A smart coating is defined as one that changes its properties in response to an environmental stimulus. The "Handbook of Smart Coatings for Materials Protection" reviews the new generation of smart coatings for corrosion and other types of material protection.

Part one explores the fundamentals of smart coatings for materials protection including types, materials, design, and processing. Chapters review corrosion processes and strategies for prevention; smart coatings for corrosion protection; techniques for synthesizing and applying smart coatings; multi-functional, self-healing coatings; and current and future trends of protective coatings for automotive, aerospace, and military applications. Chapters in part two focus on smart coatings with self-healing properties for corrosion protection, including self-healing anticorrosion coatings for structural and petrochemical engineering applications; smart self-healing coatings for corrosion protection of aluminum alloys, magnesium alloys and steel; smart nanocoatings for corrosion detection and control; and recent advances in polyaniline-based organic coatings for corrosion protection. Chapters in part three move on to highlight other types of smart coatings, including smart self-cleaning coatings for corrosion protection; smart polymer nanocomposite water- and oil-repellent coatings for aluminum; UV-curable organic polymer coatings for corrosion protection of steel; smart epoxy coatings for early detection of corrosion in steel and aluminum; and structural ceramics with self-healing properties.

"The Handbook of Smart Coatings for Materials Protection "is a valuable reference for those concerned with preventing corrosion, particularly of metals, professionals working within the surface coating industries, as well as all those with an academic research interest in the field.
Reviews the new generation of smart coatings for corrosion and other types of material protectionExplores the fundamentals of smart coatings for materials protection including types, materials, design, and processingIncludes a focus on smart coatings with self-healing properties for corrosion protection

Underground pipelines transporting liquid petroleum products and natural gas are critical components of civil infrastructure, making corrosion prevention an essential part of asset-protection strategy. "Underground Pipeline Corrosion" provides a basic understanding of the problems associated with corrosion detection and mitigation, and of the state of the art in corrosion prevention.

The topics covered in part one include: basic principles for corrosion in underground pipelines, AC-induced corrosion of underground pipelines, significance of corrosion in onshore oil and gas pipelines, numerical simulations for cathodic protection of pipelines, and use of corrosion inhibitors in managing corrosion in underground pipelines. The methods described in part two for detecting corrosion in underground pipelines include: magnetic flux leakage, close interval potential surveys (CIS/CIPS), Pearson surveys, in-line inspection, and use of both electrochemical and optical probes. While the emphasis is on pipelines transporting fossil fuels, the concepts apply as well to metallic pipes for delivery of water and other liquids.

"Underground Pipeline Corrosion" is a comprehensive resource for corrosion, materials, chemical, petroleum, and civil engineers constructing or managing both onshore and offshore pipeline assets; professionals in steel and coating companies; and academic researchers and professors with an interest in corrosion and pipeline engineering.
Reviews the causes and considers the detection and prevention of corrosion to underground pipesAddresses a lack of current, readily available information on the subjectCase studies demonstrate how corrosion is managed in the underground pipeline industry

This book presents the findings of experimental and theoretical (including first-principles molecular dynamics simulation) studies of nanostructured and nanocomposite metal-based materials, and nanoscale multilayer coatings fabricated by physical or chemical vapor deposition, magnetron sputtering, electrospark alloying, ionic layer absorption, contact melting, and high-current electron beam irradiation. It also discusses novel methods of nanocomposite formation, as well as the structure of the deposited films, coatings and other nanoscale materials, their elemental and phase composition, and their physical-mechanical, tribological, magnetic and electrical properties. Lastly, it explores the influence of a various surface modification methods, such as thermal annealing, pulsed laser modification, and thermomechanical and ultrasonic treatment, as well as different properties of nanostructured films.

