Die Kommentierung erlAutert umfassend und aktuell das gesamte Statusrecht des Bundes- und Landtagsabgeordneten sowie der in Deutschland gewAhlten Abgeordneten des EuropAischen Parlaments. Systematische Grundlage ist das Abgeordnetengesetz des Bundes, dem das Landesrecht vielfach noch entspricht. Das Europaabgeordnetengesetz und die Abgeordnetengesetze der LAnder sind synoptisch gegenA1/4bergestellt und werden jeweils dann eingehender betrachtet, wenn Abweichungen dies nahe legen. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt ist das Recht der Fraktionen, soweit es seine Grundlage in den Abgeordnetengesetzen oder - wie bei einigen BundeslAndern der Fall - in besonderen Fraktionsgesetzen hat. Damit werden zwei zentrale Bereiche der staatlichen Politikfinanzierung erstmals im Zusammenhang analysiert. Das FA1/4r und Wider der bestehenden Regelungen und alternativer Modelle wird in klar formulierter Auseinandersetzung mit Rechtsprechung und Literatur diskutiert, wobei die Parlamentspraxis bei der Betrachtung stets im Vordergrund steht. Das Werk leistet so nicht nur einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Versachlichung der Diskussion A1/4ber das Statusrecht der Abgeordneten und der Fraktionen - insbesondere ihrer finanziellen Ausstattung - sondern fA1/4hrt auch wieder zusammen, was sich in der Gesetzgebung und Parlamentspraxis in Bund und LAndern teilweise auseinander entwickelt hat. Der Kommentar richtet sich an Abgeordnete der deutschen Parlamente, Europaabgeordnete sowie an alle Interessenten in Wissenschaft, Praxis und Politik, die mit den hier angesprochenen statusrechtlichen Fragen befasst sind.

This collection includes essays by eleven leading public health experts, economists, physicians, political scientists, and lawyers, whose activities encompass Congressional testimonies, Surgeon General's reports on youth smoking, and clinical trials for drugs for smoking cessation. They analyze specific strategies that have been used to influence tobacco use, including taxation, regulation of advertising and promotion, regulation of indoor smoking, control of youth access to cigarettes and other tobacco products, litigation, and subsidies of smoking cessation, and set them against the latest scientific findings about tobacco and the changing cultural and political setting against which policy decisions are being made.

Why were Federalists at the 1787 Philadelphia convention--ostensibly called to revise the Articles of Confederation--so intent on scrapping the old system and drawing up a completely new frame of government?

In "Redeeming the Republic," Roger Brown focuses on state public-policy issues to show how recurrent outbreaks of popular resistance to tax crackdowns forced state governments to retreat from taxation, propelling elites into support for the constitutional revolution of 1787. The Constitution, Brown contends, resulted from upper-class dismay over the state governments' inability to tax effectively for state and federal purposes. The Framers concluded that, without a rebuilt, energized central government, the confederation would experience continued monetary and fiscal turmoil until republicanism itself became endangered.

A fresh and searching study of the hard questions that divided Americans in these critical years and still do today, "Redeeming the Republic" shows how local failures led to federalist resolve and ultimately to a totally new frame of central government.

This 2012 Supplement updates McDaniel, McMahon, and Simmons' Federal Income Taxation of Business Organizations , 4th Edition.

Fully updated each year, this, the leading textbook in the field, continues to provide coverage of the UK's tax system as it has for the last 19 years. Written in an accessible style with many examples, activities and questions throughout, this textbook gives the reader a thorough understanding of the UK's taxation principles and current practices.

Das Buch befasst sich mit aktuellen und grundsatzlichen Entwicklungen zur Einwirkung des Europaischen Rechts auf die Steuerrechtsordnungen der Mitgliedstaaten. Mittels des Anwendungsvorrangs des Unionsrechts uberlagert und pragt das Europaische Steuerrecht heute weite Teile der nationalen Steuergesetze. Europaische Grundrechte und Grundfreiheiten stehen dabei ebenso im Mittelpunkt dieses Buches wie die Frage nach Moeglichkeiten und Grenzen der Rechtsangleichung oder aktuelle Herausforderungen wie der Kampf gegen internationale Steuervermeidung. Die in diesem Buch bearbeiteten Themen reichen von aktuellen Streitfragen in der Rechtsprechung des Europaischen Gerichtshofs bis hin zu Fundamentalthemen europaischer Systembildung im Steuerrecht.

