This book explores one of the most significant trends in the evolution of global tax systems by asking how, within less than half a century, the value-added tax (VAT) has risen from relative obscurity to become one of the world's most dominant revenue instruments. Despite its significance, very little is known about why so many countries have adopted the VAT and, in particular, why different countries adopt the types of VAT that they do. The popular mythology provides that the merits of the VAT have underpinned its global spread; however, this book contends that much scholarship on the VAT confuses the question of why the VAT has risen to dominance with the issue of what makes a good VAT. This book combines policy and legal analysis to propose a new way of understanding the rise of this important revenue instrument so as to better reflect the realities of the VATs that are actually implemented.

This volume presents the lectures and discussions held at the conference of the "Vereinigung der deutschen Staatsrechtslehrer" (the association of german professors for public law), October 1st - Ocober 3rd, 2003, Hamburg.

Volume 2 seizes upon central, typical and significant topics and problems and discusses them in an academic manner. The release of this volume marks the 60-year anniversary of the establishment of the Federal Constitutional Court in September 1951.

This book, first published in 1988, argues that a close inspection of the development of Hanafite law in the Mamluk and Ottoman periods reveals changes in legal doctrine which were not restricted to civil transactions but also concerned the public law. It focuses in particular on the interrelated areas of property, rent and taxation of arable lands, arguing that changes in the relationship between tax and rent led to a redefinition of the concept of landed property, a concept at the very heart of the Islamic legal system. This title will be of particular interest to students of Islamic history.

Effective strategies for non-profit entities in a profit-based world Joint Ventures Involving Tax-Exempt Organizations examines the procedures, rules, and regulations surrounding joint ventures and partnerships, emphasizing tax-exempt status preservation. Revised and updated to align with current 2017 Tax Act, this supplement offers expert interpretation and practical guidance to professionals seeking a complete reference, including an analysis of impact of the "siloing" of the UBIT rules, the new Opportunity Zone Funds which will incentivize investors in designated census tracts, inter alia. Sample documents enable quick reference and demonstrate real-world application of new laws and guidelines. The discussion delves into planning strategies that can be applied to joint ventures and partnerships while maintaining tax-exempt status, and which joint ventures are best suited for a particular organization. Widely accepted business strategies for profit-based entities, joint ventures, partnerships, and alliances are increasingly being used by nonprofits in need of additional financial support in challenging economic environments. This book provides invaluable guidance to appropriate planning and structuring while complying with tax-exemption guidelines. Identify the most appropriate transactions for nonprofit organizations Recognize potential problems stemming from debt restructuring and asset protection plans Reference charitable organization, partnerships, and joint venture taxation guidelines Understand which joint venture configurations are best suited to tax-exempt organizations Joint ventures and partnerships are currently employed by a variety of not-for-profit organizations while maintaining their tax-exempt status. Hospitals, research laboratories, colleges and universities, charter and special-needs schools, low-income housing developments, and many others are reaping the benefits of joint venture participation--but without careful planning and accurate interpretation of current laws, these benefits can be erased by loss of tax-exempt status. Joint Ventures Involving Tax-Exempt Organizations provides practical, up-to-date guidance on realizing the full benefits and avoiding the hazards unique to nonprofit organizations.

This volume examines the tax systems of some twenty countries to determine whether their tax laws are used to support growth and development across borders in lower-income and poor countries. Given the critical economic development needs of poorer countries and the importance of stability in these regions to the security of populations throughout the world, the use of a country's tax laws to support investment in the developing world gains crucial significance. This book explores whether international standards promoting the fundamental values of the major tax systems of the world accommodate incentives for these nations. In addition, it analyzes the way in which adoption of principles by higher income nations to protect their own revenue bases has a spill-over effect, impairing the ability of developing countries to sustain their economies. Following an introduction that synthesizes worldwide trends, the volume contains separate chapters for a variety of countries detailing the underlying goals and values of each system and the way in which the decision to employ (or not employ) incentives accommodates those ends. The chapters include reports for: Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Hong Kong, Israel, Italy, Japan, the Maldives, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, South Africa, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, and Venezuela. The volume memorializes the work of the General Reporter and National Reporters at the Taxation and Development session of the 19th Congress of the International Academy of Comparative Law held in July, 2014, in Vienna, Austria.

The Rating and Council Tax Pocket Book is a concise, practical guide to the legal and practical issues surrounding non-domestic rates and council tax. An essential tool for busy tax collection practitioners in local authorities and private practice, it will also be suitable for a range of non-specialist property professionals who may have to deal with rates and council tax matters as part of their practice. This handy pocket guide is accessible to specialist and non-specialist alike, covering everything from key concepts through to liability, exemptions, procedure and completion notices. The book encompasses both English and Welsh law, and includes all the relevant statutory provisions. With detailed discussion of key cases, this is a book that no one with an interest in rating and council tax should be without.