Corrosion control in the aerospace industry has always been important, but is becoming more so with the ageing of the aircraft fleet. Corrosion control in the aerospace industry provides a comprehensive review of the subject with real-world perspectives and approaches to corrosion control and prevention.
Part one discusses the fundamentals of corrosion and the cost of corrosion with chapters on such topics as corrosion and the threat to aircraft structural integrity and the effect of corrosion on aluminium alloys. Part two then reviews corrosion monitoring, evaluation and prediction including non-destructive evaluation of corrosion, integrated health and corrosion monitoring systems, modelling of corrosion and fatigue on aircraft structures and corrosion control in space launch vehicles. Finally, Part three covers corrosion protection and prevention, including chapters which discuss coating removal techniques, novel corrosion schemes, greases and their role in corrosion control and business strategies in fleet maintenance.
With its distinguished editor and team of expert contributors, Corrosion control in the aerospace industry is a standard reference for everyone involved in the maintenance and daily operation of aircraft, as well as those concerned with aircraft safety, designers of aircraft, materials scientists and corrosion experts.
Discusses the fundamentals of corrosion and the cost of corrosion to the aerospace industryExamines the threat corrosion poses to aircraft structural integrity and the effect of corrosion on the mechanical behaviour of aircraftReviews methods for corrosion monitoring, evaluation and prediction examining both current practices and future trends

Optical coatings, i.e. multilayer stacks composed from a certain number of thin individual layers, are an essential part of any optical system necessary to tailor the properties of the optical surfaces. Hereby, the performance of any optical coating is defined by a well-balanced interplay between the properties of the individual coating materials and the geometrical parameters (such as film thickness) which define their arrangement. In all scientific books dealing with the performance of optical coatings, the main focus is on optimizing the geometrical coating parameters, particularly the number of individual layers and their thickness. At the same time, much less attention is paid to another degree of freedom in coating design, namely the possibility to tailor optical material properties to an optimum relevant for the required specification. This book, on the contrary, concentrates on the material aside of the problem. After a comprehensive review of the basics of thin film theory, traditional optical coating material properties and their relation to the efficiency of coating design methods, emphasis is placed on novel results concerning the application of material mixtures and nanostructured coatings in optical coating theory and practice, including porous layers, dielectric mixtures as well as metal island films for different applications.

ways in which the magnetic interaction between neutrons and magnetic moments can yield information on the magnetization densities of thin ?lms and multilayers. I commend the organizers for having organized a group of expert lecturers to present this subject in a detailed but clear fashion, as the importance of the subject deserves. Argonne, IL S. K. Sinha Contents 1 The Interaction of X-Rays (and Neutrons) with Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 F. de Bergevin 1. 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1. 2 Generalities and De?nitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1. 3 From the Scattering by an Object to the Propagation in a Medium . 14 1. 4 X-Rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 1. 5 X-Rays: Anisotropic Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 1. A Appendix: the Born Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 2 Statistical Aspects of Wave Scattering at Rough Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 A. Sentenac and J. Daillant 2. 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 2. 2 Description of Randomly Rough Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 2. 3 Description of a Surface Scattering Experiment, Coherence Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 2. 4 Statistical Formulation of the Diffraction Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 2. 5 Statistical Formulation of the Scattered Intensity Under the Born Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 3 Specular Re?ectivity from Smooth and Rough Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 A. Gibaud and G. Vignaud 3. 1 The Re?ected Intensity from an Ideally Flat Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 3. 2 X-Ray Re?ectivity in Strati?ed Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 3. 3 From Dynamical to Kinematical Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 3. 4 In?uence of the Roughness on the Matrix Coef?cients . . . . . . . . . . 111 3. A Appendix: The Treatment of Roughness in Specular Re?ectivity . . 113 3. B Appendix: Inversion of re?ectivity data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fourth volume of a 40volume series on nano science and nanotechnology, edited by the renowned scientist Challa S.S.R. Kumar. This handbook gives a comprehensive overview about Surface Science Tools for Nanomaterials Characterization. Modern applications and state-of-the-art techniques are covered and make this volume an essential reading for research scientists in academia and industry.

