Scholarly research on taxation is increasingly preoccupied with its global implications. This volume collects the most important and influential recent research on international aspects of taxation. The book offers empirical estimates of the effects of taxation on foreign direct investment, international borrowing, and other forms of tax avoidance. It further focuses on classic studies of tax competition and the latest research on the characteristics of desirable tax policies in open economies. This authoritative collection of articles offers a comprehensive survey of international tax issues, one that is accessible to newcomers to the field but is also of considerable value to seasoned tax professionals.

This volume presents a new approach to today's tax controversies, reflecting that debates about taxation often turn on the differing worldviews of the debate participants. For instance, a central tension in academic tax literature - which is filtering into everyday discussions of tax law - exists between 'mainstream' and 'critical' tax theorists. This tension results from a clash of perspectives: Is taxation primarily a matter of social science or of social justice? Should tax policy debates be grounded in economics or in critical race, feminist, queer, and other outsider perspectives? To capture and interrogate what often seems like a chasm between the different sides of tax debates, this collection comprises a series of pairs of essays. Each pair approaches a single area of controversy from two different perspectives - with one essay usually taking a 'mainstream' perspective and the other a 'critical' perspective. In writing their contributions, the authors read and incorporated reactions to each other's essays and paid specific attention to the influence of perspective on both the area of controversy and their contribution to the debate. With contributions from leading mainstream and critical tax scholars, this volume takes the first step toward bridging the gap between these differing perspectives on tax law and policy.

These are the papers from the 8th Cambridge Tax Law History Conference held in July 2016. In the usual manner, these papers have been selected from an oversupply of proposals for their interest and relevance, and scrutinised and edited to the highest standard for inclusion in this prestigious series. The papers fall within five basic themes: Two papers focus on tax theory; one on John Locke and another on the impact of English tax literature in the Netherlands in the nineteenth century. Five deal with the history of UK specific interpretational issues in varying contexts - an ancient exemption, insurance companies, special contribution, the profits tax GAAR and capital gains tax. Two more papers consider aspects of HMRC operations. Another three focus on facets of international taxation, including treaties between the UK and European countries, treaties between the UK and developing countries and the UN model tax treaties of 1928. The book also incorporates a range of interesting topics from other countries, including the introduction of income tax in Ireland and in Chile, post-war income taxation in Australia, early interpretation of 'income' in New Zealand and a discussion of some early indirect taxes in India and China.

This book on the history of tax law presents the papers delivered at the third Tax Law History Conference in 2006, organized by the Centre for Tax Law in the Law Faculty at Cambridge University. The papers deal with a range of topics, and though the breadth of topics is broad, it is not devoid of pattern. The majority of the papers deal with themes connected with continental Europe, law and empire, international law, and the problems of progression and the tax system. As a whole, the papers by leading tax scholars from all over the world once again illustrate a wide variety and depth of learning on tax history, and highlight the important issues waiting to be investigated in this rapidly growing field of scholarship.

Invaluable guidance on the most important legal issues facing nonprofits today Internet communication is the lifeblood of countless nonprofit organizations, yet there exists no specific law to provide for its regulation. Without solid legal guidance, nonprofits risk not only missing out on the unlimited opportunities that the Internet has to offer, but also jeopardizing their tax-exempt status. The Nonprofits' Guide to Internet Communications Law analyzes and explains the laws applicable to Internet communications by nonprofit organizations. Nonprofit law expert Bruce Hopkins writes that with Congress and government agencies reluctant to create new law, it will ultimately be up to the courts to determine the future of Internet law affecting nonprofit organizations. Extrapolating from the underlying principles of existing law, Hopkins addresses the legal ramifications of Internet business activities, charitable-giving administration, fundraising programs, lobbying, political campaign activities, and more. The Nonprofits' Guide to Internet Communications Law proves an unparalleled resource for this emerging field.

This study of taxation in Latin America takes a novel approach to the subject, using a framework that posits three dimensions for studying taxes-historical, relational, and transnational. The book argues that: first, taxation should be understood as a relational concept and tax systems as a function of a strategic nexus between the state and society; second, that any analysis of tax systems across Latin America needs to take historical legacies of national tax systems into account; and finally, that transnational phenomena have significant implications for tax regime dynamics in Latin America. The essays included provide diverse and representative insights for a new understanding of taxation in Latin America and highlight the bottlenecks to the development of sustainable tax systems in the region, exploring new links between academic research and policy-making.