Die Treuhandanstalt hatte im Zuge der deutschen Wiedervereinigung eine ebenso unverzichtbare wie undankbare Aufgabe. Als Institution hatte sie eine ebenso neue wie gigantische Aufgabe zu bewaltigen: ohne historisches Vorbild, ohne theoretische Blaupausen, unter extremem Zeitdruck und hochfliegenden Erfolgserwartungen musste sie in schwierigster Zeit die wesentlichen Weichen stellen fur die Transformation einer ganzen Volkswirtschaft durch Privatisierung und Sanierung der staatlichen Betriebe in den Beitrittslandern. In der Ruckschau stellt sich die Arbeit der Treuhandanstalt als ein brillantes Bravourstuck deutscher Verwaltungskompetenz dar, ein mustergultiges Beispiel fur die Kraft der Improvisation und des Mutes, fur Erfindungsreichtum, Tatkraft sowie das Engagement der Beteiligten. Der 20. Todestag von Detlev Karsten Rohwedder, dem ersten Prasidenten der Treuhandanstalt, bot den Anlass fur eine Gedenkveranstaltung, die am 1. April 2011 im Bundesministerium der Finanzen stattfand, um seiner Persoenlichkeit zu gedenken, seine Leistungen fur die wirtschaftliche Wiedervereinigung Deutschlands zu wurdigen, aber auch um eine wissenschaftliche Bilanz der Arbeit der Treuhandanstalt aus rechtlicher und wirtschaftlicher Sicht zu ziehen.

Bis dato gab es keine umfassend angelegte Untersuchung zum Verhaltnis der Einlagebegriffe im Zivilrecht und im Steuerrecht. Der allgemeine Teil dieser Arbeit schliesst diese Lucke. Hier werden die Begriffe der Einlage, der Verausserung, des Tausches und des tauschahnlichen Vorgangs erlautert. Neben der Beschreibung der Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede sowie des Verhaltnisses der Begriffe zueinander werden prazise gegeneinander abgegrenzte Definitionen formuliert. In einem weiteren Teil der Arbeit folgt eine eingehende Analyse der Rechtsprechung des BFH zu den offenen Einlagen, wobei insbesondere die gesellschaftsrechtliche Argumentation des BFH hinterfragt wird. Der Autor gelangt zu dem Ergebnis, dass die so genannten tauschahnlichen Vorgange im geltenden Ertragsteuerrecht nur unzureichend dogmatisch fundiert sind. Die "Tauschtheorie" der uberwiegenden Auffassung lehnt er de lege lata ab, diskutiert aber ihre gesetzliche Verankerung de lege ferenda.

This book provides a detailed and extensive survey of EC tax legislation and case law. Accordingly, it deals at some length with the legislation and case law on VAT (which is almost completely harmonized at the EC level) and excise duties. It also covers the recent legislation on company taxation, concentrating in particular on the Parent-Subsidiary Directive. A distinctive feature of the book is the detailed analysis of the legislation and its interpretation by the European Court. The book also contains an analysis of the impact of the tax sphere of the provisions of the EC Treaty, including Article 95 on the prohibition of fiscal discrimination against EC goods and the treaty articles on the free movement of persons, services, and capital. With the generalist lawyer in mind, the book contains an introduction to VAT and to the basic principles of company taxation. Since the focus of the book is EC and the language of the international tax world is English, the book should have an appeal for tax and EC lawyers throughout the EC, including the new entrant states.

This comprehensive and popular annual textbook provides students of UK taxation with a thorough knowledge of: Income tax, Corporation tax, Capital gains tax, Inheritance tax and Value added tax. This edition has been updated for all those provisions of the 2009 Finance Act that relate to the tax year 2009/10. In particular, it incorporates all the new personal tax rates, allowances and reliefs, together with changes for self employed businesses, employment tax rule changes and VAT changes.

Die fur das E-Business charakteristische Ortsunabhangigkeit und Entmaterialisierung lassen steuerliche Tatbestandsmerkmale, die an physischen Merkmalen anknupfen, weitgehend ins Leere laufen. Eine zentrale Rolle spielt dabei das Betriebsstattenprinzip, welches die Mindestschwelle fur eine Besteuerung im Quellenstaat bestimmt. In der Arbeit wird der internationale Diskussionsstand zur Betriebsstattenbesteuerung in der New Economy umfassend dargestellt; insbesondere wird der Frage nach geeigneten Alternativen intensiv nachgegangen - ein Problem, das von der OECD bislang (leider) bewusst ausgeklammert worden ist. Ausgehend davon werden neue Denkansatze zur Lokalisierung des Ortes der Geschaftsleitung bei virtuellen Unternehmensstrukturen geliefert. Der Verfasser macht eigene Vorschlage zur Adaption steuerlicher Regelungen, um auch mittel- bis langfristig eine faire Aufteilung des internationalen Steuersubstrats sicherzustellen.

The prime objective of this long-established book is to provide the student with a broad perspective of business accounting based upon a sound conceptual framework. It does this by integrating the theory with the application, presenting accounting concepts as simply and directly as possible, and stimulating independent thought on the part of the reader.

In this fresh, objective, and non-argumentative volume in the Elements of International Law series, Peter Hongler combines a comprehensive overview of the technical content of the international tax law regime with an assessment of its crucial relationship to wider international law. Beginning with an assessment of legal principles and foundations, the book considers key general principles, treaty based regimes, and regional integration in tax matters. In the second half of the work Hongler places international tax law in the context of its wider relationships with human rights law, and trade and investment law. He concludes by considering major legal successes and failures and what might be done to address these.

