This book contains the papers from the 2010 Tax Law History Conference held at Lucy Cavendish College (Cambridge). The papers reflect a wide range of topics, including: problems in defining and taxing companies from 1799 to 1965 * the Window tax from a public health perspective * the development of the tax profession * Montesquieu and ERA Seligman * taxing charities in Australia * The Charitable Purposes Exemption from Income Tax: Pitt to Pemsel 1798-1891 * Australian perspectives on avoiding evasion * the history of the international taxation of income from enterprise services * the negotiation and drafting of the 1967 United Kingdom Australia Taxation Treaty * Art 7(3) of the OECD Model Treaty. The book will be of interest to students, scholars, and practitioners who are interested in tax law and tax history. (Series: Studies in the History of Tax Law - Vol. 5)

How the "First State" has enabled international crime, sheltered tax dodgers, and diverted hard-earned dollars from the rest of us The legal home to over a million companies, Delaware has more registered businesses than residents. Why do virtually all of the biggest corporations in the United States register there? Why do so many small companies choose to set up in Delaware rather than their home states? Why do wealthy individuals form multiple layers of private companies in the state? This book reveals how a systematic enterprise lies behind the business-friendly corporate veneer, one that has kept the state afloat financially by diverting public funds away from some of the poorest people in the United States and supporting dictators and criminals across the world. Hal Weitzman shows how the de facto capital of corporate America has provided safe haven to money launderers, kleptocratic foreign rulers, and human traffickers, and facilitated tax dodging and money laundering by multinational companies and international gangsters. Revenues from Delaware's business-formation industry, known as the Franchise, account for two-fifths of the state's budget and have helped to keep the tax burden on its residents among the lowest in the United States. Delaware derives enormous political clout from the Franchise, effectively writing the corporate code for the entire country-and because of its outsized influence on corporate America, the second smallest state in the United States also writes the rules for much of the world. What's the Matter with Delaware? shows how, in Joe Biden's home state, the corporate laws get written behind closed doors, enabling the rich and powerful to do business in the shadows.

The U.S. Constitution contains several limitations on the national taxing power. These limitations are almost always ignored due to the assumption that Congress is unconstrained in imposing taxes. The Taxing Power proves that assumption faulty by illustrating the importance of such limitations as the uniformity rule, the direct-tax apportionment rule, and the Export Clause. By looking at the historical origins of these limitations, Jensen argues that they are essential parts of the Constitution and should be taken seriously, as the founders intended. This full-scale treatment of the subject is a timely reminder that the national taxing power is not absolute. In the last decade the Supreme Court has begun to see the Export Clause as an important factor in taxation. This has opened the door for other limitations to be considered, making this work of utmost importance in the study of taxation.

An authoritative but accessible reference, this book enables anyone to truly understand both the background and operation of the U.S. tax system and current tax reform proposals. Dissatisfaction with high taxes is literally an American tradition; indeed, the American Revolution that led to the founding of the United States started as a tax revolt. Today, widespread displeasure with our tax system continues, as demonstrated by the strong anti-tax position of the recent Tea Party movement. Tax Reform: A Reference Handbook, Second Edition introduces lay readers to taxes in general, the U.S. tax system in particular, and the issues involved in reforming the system. Details regarding past tax reform measures are provided to lend relevance and perspective to recent tax reform proposals, such as replacing the income tax (and the IRS) with a federal sales tax. The author stresses political rather than technical issues, and presents all viewpoints on this hotly debated topic fairly. Includes government source documents discussing tax reform proposals Provides an insightful historical overview of tax revolts and tax reform proposals A bibliography provides numerous references to text, web-based, and other types of sources A glossary explains technical terms in easy-to-understand language

This is the story of how a small island on the edge of Europe became one of the world's major tax havens. From global corporations such as Apple and Google, to investment bankers and mainstream politicians, those taking advantage of Ireland's pro-business tax laws and shadow banking system have amassed untold riches at enormous social cost to ordinary people at home and abroad. Tax Haven Ireland uncovers the central players in this process and exposes the coverups employed by the Irish state, with the help of accountants, lawyers and financial services companies. From the lucrative internet porn industry to corruption in the property market, this issue distorts the economy across the state and in the wider international system, and its history runs deep, going back the country's origins as a British colonial outpost. Today, in the wake of Brexit and in the shadow of yet another economic crash, what can be done to prevent such dangerous behaviour and reorganise our economies to invest in the people? Can Ireland - and all of us - build an alternative economy based on fairness and democratic values?