Size effect in structures has been taken into consideration over the last years. In comparison with coatings with micrometer-ranged thickness, nanostructured coatings usually enjoy better and appropriate properties, such as strength and resistance. These coatings enjoy unique magnetic properties and are used with the aim of producing surfaces resistant against erosion, lubricant system, cutting tools, manufacturing hardened sporadic alloys, being resistant against oxidation and corrosion.

This book reviews researches on fabrication and classification of nanostructured coatings with focus on size effect in nanometric scale. Size effect on electrochemical, mechanical and physical properties of nanocoatings are presented.

The diversity of subjects involved in marine corrosion and fouling processes are evident in the approaches and techniques described in this book. An improvized understanding of biologically influenced corrosion and fouling processes is essential to the development of better corrosion protection systems, and this book shows new perspectives in our appreciation of these subjects. Equally, powerful microscope imaging, surface spectroscopy and electrochemical techniques have become available and are providing new information on metal surfaces experiencing fouling or microbial corrosion. Examples include confocal laser microscopy, scanning probe microscopy, Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electrochemical microscopy and scanning (or vibrating) reference electrode techniques. Advances in knowledge of biocorrosion processes have enabled improvements in corrosion monitoring and protection strategies. Examples include metal or polymer coatings and the use of corrosion inhibitors and biocides. This book aims to provide a contribution to existing literature on biocorrosion in the marine environment.

It is now 10 years since the first edition of Engineering Coatings by Stan Grainger appeared. The success of that edition, and the developments in the area since its publication make this new edition a valuable addition
to the literature on the subject.
This new edition describes the many methods by which surface coatings or surface modification can be carried out to delay surface degradation and prolong the useful life of engineering components. Since surface technology has advanced in many areas, new techniques such as the newer thermal spray processes and laser surfacing are now covered and the book has been expanded to include more coverage on corrosion.
Major changes have also taken place in health and safety legislation, and the sections covering health and safety have been entirely revised as a result. Engineering Coatings with its breadth of coverage and sound basis in
industrial practice is an invaluable guide to methods which have the potential to save money in many industries concerned with wear, corrosion, welding and thermal spraying of engineering components.

MIC (microbiologically influenced corrosion) is the deterioration of metal by corrosion processes that occur either directly or indirectly as a result of the activity of living organisms. This handbook explains the interdisciplinary nature of MIC - the roles of microbiology, metallurgy and electro-chemistry are interrelated and complex. The text also looks at welding, heat treatment and other metallurgical and process variables relate to corrosion resistance, special emphasis being placed on MIC. Case histories are included and the means of detection, diagnosis and monitoring are discussed. Prevention, mitigation and replacement of MIC are also examined.

This volume entitled "Protective Coatings and Thin Films : Synthesis, Characterization and Applications" contains the Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) held in Alvor, Portugal from May 30 to June 5, 1996. This NATO-ARW was an expert meeting on the surface protection and modification of solid materials subjected to interactions with the environment. The meeting attracted 10 key speakers, 40 contributing speakers and 3 observers from various countries. The existing knowledge and current status of the science and technology related to protective coatings and thin films were assessed through a series of oral presentations, key notes (titles underlined in the volume content) and contributed papers distributed over various sessions dealing with: (a) plasma-assisted physical and chemical vapor deposition processes to enhance wear and corrosion protection of materials, (b) low friction coatings operating in hostile environment (vacuum, space, extreme temperatures, . . . ), (c) polymer films for protection against mechanical damage and chemical attack, (d) characterization of the structure of films and correlations with mechanical properties, (e) wear and corrosion resistant thermal spray coatings, (f) functional gradient ceramic/metallic coatings produced by high energy laser beam and energetic deposition processes for high temperature applications, (g) protective coatings for optical systems, and (h) ion beam assisted deposition of coatings for protection of materials against aqueous corrosion.

