This timely book brings clarity to the debate on the new legal phenomenon of environmental border tax adjustments. It will help form a better understanding of the role and limits these taxes have on environmental policies in combating global environmental challenges, such as climate change. The book is structured around three main topics: the rationale, the tax design and the legal framework of environmental border tax adjustments. This three-fold analysis gives an overview of the legal issues that should be considered before the adoption of environmental border taxes, including carbon tax adjustments. Alice Pirlot's critical approach to the arguments surrounding traditional and environmental border tax adjustments allows for detailed legal analysis going beyond the question of their compatibility with WTO law, while also reviewing the economic argument. This book will prove to be essential reading for legal scholars and professionals alike, as well as benefitting environmental NGOs, stakeholders in energy-intensive industries and policymakers looking for in-depth insight into environmental border tax adjustments.

The property rights "movement," a coalition of mineral industry actors, anti-government propagandists, and local economic interests, is best viewed as a backlash aimed at regulations associated with environmental protection and public lands conservation policy. Using a combination of interviews and archival research, Olivetti and Worsham examine the interplay between attempts to set the property rights agenda in Congress, the Courts, and at the state level. They find that having failed to take control of the congressional agenda, the movement engages in a vertical shift, focusing its efforts on the states and through state level challenges, the federal courts.

The authors of this work are tax specialists representing both high-tax and low-tax jurisdictions. They address tax issues that impact business enterprises as well as individuals, presenting a sampling of issues, each addressed by a commentator whose practice deals directly with such matters on a regular basis. Countries covered are: Austria, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Italy, Liechtenstein, Spain, Switzerland, the Netherlands and the Netherlands Antilles, and the USA. The reader will find a range of useful information, not only on the complexity of international taxation, but also its potential for the resolution of conflicts and the mitigation of unfair tax burdens through amortization and international co-operation.

Prof. Dr. H. C. Klaus Vogel turned 70 in December 2000. For his students, colleagues and friends all around the world he has been not only a teacher and academic, but also a researcher and mentor, and this occasion provided the opportunity to honour him with a Festschrift. This celebratory volume, with contributions in German and in English, is published under the title Staaten und Steuern (States and Taxes) by C.F. Muller Verlag in Heidelberg. With the permission of the publisher, the present volume contains the English language contributions as a separate publication. The following articles are included.

This book opens up the secret world of tax havens and offshore finance centres (OFCs), a vast offshore business valued at over one trillion US dollars. It is a timely and original analysis of the role of OFCs in the emerging global economy. The book discusses who uses OFCs, how OFCs work and what drives their development. Extensive use of case study material from Jersey illustrates the growth of a successful OFC and its impact upon a small island.

Whether employers are self-administering their 403(b) plans, or are using a Third Party Administrator (TPA), the in depth information in this book will provide a guide to the regulations, and the tools needed to correctly operate the plan. Busy School Business Officials can use this guide with payroll or Human Resources personnel to train them in the proper day to day operation of the plan and avoid the pitfalls that would create plan violations. The material is invaluable in maintaining oversight of the TPA, and the providers of product and investments. SBOs using previous editions of the book have reported that its use has provided an "all in one" resource for a step by step program to a worry-free 403(b) plan that benefits both the employer and the employees in this time of concerns about basic pension and social security benefits." The 4th edition contains all available guidance at press time, including the IRS document approval program, and correction procedures for plan failures.

Debates about tax policy arise every year in Washington, and legislative changes occur almost as often. In just the past decade, corporate tax burdens were dramatically reduced and then subsequently increased. But who really bears the burden of taxation? Finding a satisfactory way to address this question remains one of the biggest challenges for economists. While much research has explored this issue using annual data on household incomes and expenditures, this book considers the multiple effects of taxes on individuals over their entire lifetimes.

Since annual incomes typically vary from year to year, and change systematically over the course of a lifetime, annual income is not necessarily a good indicator of a person's relative well-being. Instead, Dianne Rogers and Don Fullerton categorize individuals into lifetime income groups, and re-estimate the pattern of earnings over the lifetime of each group. They utilize a general equilibrium model that encompasses household demands, work effort, and savings, and they calculate the distribution of each current tax. Because their model includes all major U.S. federal, state, and local taxes, it can be used to simulate the effects of changes in any of those taxes on investment, productivity, resource allocation, and the distribution of burdens.

Don Fullerton is professor of economics at the University of Virginia and visiting professor of economics and public policy at Carnegie Mellon, School of Urban and Public Affairs. He served as Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Tax Analysis from 1985 to 1987. Diane Lim Rogers is assistant professor of economics at Pennsylvania State University.

The Nordic tax systems have recently undergone dramatic changes. Tax bases have been broadened, marginal tax rates have been cut, and the Nordic countries have abandoned the traditional income tax in favour of a 'dual' income tax combining progressive taxation of labour income with a low flat tax rate on capital income. Nordic governments have also experimented with new innovative methods of taxing business income. This book evaluates the Nordic tax reforms in the light of recent advances in the theory of taxation.

