Most publications consider only the technological aspects of the modern coating methods. This, combined with a lack of a well-grounded scientific analysis of the investigation results, not only thwarts the possibility for improving the coating modes, but also can compromise a clearly progressive technology. This book can be viewed as a scientific investigation combined with methodological studies. For practical reasons each of the methods is described in the following general manner including: the uses and the scientific investigation tasks; methods of sampling; testing equipment; test preparation; tests; data processing; controversial issues and conclusions. Each of the 37 methods contains a range of 1 to 8 variants. As far as we know, the book is the first publication in the field.

This book is a comprehensive overview of the major important areas of ceramic thin films and coatings. Twenty-one widely respected researchers survey the range of applications of ceramic films and coatings and the techniques used to prepare and characterize them. The book is directed toward potential users of the technology and will also provide a broad update for experts in the field. Ceramic films and coatings are active fields of research and widely used areas of technology. The relatively high hardness and inertness of ceramic materials make ceramic coatings of interest for protection of substrate materials against corrosion, oxidation and wear resistance. The electronic and optical properties of ceramics make these films and coatings important to many electronic and optical devices. The book presents a series of reviews of many of the most active and technically important areas of ceramic films and coatings. It is introduced by an overview of the uses and methods of preparation of ceramic films and coatings. Topics then surveyed include synthetic diamond thin films, high T(subscript c) superconducting films, sol-gel films, protective films for cutting tools, optical films, and electronic films. Also covered are recent advances in improving wear resistance by ion implantation, in providing corrosion resistance by enameling, and in providing thermal protection with plasma sprayed coatings. Major characterization techniques and their capabilities and limitations are also treated.

The analysis of surfactants presents many problems to the analyst. This book has been written by an experienced team of surfactant analysts, to give practical help in this difficult field. Readers will find the accessible text and clear description of methods, along with extensive references, an invaluable aid in their work.

Nanoscience and Nanotechnology are experiencing a rapid development in many aspects, like real-space atomic-scale imaging, atomic and molecular manipulation, nano-fabrication, etc. , which will have a profound impact not only in every field of research, but also on everyday life in the twenty-first century. The common efforts of researchers from different countries and fields of science can bring complementary expertise to solve the rising problems in order to take advantage of the nanoscale approaches in Materials Science. Nanostructured materials, i. e. materials made with atomic accuracy, show unique properties as a consequence of nanoscale size confinement, predominance of interfacial phenomena and quantum effects. Therefore, by reducing the dimensions of a structure to nanosize, many inconceivable properties will appear and may lead to different novel applications from na- electronics and nanophotonics to nanobiological systems and nanomedicine. All this requires the contribution of multidisciplinary teams of physicists, chemists, materials scientists, engineers and biologists to work together on the synthesis and processing of nanomaterials and nanostructures, und- standing the properties related to the nanoscale, the design of nano-devices as well as of new tools for the characterization of nano-structured materials. The first objective of the NATO ASI on Nanostructured Materials for Advanced Technological Applications was to assess the up-to-date achie- ments and future perspectives of application of novel nanostructured materials, focusing on the relationships material structure ? functional properties ? possible applications.

Emulsification of vegetable oil-based resins was a daunting task when the author began his research, but the subsequent technology spawned a generation of stable emulsions for waterborne coatings based on vegetable oil-based alkyd resins, oils and fatty acids. Autoxidative polymerization of emulsified alkyd resins is an innovative and original contribution to emulsion technology, because conventional emulsion-polymerization is not applicable to alkyd resins. Emulsified alkyd particles are polymerized while dispersed in stable aqueous media-an original and patented innovation. Smooth and fa- drying alkyd coatings are generated from non-polymerized emulsions and air-dried with conventional metal driers, and have met with marketing success. The pre-polymerization innovation for emulsified alkyd particles provides very fast air-drying coatings that have potential markets for interior architectural latex coatings and waterborne pressure-sensitive adhesives and inks. The author demonstrates his knowledge of chemical reaction kinetics by employing a combination of oxygen concentration, internal reactor pressure and other reactor variables to finely control the rate and degree of autoxidative polymerization. He meticulously calculates surfactant chemistry by measuring hydrophile-lipophile balance values, and solubility parameters to emulsify characterized resins. The relationship between hydrophi- lipophile values and solubility parameters is shown in explicit equations. Homogenization equipment used during the course of this research to generate emulsions is shown in detailed drawings together with concise particle size and distribution data. The author reports research spawned internationally by his research in the fields of alkyd-acrylic hybrids, polyester and oil-modified urethane resins.

The measurement and characterisation of surface topography is crucial to modern manufacturing industry. The control of areal surface structure allows a manufacturer to radically alter the functionality of a part. Examples include structuring to effect fluidics, optics, tribology, aerodynamics and biology. To control such manu-facturing methods requires measurement strategies. There is now a large range of new optical techniques on the market, or being developed in academia, that can measure areal surface topography. Each method has its strong points and limitations. The book starts with introductory chapters on optical instruments, their common language, generic features and limitations, and their calibration. Each type of modern optical instrument is described (in a common format) by an expert in the field. The book is intended for both industrial and academic scientists and engineers, and will be useful for undergraduate and postgraduate studies.

Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning, Vol. 1: Fundamentals and Applied Aspects, Second Edition, provides an excellent source of information on alternative cleaning techniques and methods for characterization of surface contamination and validation. Each volume in this series contains a particular topical focus, covering the key techniques and recent developments in the area. This volume forms the heart of the series, covering the fundamentals and application aspects, characterization of surface contaminants, and methods for removal of surface contamination. In addition, new cleaning techniques effective at smaller scales are considered and employed for removal where conventional cleaning techniques fail, along with new cleaning techniques for molecular contaminants. The Volume is edited by the leading experts in small particle surface contamination and cleaning, providing an invaluable reference for researchers and engineers in R&D, manufacturing, quality control, and procurement specification in a multitude of industries such as aerospace, automotive, biomedical, defense, energy, manufacturing, microelectronics, optics and xerography.

A general and introductory survey of foams, emulsions and cellular materials. Foams and emulsions are illustrations of some fundamental concepts in statistical thermodynamics, rheology, elasticity and the physics and chemistry of divided media and interfaces. They also give rise to some of the most beautiful geometrical shapes and tilings, ordered or disordered. The chapters are grouped into sections having fairly loose boundaries. Each chapter is intelligible alone, but cross referencing means that the few concepts that may not be familiar to the reader can be found in other chapters in the book. Audience: Research students, researchers and teachers in physics, physical chemistry, materials science, mechanical engineering and geometry.

Given the enormous interest in surface phenomena in areas ranging from materials science to applications in life science, this volume is a very timely addition to the literature. Emphasis is on surfactants mediating interfacial and molecular aggregation phenomena, and the following topics are reviewed in particular: dissolution rates, equilibrium adsorption, mixing rules, and spreading on a solid surface of surfactants, as well as the role of surfactants in mediating a range of processes, such as the fabrication of various nanomaterials. Written and edited by leading experts, this volume is dedicated to Professor Dinesh O. Shah, one of the pioneers in this field.

Explores the synthesis and application techniques of novel smart coatings to varied research areas Presents concise, critical and state of the art review of existing research on various types of smart coatings Ascertains the different mechanisms associated with the stimuli response of smart coatings Includes an exclusive chapter on real time applications in the biomedical field Covers self-healing, self-cleaning, pH balance, early corrosion detection and triggering mechanisms