This collection of essays on green fiscal reform offers very rewarding readings for those who wish to improve their understanding of the intricacies of trade globalization, climate change and pricing mechanisms for the environment. The contributing authors are truly global in their coverage, reporting on findings and reflections from around the world. Highly commendable are the insights on carbon pricing in China and the country's rare earth dispute in WTO.' - Mikael Skou Andersen, Aarhus University, Denmark'This volume of the Critical Issues in Environmental Taxation series includes a remarkable collection of papers written by scholars from different academic backgrounds, discussing theoretical and practical aspects of environmental taxes and other economic instruments, such as emission trading schemes. The book is very relevant as it provides a fascinating overview of their world-wide application and is a highly valuable contribution to the existing literature, revealing that environmental taxes continue to be applied during times of financial and economic crisis.' - Stefan Ulrich Speck, European Environment Agency 'Environmental Taxation and Green Fiscal Reform contains a rich selection of chapters that discuss different economic instruments used for environmental policy in a broad range of countries. The topics range from theoretical discussions of the definitions of such instruments to ex post assessments of their implementation. The book is an important source of information and is likely to trigger interesting debates.' - Nils Axel Braathen, OECD s Environment Directorate Against a backdrop of intense political interest it is more important than ever to explore the role of fiscal policy in achieving environmental sustainability. Environmental Taxation and Green Fiscal Reform skillfully explores the various ranges of environmental and energy policies needed for an environmentally sustainable future. The book combines perspectives from leading environmental taxation scholars on both the theory and impact of different policies. It covers topics such as theoretical assumptions of environmental taxes; the relationship between environmental taxes and trade; permit trading and price stability, as well as waste management and the political economy. With its global coverage, this topical book will appeal to policy makers in government as well as academics in environmental law programs, environmental economics programs and environmental sustainability programs. Contributors: A.A. Alvaro, C. Brandimarte, B. Butcher, J. Cottrell, Y. He, S.-A. Joseph, T. Kawakatsu, C. Kettner, S. Kitagawa, D. Kletzan-Slamanig, A. Koeppl, A. Lerch, X. Liu, J.E. Milne, M. Moinuddin, P. Pearce, A. Pirlot, S. Rudolph, T. Sasao, R.V. Shah, S. Suk, S.L. Tan, D.J. Thampapillai, M. Villar Ezcurra, S.E. Weishaar, T. Yano, Y. Zhao, X. Zhou,

This book brings together a landmark collection of essays on tax law and policy to celebrate the legacy of Professor Judith Freedman. It focuses on the four areas of taxation scholarship to which she made her most notable contributions: taxation of SMEs and individuals, tax avoidance, tax administration, and taxpayers' rights and procedures. Professor Freedman has been a major driving force behind the development of tax law and policy scholarship, not only in the UK, but worldwide. The strength and diversity of the contributors to this book highlight the breadth of Professor Freedman's impact within tax scholarship. The list encompasses some of the most renowned taxation experts worldwide; they include lawyers, economists, academics and practitioners, from Britain, Canada, Portugal, Australia, Germany, Italy, Malta, Ireland, and Ukraine.

Foundations for the LPC covers the compulsory foundation areas of the Legal Practice Course as set out in the LPC outcomes: professional conduct, tax and revenue law, and wills and administration of estates. The book also discusses human rights law, a topic taught pervasively across the LPC course. Using worked examples and scenarios throughout to illustrate key points, this guide is essential reading for all students and a useful reference source for practitioners. To aid understanding and test comprehension of the core material, checkpoints and summaries feature in every chapter. Digital formats and resources This edition is available for students and institutions to purchase in a variety of formats, and is supported by online resources. - Access to a digital version of this book comes with every purchase to enable a more flexible learning experience-12 months' access to this title on Oxford Learning Link will be available from 15 July 2022. Access must be redeemed by 1 August 2024. - The online resources include useful web links, forms, and diagrams.

Provides an overview of state and local taxation, the current and future outlook across the nation, the role of taxes in economic development, and tax administration. Analyzes and compares all types of state and local taxes-income (individual and corporate) sales (retail and wholesale taxes on food, medicine, gas, and electricity), excise and consumption (on motor fuel, tobacco, and alcoholic beverages and on food, lodging, amusements, parimutuels, and lotteries), property (on different types of property), and severance taxes (on timber and minerals). Examines the philosophy behind the different taxes, recent trends, and current and future policy options. Appendices describing policy analysis and evaluation and listing key sources of information about state and local taxes, many statistical exhibits, and selective bibliography further enhance this reference for undergraduate and graduate students, the general public, and for public administrators, economists, and political scientists.