This book provides a comprehensive analysis of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development's (OECD) war on offshore tax evasion. The authors explain the new emerging regulatory regimes on the global exchange of information to combat offshore tax evasion and analyse why Automatic Exchange of Information (AEOI) is not a "magic bullet" solution. Chapters include coverage of the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA), AEOI and the Common Reporting Standards (CRS), and the unprecedented extra-territorial enforcement by the United States of its tax and reporting laws, including the FBAR provisions of the Bank Secrecy Act. These new legal regimes directly impact nearly all financial institutions and financial service providers in the U.S., U.K., EU, Canada, and each of the 132 member jurisdictions of the OECD's Global Forum, as well as 8 million U.S. expats. In light of The Panama Papers, this book offers a timely and valuable contribution on the prevalence and costs of international tax evasion for the global financial community, policy-makers, and practitioners alike.

This book provides a comprehensive and systematic overview of the main topics of taxation in European law. The sequence of arguments follows an institutional logic, respecting the academic tradition of tax law. It first outlines the general framework of EU institutions, with a particular focus on the set of regulations regarding taxation with reference to the stage of formation of EU rules and the potential contrast with national legal systems. It then explores the general principles emerging from the European treaties that typically involve the taxation system, and examines in detail the fiscal importance of European freedoms, the principle of tax non-discrimination, the balance between national interest and EU values, tax harmonization, state aids and other general principles applicable in tax jurisdiction. Lastly, it offers an overall assessment of the development of the European integration process, with particular regard to the nexus between taxation power and sovereignty, in order to highlight the possible and desirable next stages of the evolution of "European tax law".

Historic preservation is an issue of growing importance and public commitment. Federal and state mechanisms have been established to identify and support historic buildings/sites, while local governments have been active in supporting and protecting historic resources. Communities across the country have established designation programs whereby individual buildings or districts of historical-architectural significance are accorded landmark status.

Designation activity has been accompanied by growing interest in other local incentives/disincentives to the support of historic buildings. In this regard, the property tax is viewed as either a possible powerful drawback to or a catalyst of preservation. This study examines the relationship between historic preservation and the property tax, focusing on the question of how designated buildings should be assessed for real taxation purposes.

Listokin focuses on New York City in considering the effects of historic status on property value and in evaluating assessment practices. But this book's findings are transferrable to other communities because the base conditions are similar. Many other cities have designation programs modeled on New York City's. In addition, New York's property-tax system and administrative processes resemble those found in communities across the nation. To enhance the transferability of this study's findings, Listokin refers to the national experience and literature, typically on a side-by-side basis with the New York City counterpart.

This work contains the full text of the papers presented at the fourth Tax Law History Conference in July 2008. The Conference was organised by the Cambridge Law Faculty's Centre for Tax Law. The matters discussed are broad and include the extent to which charges levied by the Court of Wards were seen as taxes, the seventeenth century poll tax, traders, the excise and the in early nineteenth century England and the right of the Crown's right to elect between different heads of charge to income tax. There are also chapters on taxation in the reign of King John and Stamp Duties in the 18th Century. International tax matters include a history of company residence and a paper on the first UK-Australia Double Tax Agreement. Papers concentrating on other countries include papers on the history of income tax in Malta (1641-1949), the history of land tax in Australia, the history of the legal definition of charity and its application to tax law and a paper on the psychology of taxation as shown by the 1936 US Election.

This book brings together the work of scholars from England, France, Germany, Sweden, and the United States to examine the ways in which industrialized nations have used and are developing tax laws to help alleviate environmental problems. For each country, the contributors offer a thorough review of existing and proposed initiatives and an in-depth evaluation of their effectiveness. They also discuss the theoretical framework behind environmental tax initiatives, explain alternative systems to taxation, reveal problems in dealing with environmental concerns that are common to all of the countries studied, and suggest ways to more efficiently coordinate tax and environmental policies. Based on their research, the contributors conclude that the general tax systems of the United States and other countries unintentionally conflict with environmental policies and that no country has yet been able to adequately control automobile pollution, although some have had varying degrees of success in other areas.