No government can be sustained without the ability to tax its citizens. The question then arises how can a nation do so in a way that's fair and equitable to taxpayers without distorting incentives or the allocation of resources, while simultaneously promoting economic growth and providing the state with the funds it requires to adequately address the needs of its citizens? This insightful work, featuring contributions from a stellar array of international tax experts and economists, addresses the crucial issues which developed countries will confront in the early decades of the twenty-first century: - The pursuit of tax reform. - Personal tax base: income or consumption? - Tax rate scale: equity and efficiency aspects. - Business tax reform: structural and design issues. - Interjurisdictional issues. - Controlling tax avoidance.

This guide contains a detailed description of the rules in force, referring to case law, prepatory texts, commentaries and memoranda. The book is based on the Community Customs Code, which contains 253 Articles, accompanied by an implementing code of more than 900 Articles, 100 Annexes, and a separate implementing Regulation on relief from import or export duties. It presents an integrated discussion of the Articles of the Code and the implementing provisions being discussed under the main Article of the Code to which they pertain.

This work is the result of a conference held in September 1996 in Germany in honour of Professor Hiroshi Kaneko, Emeritus Professor of Tokyo State University. Some 60 scholars and practitioners of international tax law from Japan and Germany convened to discuss questions of common interest. The first part of the book explores the methods of interpretation of tax statutes and treaties used in both countries, particularly in light of the totally different structure of the Japanese language as compared to European languages. Such differences may be of potentially significant importance to the interpretation of tax treaties, usually concluded in two authentic language versions which are equally binding. The papers in the second part present a detailed analysis of issues of international transfer pricing in Germany and in Japan, highlighting important differences as well as surprising similarities of the two legal systems. The collection of expert papers provides an important contribution to the literature in the field of international and comparative taxation. For the tax practitioner it should be useful reading when he or she is confronted with Japanese tax treaties, the interpretation of which is contested, or with transfer pricing problems in connection with Japan.

This book provides a comprehensive, step-by-step plan that simplifies the myriad complexities surrounding the formation and incorporation of branch offices and subsidiary companies within such havens as the Bahamas, Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, Greece, Hong Kong, Luxembourg, Malta, The Netherlands, Panama, Puerto Rico and Switzerland. In addition, it presents detailed information on each tax haven's economic, legal, political, cultural and geographical aspects, which must be considered if such an enterprise is to operate successfully.;In this compact and informative volume, Adam Starchild reveals the secrets of tax haven business planning for the corporate executive. He details the theory and practice of haven dealings and the incorporation of holding and operating companies. He spells out the advantages and disadvantages of the multitude of haven uses that are available to all companies having any international facets to their business - whether it be manufacturing, importing components, exporting, or services.

This volume provides a fascinating look at the anti-tax avoidance strategies employed by more than fifteen countries in eastern and western Europe, Canada, the Pacific Rim, Asia, Africa, and the United States. It surveys the similarities and differences in anti-avoidance regimes and contains detailed chapters for each country surveying the moral and legal dimensions of the problem. The proliferation of tax avoidance schemes in recent years signals the global dimensions of a problem presenting a serious challenge to the effective administration of tax laws. Tax avoidance involves unacceptable manipulation of the law to obtain a tax advantage. These transactions support wasteful behavior in which corporations enter into elaborate, circuitous arrangements solely to minimize tax liability. It frustrates the ability of governments to collect sufficient revenue to provide essential public goods and services. Avoidance of duly enacted provisions (or manipulation to secure tax benefits unintended by the legislature) poses a threat to the effective operation of a free society for the benefit of a small group of members who seek the privilege of shifting their tax burden onto others merely to compete in the world of commerce. In a world in which world treasuries struggle for the resources to battle terrorist threats and to secure a decent standard of living for constituents tax avoidance can bring economies close to the edge of sustainability. As tax avoidance is one of the top concerns of most nations, the importance of this work cannot be overstated.

Critically assessing recent developments in environmental and tax legislation, and in particular low-carbon strategies, this timely book analyses the implementation of market-based instruments for achieving climate stabilisation objectives around the world. Through case studies and broader analysis, international experts examine taxes and subsidies in energy intensive sectors including stationary energy and transport in Europe and South America, and low-carbon strategies in Australia and East Asia. They also address cross-cutting policy issues involving water pollution and biodiversity protection. This work illustrates how economic instruments for a low-carbon transition need to align with other governmental policies and together influence behaviour in multiple domains such as energy, mobility, trade, land use and innovation. Providing a rich economic modelling of environmental fiscal policies, this topical book will be an engaging read for environmental tax scholars and professionals, as well as academics across energy and environmental economics, law and policy. Policy makers and practitioners in energy and climate policy will also benefit from its problem-solving approach. Contributors include: M.S. Andersen, E. Aydos, E. Belletti, M. Bisogno, C. Camara Barroso, Q. Changbo, G. Chazhong, J. Dellatte, B. Fenfen, L. Feng, S. Geringer, E. Guglyuvatyy, T. Iliopoulos, T. Kawakatsu, D. Kortschak, K. Kratena, V. Kulmer, A. Lerch, I. Meyer, M. Molinos-Senante, M. Pizzol, S. Rudolph, K. Schlegelmilch, S. Seebauer, M. Sommer, C. Sotiriou, N.P. Stoianoff, H. Thodsen, A. Tomo, J. Tumpel, M. Villar Ezcurra, Z. Zachariadis, J.M.M. Zanocchi