Bringing a unique voice to international taxation, this book argues against the conventional support of multilateral co-operation in favour of structured competition as a way to promote both justice and efficiency in international tax policy. Tsilly Dagan analyzes international taxation as a decentralized market, where governments have increasingly become strategic actors. While many of the challenges of the current international tax regime derive from this decentralized competitive structure, Dagan argues that curtailing competition through centralization is not necessarily the answer. Conversely, competition - if properly calibrated and notwithstanding its dubious reputation - is conducive, rather than detrimental, to both efficiency and global justice. International Tax Policy begins with the basic normative goals of income taxation, explaining how competition transforms them and analyzing the strategic game states play on the bilateral and multilateral level. It then considers the costs and benefits of co-operation and competition in terms of efficiency and justice.

The study conducted by the Centre of European Economic Research (ZEW), the University of Mannheim and Ernst & Young contributes to the ongoing evaluation of the proposal for a Draft Council Directive on a Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CC(C)TB) released by the European Commission on March 16, 2011. For the first time, details on the determination of taxable income under the proposed Council Directive are compared to prevailing corporate tax accounting regulations in all 27 Member States, Switzerland and the US. The study presents evidence on the scope of differences and similarities between national tax accounting regulations and the Directive's treatment in a complete, yet concise form. Based on this comprehensive comparison, it goes on to discuss remaining open questions and adjustments needed if the Directive is to be implemented in national tax law. Readers seeking a basis for taking an active part in the public debate will find a valuable source of information and a first impression of how the proposed CC(C)TB would affect corporate tax burdens in the European Union.

Stay up to date on the most recent regulatory, legislative, and case law developments in the area of private foundations The Tax Law of Private Foundations: 2020 Cumulative Supplement, 5th Edition delivers regulatory, legislative, and common law updates from 2020 to executives and supporting professionals seeking to navigate the complex web of federal tax law governing the administration and use of private foundations. In the Supplement, readers will find guidance on the most recent iterations of relevant laws, commentary on the most recent cases, and practice advice respecting the most recent regulations in the field of private foundations. This edition of the Supplement is especially crucial given recent amendments and changes to critical legislation.

What works best for clients? Learn the pros and cons of the LLC, general partnership, limited partnership, and limited liability partnership by focusing on planning and potential tax traps. This title offers a review of distinct advantages of these entities coupled with an examination of the risk members and partners face if they do not have a solid tax plan to minimize their exposure. In addition, the authors explore some of the more intricate rules and regulations of these entities so you can move your working knowledge of partnership and LLC taxation beyond the basics. This book prepares the reader to do the following: Analyze a partnership or LLC agreement to determine whether any special allocations in the agreement will be allowed under Code Section 704(b) Identify the potential economic consequences of special allocations to a partner or LLC member Identify the potential tax consequences when a partner or LLC member has a negative balance in his or her capital account Recognize the relationship between partnership and LLC allocations of profit and loss and the allocation of the risks and rewards of entity operations Distinguish between the requirements for substantiality and those for economic effect under the regulations Distinguish between "book" allocations required under Section 704(b) and "tax" allocations required under Section 704(c) Recognize the three methods described in the Section 704(c) regulations to make special allocations with respect to contributed property Determine when a non-contributing partner or LLC member will or will not be protected by required allocations under Section 704(c) Calculate the gain that can result from reallocation of liabilities when a partner joins a partnership Calculate a partner's or member's share of recourse liabilities of a partnership or LLC Distinguish between recourse and nonrecourse liabilities of a partnership or LLC Analyze the impact of a partner or LLC member's guarantee of a recourse or nonrecourse liability of the entity Recognize when to treat a liability as a recognized versus contingent liability and understand how to account for partnership or LLC contingent liabilities Calculate the basis of each property received by a partner receiving multiple properties in a liquidating vs. non-liquidating distribution from a partnership or LLC Recognize which properties will receive a step-up or step-down in basis when multiple properties are received from a partnership or LLC Allocate basis increases or decreases among multiple properties for federal income tax purposes Determine when an Internal Revenue code (IRC) Section 754 election will allow a partnership or LLC to adjust its basis in its assets Allocate required basis adjustments among partnership or LLC assets Determine the tax consequences associated with the sale of a partner's or member's interest in a partnership or LLC Recognize how using the installment method to account for the sale of a partnership interest will affect how the partner will report his or her gain on the sale Recognize when the sale of an interest in a partnership will trigger a technical termination of the partnership Determine the tax basis and holding period of assets owned by the partnership following a technical termination Determine the tax consequences associated with subsequent dispositions of built-in gain or loss assets following a technical termination