The volume begins with an introduction that presents a nontechnical discussion of the current economic thinking on environmental taxes and alternatives such as direct government regulation and granting polluters limited or tradable rights to pollute. The following chapters discuss each country in turn. Each chapter first examines the institutional framework of the country--central versus regional government, how legislation is enacted and executed, the distribution of authority over environmental matters, and important environmental policy goals. Next, the compatability of the tax system with environmental goals is analyzed. Finally, there is a thorough treatment of that country's environmental tax initiatives, including an in-depth assessment of their relative success or failure. Policymakers, lobbyists, economists, and attorneys will find Taxation for Environmental Protection enlightening reading.

Time itself creates advantages and disadvantages in the field of taxation. The timing of the recognition of income and expenses for tax purposes has two main implications: firstly, for the timing of the collection of tax, and secondly, for the question of quantification, i.e., how to ensure that the difference between the timing of the recognition of income or expenses, as opposed to the respective dates on which the amounts are actually received or paid, does not distort the determination of the amount of chargeable income. The time component is a weapon in the confrontation between the opposing motivations of the taxpayers and the tax authorities. In any given fiscal year, taxpayers seek to present a minimal picture of their chargeable income, by "deferring" the recognition of income or "advancing" the recognition of expenses. As opposed to this, the tax authorities adopt the opposite strategy: maximizing taxable "profit" in any given year. This book critically examines the various approaches that have been adopted in the tax systems in the UK, the US and Israel in relation to the timing of income recognition and expenses for tax purposes. It suggests an innovative tax model that identifies the advantages that arise to the taxpayer as a result of the differences between the timing of the recognition of income and expenses, and the timing of the receipt of the revenue or the payment of a liability, and taxes only that advantage.

This book, the first unbiased investigation of the effects of extraterritorial antitrust on U.S. business abroad, examines the influence of the Sherman Antitrust Act on the market-entry strategy of U.S. multinational corporations and assesses the interaction of public interest and the law.

Time itself creates advantages and disadvantages in the field of taxation. The timing of the recognition of income and expenses for tax purposes has two main implications: firstly, for the timing of the collection of tax, and secondly, for the question of quantification, i.e., how to ensure that the difference between the timing of the recognition of income or expenses, as opposed to the respective dates on which the amounts are actually received or paid, does not distort the determination of the amount of chargeable income.

The time component is a weapon in the confrontation between the opposing motivations of the taxpayers and the tax authorities. In any given fiscal year, taxpayers seek to present a minimal picture of their chargeable income, by "deferring" the recognition of income or "advancing" the recognition of expenses. As opposed to this, the tax authorities adopt the opposite strategy: maximizing taxable "profit" in any given year.

This book critically examines the various approaches that have been adopted in the tax systems in the UK, the US and Israel in relation to the timing of income recognition and expenses for tax purposes. It suggests an innovative tax model that identifies the advantages that arise to the taxpayer as a result of the differences between the timing of the recognition of income and expenses, and the timing of the receipt of the revenue or the payment of a liability, and taxes only that advantage.

The emergence of the terms 'pink tax' and 'tampon tax' in everyday language suggests that women, who already suffer from an economic disadvantage due to the gender wage gap, are put in an even more detrimental position by means of 'discriminatory consumption taxes'. This book is the first conducting a legal analysis to establish to what extent this public perception is accurate. Does the practice of 'pink tax' effectively amount to a tax in the legal sense? Does the so-called 'tampon tax' genuinely constitute an anomaly within the general consumption tax system? Most importantly, can these two 'taxes' be legally qualified as discriminatory? This book provides scientific answers to these questions. It first cuts through the existent information clutter by elucidating the pertinent economic, sociological and psychological components of the practices referred to as 'pink tax' and 'tampon tax'. It then proceeds with a thorough legal analysis of all relevant aspects to determine whether women are indeed subject to discriminatory consumption taxes. It is well-established that women earn less than men. This book investigates if they simultaneously pay more due to 'discriminatory consumption taxes'.