Interference coatings are an essential part of modern optics. This book is designed to give a concise but complete overview of the field, with contributions written by leading experts in the various areas. Topics include design, materials, film growth, deposition including large area, characterization and monitoring, and mechanical stress. The authors also describe applications in astronomy, microcomponents, DUV/VUV, EUV/X, ultrafast optics, displays, and ultrasensitive fluorescence. Furthermore, laser-resistant coatings and coatings for free-electron lasers and plastic optics are covered. The book concludes with chapters on photonic structures as interference devices and on the brilliant world of natural coatings.

There are relatively few texts currently available in the field of liquid atomization and these are mostly prepared from theoretical or experimental viewpoints and often with emphasis on fuel sprays for combustion purposes. This book provides a critical and extensive compilation of the wide range of manufacturing processes that involve the application of spray technology in industry. It covers design of atomizers as well as the performance of plant and their corresponding spray systems. The content of the book covers the needs of practising engineers from different disciplines, who may include project managers, and works, maintenance and design engineers. It addresses the lack of in-depth understanding, in the area of the application of spray in industry. Of interest to researchers is the field of liquid sprays, information on fundamental processes involved is discussed, including outlines of the contemporary and possible future research and challenges in the different fields of application.These are all dealt with within the following general framework:- sprays and their production;- sprays in industrial production processes;- processes involving vaporisation and cooling or cleaning of gases;- processes involving spray surface impact;- fuel sprays for fixed plant;- spraying of hot surfaces for steel making and other metals;- spraying of molten metals.Wherever possible guidance is given in respect to the analysis and interpretation of experimental data obtained using different measurement techniques in industrial spray processes.

This text provides a balanced introduction to the principles and techniques of heterogeneous catalysis. Beginning with the basic chemistry and physics of catalysis, the book goes on to pay particular attention to the contribution that surface science is making to our understanding of catalysis. It concludes with chapters devoted to carefully chosen examples of real catalytic systems, including catalytic action by enzymes and industrial processes based on solid catalysis. Looking to the future, the book introduces many novel types of catalysis. This book should be of interest to undergraduates and postgraduates in chemistry and related fields.

In preparing the second edition of this book, I have revised, updated and extended the original material, with particular attention to two areas of the book where there has been considerable publication of new material. The chapters on the use of surfactant theory and polymeric surfactants have been completely rewritten. Surfactant theory has seen considerable progress in the 1980s, but it is only in the last few years that it has been simplified such that it can be used in helping to formulate compositions containing surfactants in different applications. It must be admitted that even now most applications utilise empirical methods of formulation but the results in many cases can be better interpreted. Wetting and micro emulsions are now much better understood, but foams and defoamers still elude simplification. The use of theory in formulating compositions will probably very slowly be extended, but only if fairly simple rules, preferably non-mathematical, can be taught to industrial chemists. The concept of geometrical packing of surfactant molecules at an interface and the effect of the relative size of the head and tail has probably been the major advance in simplifying theory. This concept is now well recognised in the scientific literature but is not yet used widely by technologists using surfactants. I hope that this book will help in spreading the use of this simple concept."

Phase transfer catalysis is a sophisticated chemical technique which can be used to perform a variety of chemical reactions under mild conditions and with improved control. Since the concept was developed, both the theoretical and practical synthetic applications have seen considerable development, to the point where the technique can be applied to many areas of chemistry. Thus, phase transfer methods are now utilized in many applications, from research chemistry to full-scale production, where the benefits of faster, cleaner and more selective reactions are required. In this new book, the editors have brought together a range of contributors, each of whom is working at the forefront of the technology, to provide a clear, concise and ahtoritative review of this important area of chemistry. Industrial and academic chemists working on the synthesis, scale-up, production or analysis of a wide range of chemical products will find this book an essential reference on phase transfer technology.