Charting tax changes post-Finance Act, known and respected for its accuracy, this title contains all the data you need. This edition includes provisions from Finance Act 2022 and updated retail price indices, together with any other information not available for inclusion in the Budget edition. The depth of data and breadth of coverage enables you to make fast, effective calculations. Clear and concise summaries of tax changes are presented in tabular form under distinctive headings. Whillans's Tax Tables provides accurate tables of all the new and revised tax rates and allowances and is published twice a year, in May and August. Known and respected for their accuracy, Whillans's Tax Tables contain all the data you need in practice. With the latest tax rates, allowances and reliefs, Whillans's enables you to quickly make calculations with accurate data. The easy-to-use layout and concise expert commentary by our technical team ensure you have exactly the right level of information on your desktop. The August edition covers Finance Act 2022.

The integrity of tax systems as we know them are being challenged throughout the world. Tax avoidance schemes of various kinds are proving increasingly attractive and lucrative to wealthy individuals and large corporations. As governments fear the erosion of their tax base among those who are most able to contribute, the public is looking on, as one of its most public institutions attempts to re-invent itself through changing laws and administrative procedures. In this book, a number of experts develop the idea of responsive regulation in relation to taxation. They demonstrate how law in this area is undermining social norms and social norms are undermining law. A key factor in their analysis is the perception of justice. Explanations as to why the integrity of tax systems is under siege, and possible solutions, are examined.

Whether employers are self-administering their 403(b) plans, or are using a Third Party Administrator (TPA), the in depth information in this book will provide a guide to the regulations, and the tools needed to correctly operate the plan. Busy School Business Officials can use this guide with payroll or Human Resources personnel to train them in the proper day to day operation of the plan and avoid the pitfalls that would create plan violations. The material is invaluable in maintaining oversight of the TPA, and the providers of product and investments. SBOs using previous editions of the book have reported that its use has provided an "all in one" resource for a step by step program to a worry-free 403(b) plan that benefits both the employer and the employees in this time of concerns about basic pension and social security benefits." The 4th edition contains all available guidance at press time, including the IRS document approval program, and correction procedures for plan failures.

This book provides theoretical perspectives on systemic discrimination in employment and an overview of policy and institutional responses in eight countries, focusing on affirmative action and employment equity policies. As a unique international comparative survey and assessment of affirmative action and employment equity policies, this is a sourcebook for researchers, practitioners and students in the fields of public policy, employment law, sociology, industrial relations and human rights.

The introduction of self-assessment for income tax collection in the late 1990s marked a striking moment of cultural convergence between the UK and the US. This book analyses the socio-political factors leading to and resulting from this fundamental change in the relationship between taxpayers and the Inland Revenue, using perspectives in comparative law and the new outlooks of modern tax and cultural theory. It will be of interest to those studying theories of compliance, cultural legal studies, and law and society.

This book explores the taxation and exemption of churches and other religious institutions, both empirically and normatively. This exploration reveals that churches and other religious institutions are treated diversely by the federal and state tax systems. Sectarian institutions pay more tax than many believe. In important respects, the states differ among themselves in their respective approaches to the taxation of sectarian entities. Either taxing or exempting churches and other sectarian entities entangles church and state. The taxes to which churches are more frequently subject - federal Social Security and Medicare taxes, sales taxes, real estate conveyance taxes - fall on the less entangling end of the spectrum. The taxes from which religious institutions are exempt - general income taxes, value-based property taxes, unemployment taxes - are typically taxes with the greatest potential for church-state enforcement entanglement. It is unpersuasive to reflexively denounce the tax exemption of religious actors and institutions as a subsidy. Tax exemption can implement the secular, non-subsidizing goal of minimizing church-state enforcement entanglement and thus be regarded as part of a normative tax base. Taxing the church or exempting the church involves often difficult trade-offs among competing and legitimate values. On balance, our federal system of decentralized legislation reasonably make these legal and tax policy trade-offs, though there is room for improvement in particular settings such as the protection of internal church communications and the expansion of the churches' sales tax liabilities.