The contributions to this volume try to overcome the traditional approach of the judicature of the European Court of Justice regarding the application of the fundamental freedoms in direct taxation that is largely built on a non-discrimination test. In this volume, outstanding authors cover various aspects of the national and international tax order when European law meets domestic taxation. This includes testing traditional pillars of income taxation ability-to-pay, source and residence, abuse of law, arm s length standard with respect to their place in the emerging European tax order as well as substantial matters of co-existence between different tax systems that are not covered by the non-discrimination approach such as mutual recognition, cross-border loss compensation or avoidance of double taxation.

The overarching goal is to flesh out the extent to which a substantive allocation of taxing powers within the European Union is on its way to a convincing overall framework and to stretch the discussion beyond discrimination .

Tax and Financial Planning for the Closely Held Family Business serves as a manual to help business advisers devise strategies for clients dealing with family issues. Guiding family businesses through the complex maze of organizational, tax, financial, governance, estate planning and personal family issues is a complex, time-consuming, difficult, and sometimes emotional process. This book focuses not only on identifying the problems family businesses face, but on devising solutions and planning opportunities for both family businesses and their owners. Tax and Financial Planning for the Closely Held Family Business provides traditional planning techniques as well as many often overlooked non-traditional strategies. The authors, who are Attorneys/CPAs with extensive experience representing family businesses, discuss the role of the family business advisor in dealing with the issues that confront businesses and their owners. Many family business owners may find that the timely involvement of a wise, experienced and careful business adviser can protect the owners from business and family crises. Practitioners, law libraries and law firms will find that each chapter of Tax and Financial Planning for the Closely Held Family Business contains creative planning opportunities that can be studied and implemented in order to solve real problems in the closely held family business.

This original and timely volume provides unique insights and analysis on the pressing question of how to achieve environmental sustainability while fostering economic growth. The emphasis of the book lies in finding critical solutions to global climate change including chapters on environmental fiscal reform and unemployment in Spain, EU structural and cohesion policy and sustainable development, ecological tax reform in Europe and Asia, Australia's carbon pricing mechanism, and many other timely topics. This insightful volume will appeal to policymakers in government as well as academics and students in environmental law, environmental economics and environmental sustainability. Contributors: E. de Lemos Pinto Aydos, B. Bahn-Walkowiak, C.M. Black, B. Butcher, A.F. Carbo Lugo, F. Carraro, J. Cottrell, M. Escapa, C. Ge, M. Gonzalez-Eguino, J.I. Gorospe-Oviedo, F. Habermacher, Y. Ito, L. Kreiser, T.-Y. Lee, C. Lenz, A. Lerch, X. Li, X. Liu, A. Majocchi, A. Markandya, A.I. Mateos-Ansotegui, E. Meyer, D.C. Perez Bustamante, Y. Ren, S. Rudolph, P. Schepelmann, H. Sprohge, K. Sudo, S. Suk, R. Tavallali, A. Usubiaga, B. Volmert, J. Wang, M. Xue, A. Yabar Sterling, A. Zatti

The #1 construction law guide for construction professionals Updated and expanded to reflect the most recent changes in construction law, this practical guide teaches readersthe difficult theories, principles, and established rules that regulate the construction business. It addresses the practical steps required to avoid and mitigate risks--whether the project is performed domestically or internationally, or whether it uses a traditional design-bid-build delivery system or one of the many alternative project delivery systems. Smith, Currie & Hancock's Common Sense Construction Law: A Practical Guide for the Construction Professional provides a comprehensive introduction to the important legal topics and questions affecting the construction industry today. This latest edition features: all-new coverage of Electronically Stored Information (ESI) and Integrated Project Delivery (IPD); extended information on the civil False Claims Act; and fully updated references to current AIA, ConsensusDocs, DBIA, and EJDC contract documents. Chapters coverthe legal context of construction; interpreting a contract; public-private partnerships (P3); design-build and EPC; and international construction contracts. Other topics include: management techniques to limit risks and avoid disputes; proving costs and damages, including for changes and claims for delay and disruption; construction insurance, including general liability, builders risk, professional liability, OCIP, CCIP, and OPPI; bankruptcy; federal government construction contracting; and more. Fully updated with comprehensive coverage of the significant legal topics and questions that affect the construction industry Discusses new project delivery methods including Public-Private Partnerships (P3) and Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) Presents new coverage of digital tools and processes including Electronically Stored Information (ESI) Provides extended and updated coverage of the civil False Claims Act as it relates to government construction contracting Filled with checklists, sample forms, and summary "Points to Remember" for each chapter, Smith, Currie & Hancock's Common Sense Construction Law: A Practical Guide for the Construction Professional, Sixth Edition is the perfect resource for construction firm managers, contractors, subcontractors, architects and engineers. It will also greatly benefit students in construction management, civil engineering, and architecture.