This reference work presents a detailed and comprehensive study of the improper use of tax treaties. The author provides a brief overview of both the occurrence and avoidance of double taxation and analyzes the history, purpose and structure of tax treaties, with particular attention to the relation between the treaty subject and treaty object, and the concept of beneficial ownership. The concept of the improper use of tax treaties is explored, specifically in the context of the abuse of rights doctrine, the purpose of tax treaties, and the expectations and policy objectives of contracting states. Finally, the book deals with the phenomenon of treaty shopping, other perceived improper uses of tax treaties, and the efforts to combat this. The latter are categorized in interpretation and application of substance over form principles, and domestic legislation and treaty provisions, in particular limitation on benefit provisions.

Applications in information technology have come to the fore as the major strategies used by both tax agencies and businesses to meet the challenges brought on by the increasing speed, complexity, and global scope of economic transactions. With these applications countries can administer existing taxes better, and also change both the administration and the structure of taxes to better achieve developmental objectives. Techniques for developing tax forecasting and tax simulation models are now sufficiently advanced that even unsophisticated tax departments can use such models to offer new services, enforce compliance, and identify tax evasion schemes.

There is an immense tax treaty network between European Union Member States and third countries. These tax treaties are bilateral conventions, governed by international law. At the same time, these agreements are part of the internal law of the various Member States. European Community (EC) law has supremacy over domestic law and, therefore, over tax treaties as well. Consequently tax treaties must conform with EC law.This book examines the areas of tension between EC law and tax treaty law. Since most rules of primary and secondary law are directly applicable, they can substantially impact the implementation of tax treaty provisions and consequently result in serious practical ramifications. As part of its analysis this work devotes particular attention to the growing number of decisions of the European Court of Justice concerning fundamental freedoms and direct taxation. Thus, this book provides an up-to-date and comprehensive analysis of the interaction of national tax law, double tax treaties, and the EC Treaty.

For undergraduate and graduate courses in Taxation, and for professional use. Get clarity on UK taxation rules and policies in this up-to-date guide for year 2020 Taxation, 26th Edition, by Alan Melville, updated with 2020's Finance Act, is the definitive, market-leading text on UK taxation and is known for its up-to-date coverage of the changes introduced by the annual Budget. Featuring clean, well-structured prose and a wealth of immensely practical examples, this comprehensive guide serves as both a core textbook if you are studying taxation for the first time and a reference text that clearly explains the UK tax system and taxation regulations. Additionally, a free to access Companion Website features opportunities for extra practice, plus chapter appendices and a range of useful links to explore taxation rules and the tax system further. Pearson, the world's learning company.

In the field of international tax law, only a handful of scholars have had what it takes to actually affect policy. In recent decades, Sven-Olof Lodin is clearly among that distinct group. The influence of his work in the academic and business worlds has echoed far beyond his native Sweden (where he is honoured as one of the principal architects of the major tax reform of 1990) to the global context, where his great contribution has been signally recognized by his election in 1998 as the first Nordic president of the International Fiscal Association. He was a founding member of the Nordic Tax Research Council, which has done so much to ensure co-operation in tax matters between the Nordic countries. As a delegate of the Federation of Swedish Industries, he has participated in working groups at the European level and presented models of corporate taxation that are visible in EU tax policy. His colleagues and friends respect him not only for his achievements but also for the strong of justice that characterizes his radical proposals for reorientation of the tax system. In this festschrift, 25 tax law scholars from all over the world confront some of the problems that have preoccupied Lodin - cross-border income flows, tax treaties versus national codes, EC law versus national law, VAT, e-commerce income, and much more.

The U.S. Constitution contains several limitations on the national taxing power. These limitations are almost always ignored due to the assumption that Congress is unconstrained in imposing taxes. The Taxing Power proves that assumption faulty by illustrating the importance of such limitations as the uniformity rule, the direct-tax apportionment rule, and the Export Clause. By looking at the historical origins of these limitations, Jensen argues that they are essential parts of the Constitution and should be taken seriously, as the founders intended. This full-scale treatment of the subject is a timely reminder that the national taxing power is not absolute. In the last decade the Supreme Court has begun to see the Export Clause as an important factor in taxation. This has opened the door for other limitations to be considered, making this work of utmost importance in the study of taxation.