There is a need for materials of exceptional hardness in order to coat mechanical components. One way to do this is take advantage of the properties of nanostructured materials. This book delivers practical insights into a broad range of fields related to hard coatings, from their deposition and characterization up to the hardening and deformation mechanisms, allowing the interpretation of results. In addition to the above-mentioned hardness, this type of coating often must meet other stringent criteria for mechanical properties such as, excellent adhesion to the substrate and very high fracture toughness and other requirements. Their use in chemical aggressive environments at very high temperatures demand also very high oxidation/corrosion resistance and thermal stability. Thus, increasing concern is prevalent among researchers in this field concerning the development of coatings that could satisfy simultaneously all the necessary properties to guarantee successful implementation in real mechanical applications.

Finish Manufacturing Processes are those final stage processing techniques which are deployed to bring a product to readiness for marketing and putting in service. Over recent decades a number of finish manufacturing processes have been newly developed by researchers and technologists. Many of these developments have been reported and illustrated in existing literature in a piecemeal manner or in relation only to specific applications. For the first time, Comprehensive Materials Finishing, Three Volume Set integrates a wide body of this knowledge and understanding into a single, comprehensive work. Containing a mixture of review articles, case studies and research findings resulting from R & D activities in industrial and academic domains, this reference work focuses on how some finish manufacturing processes are advantageous for a broad range of technologies. These include applicability, energy and technological costs as well as practicability of implementation. The work covers a wide range of materials such as ferrous, non-ferrous and polymeric materials. There are three main distinct types of finishing processes: Surface Treatment by which the properties of the material are modified without generally changing the physical dimensions of the surface; Finish Machining Processes by which a small layer of material is removed from the surface by various machining processes to render improved surface characteristics; and Surface Coating Processes by which the surface properties are improved by adding fine layer(s) of materials with superior surface characteristics. Each of these primary finishing processes is presented in its own volume for ease of use, making Comprehensive Materials Finishing an essential reference source for researchers and professionals at all career stages in academia and industry.

Phenomena associated with the adhesion interaction of surfaces have been a critical aspect of micro- and nanosystem development and performance since the first MicroElectroMechanicalSystems(MEMS) were fabricated. These phenomena are ubiquitous in nature and are present in all systems, however MEMS devices are particularly sensitive to their effects owing to their small size and limited actuation force that can be generated. Extension of MEMS technology concepts to the nanoscale and development of NanoElectroMechanicalSystems(NEMS) will result in systems even more strongly influenced by surface forces. The book is divided into five parts as follows: Part 1: Understanding Through Continuum Theory; Part 2: Computer Simulation of Interfaces; Part 3: Adhesion and Friction Measurements; Part 4: Adhesion in Practical Applications; and Part 5: Adhesion Mitigation Strategies. This compilation constitutes the first book on this extremely important topic in the burgeoning field of MEMS/NEMS. It is obvious from the topics covered in this book that bountiful information is contained here covering understanding of surface forces and adhesion as well as novel ways to mitigate adhesion in MEMS/NEMS. This book should be of great interest to anyone engaged in the wonderful and fascinating field of MEMS/NEMS, as it captures the current R&D activity.

This book provides an interdisciplinary overview of a new and broad class of materials under the unifying name Nanostructured Soft Matter. It covers materials ranging from short amphiphilic molecules to block copolymers, proteins, colloids and their composites, microemulsions and bio-inspired systems such as vesicles.

Surfactants are vital components in biological systems, are key ingredients in many formulated products and play an important role in many industrial processes. The property which makes surfactants so useful is their ability to stabilize complex colloidal and interfacial systems. It is not surprising therefore that many new surfactant materials are developed, many of which have novel properties. However because their potential is not fully appreciated they remain underutilized by industry. The main purpose of this book is to illustrate the utility of a range of novel surfactants, in particular those which have been found useful in specific areas and which seem to offer promise across a wider range of applications. The contributors are drawn from industry and academic research and provide a comprehensive account of the preparation, properties and applications of these specialist surfactants. Research chemists in industry and academia will find this book a concise and authoritative account of this important group of surfactants.