This book, first published in 1991, explores the complexities of the relationship between acts of Congress and nine major US corporations regarding employer-sponsored retirement plans. The study was designed to discover if and why corporate decision makers respond to the Congress tax incentives or the disincentives that affect the design of corporate income security plans for retirees.

This engaging and accessible book is a must-read for every taxpayer, young and old. It explores the many forms of taxation; how taxes are created, collected, and spent; and why certain aspects of taxation are so controversial. "In this world, nothing can be said to be certain, except death and taxes." Benjamin Franklin wrote this now-famous quote more than 200 years ago, and taxation remains just as important (and inevitable) today as then. Taxes are a fact of life for almost everyone, and the public goods and services they pay for are enjoyed by all citizens. While taxes are undeniably necessary, the specifics of what should be taxed, who should pay taxes, and at what rate remain hotly debated by economists, government officials, and regular citizens. The first in Greenwood's new Student Guides to Business and Economics series, Taxation gives readers an in-depth yet reader-friendly look at one of economics' foundational concepts. Using simple language and relevant real-world examples, the book explores the different forms of taxation, the necessary components of any tax, how taxes are created and collected, and much more. It also highlights contemporary controversies related to taxation, including whether or not "sin taxes" actually discourage unwanted behaviors like smoking and how best to simplify the tax filing process. Provides a concise and easy-to-read overview of a broad and foundational topic in economics Demonstrates to readers why taxes are important and helps them better understand how tax revenue is spent for the public good Includes a Questions for Further Discussion section designed to stimulate classroom discussion and encour-age critical thinking Offers an at-a-glance chronology of events related to the history of taxation, allowing readers to trace the evo-lution of ideas and practices related to taxation through history

This study explores the formation of the European Union's tax policy and asks why member states did not raise objections to it. Firstly, it examines the "Europeanization" of domestic tax policy in Italy and the UK, asking how domestic policy has changed and what is meant by "Europeanization". Secondly it puts the European Union tax policy in the wider context of tax globalization. Will the liberalization of capital movement, tax havens and the flexibility of multinationals in managing their taxable incomes wreck the European Union's fragile tax policies? In addressing these issues the study finds that knowledge is one of the most important resources in the European corporate tax process. It highlights the political problems raised by the search for rules, principles and appropriate levels of tax co-ordination and concludes that the European Union should re-consider its tax policy with new arguments.

The debate regarding the increased funding of higher education has focused on specific issues - such as whether higher education should be financed through general taxation and the implications of collecting fees later in life through the use of a tax surcharge - while largely ignoring the important economic interdependencies which affect them.In The Economics of Higher Education, John Creedy explores the economic foundations of the debate and focuses attention on the process of government decision-making including the precise way that these decisions are affected by the possible external effects of higher education. This book addresses the key issues in the debate using a fully specified model which allows for dispersion of abilities, the individual's decision to invest in higher education and the government's choice of higher education grant, along with the government's budget constraint. This model is also used to consider the effects of alternative tax and grant systems on the distribution of lifetime income within a cohort of individuals, and is extended to allow for the general equilibrium effects of other social transfers to the low paid, along with means testing of grants. The non-technical introduction discusses the author's approach, the framework of analysis and the conclusions which he has reached. As a rigorous analytical contribution to a major public policy debate, this book will be welcomed by policymakers and educationalists, as well as by teachers and researchers in the field of public economics.