Die Besteuerung der Personengesellschaft spielt im deutschen Steuerrecht eine herausragende Rolle, zumal der Typus "Personengesellschaft" in Deutschland weit verbreitet ist. Im internationalen Steuerrecht fuhrt die Behandlung von Personengesellschaften haufig zu Qualifikationskonflikten hinsichtlich des Steuersubjekts und des Steuerobjekts, da die gesellschafts- und steuerrechtliche Behandlung von Personengesellschaften im Ausland erheblich von der deutschen Rechtslage abweichen kann und zudem das deutsche Recht der Mitunternehmerbesteuerung zahlreiche Besonderheiten kennt. Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der ertragsteuerrechtlichen Behandlung auslandischer Personengesellschaften im internationalen Steuerrecht, wobei zwei Konstellationen unterschieden werden: Erstens in Deutschland tatige Personengesellschaften auslandischen Rechts und zweitens auslandische Personengesellschaften mit (teilweise) in Deutschland ansassigem Gesellschafterkreis. Der Schwerpunkt der Arbeit liegt auf der dogmatischen Auseinandersetzung mit der Auslegung der entsprechenden abkommensrechtlichen Normen, insbesondere betreffend die sogenannte Abkommensberechtigung der Personengesellschaft und die abkommensrechtliche Qualifikation der Einkunfte der Gesellschafter.

The property tax in the United States has never been more important. Despite numerous attempts to limit its use, the property tax remains the most significant source of tax revenue for local governments. This is the "go to" book that draws together important legal cases and related materials on the fundamental legal issues concerning valuation, tax policy, and the property tax. This collection provides an overview of the structure and function of real property taxation in the U.S. It is intended to be useful to lawyers and law students, as well as to policy makers, practitioners, and others with an interest in the property tax. Originally published in 1994, this book has been updated and reissued.

Ziel der Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der Steuervergunstigungen von Religionsgemeinschaften. Dabei wird zunachst eine steuerrechtliche Systematisierung der Steuervergunstigungen entwickelt. Die sich hieraus ergebende systematische Differenzierung der Steuervergunstigungen nach dem Rechtsstatus der Religionsgemeinschaften in den unterschiedlichen Steuergesetzen wird in einem zweiten Schritt auf deren verfassungsrechtliche Begrundung hin uberpruft, wobei der Autor zum Ergebnis einer verfassungsrechtlichen Rechtfertigung gelangt. Zuletzt folgt ein europarechtlicher Ausblick.

UK Taxation for Students assumes absolutely no prior knowledge of UK taxation. It is completely self-contained covering the main areas of taxation studied at undergraduate level and initially for many professional exams. It can be used to support other texts and includes all the various allowances, tax rates etc. that a student may need at the front of the book. It is written in a user-friendly manner, avoiding "tax jargon" and using, wherever possible, plain and straightforward English. It includes numerous examples throughout the text designed to illustrate particular points and then provides further examples for you to try in Appendix 2. Appendix 3 includes over 100 True or False questions for you to dip into at any time to test your understanding. Appendix 1 I contains suggested some tips for studying tax. This book covers the main UK taxes; income tax (paid by individuals), capital gains tax (paid by individuals), corporation tax (paid by companies), value added tax (levied on consumers by businesses), inheritance tax (normally payable on the death of an individual) and National Insurance Contributions. Although primarily aimed at students studying at undergraduate level, these are the taxes that typically form the core of the syllabus for most of the UK's professional examinations in taxation such as those of the ACCA, AAT and possibly ATT, although no specific professional syllabus has been followed. In general, each of the chapters should be read through in the order that they are arranged as later chapters often assume knowledge from earlier chapters. Having said this, the Value Added Tax and Inheritance Tax chapters could be studied at any point, as a standalone as both are very different from the other taxes studied.

"At the end of the Trail of Tears there was a promise," U.S. Supreme Court Justice Neil Gorsuch wrote in the decision issued on July 9, 2020, in the case of McGirt v. Oklahoma. And that promise, made in treaties between the United States and the Muscogee (Creek) Nation more than 150 years earlier, would finally be kept. With the Court's ruling, the full extent of the Muscogee (Creek) Reservation was reaffirmed-meaning that 3.25 million acres of land in Oklahoma, including part of the city of Tulsa, were recognized once again as "Indian Country" as defined by federal law. A Promise Kept explores the circumstances and implications of McGirt v. Oklahoma, likely the most significant Indian law case in well over 100 years. Combining legal analysis and historical context, this book gives an in-depth, accessible account of how the case unfolded and what it might mean for Oklahomans, the Muscogee (Creek) Nation, and other tribes throughout the United States. For context, Robbie Ethridge traces the long history of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation from its inception in present-day Georgia and Alabama in the seventeenth century; through the tribe's rise to regional prominence in the colonial era, the tumultuous years of Indian Removal, and the Civil War and allotment; and into its resurgence in Oklahoma in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Against this historical background, Robert J. Miller considers McGirt v. Oklahoma, examining important related cases, precedents that informed the Court's decision, and future ramifications-legal, civil, regulatory, and practical-for the Muscogee (Creek) Nation, federal Indian law, the United States, the state of Oklahoma, and Indian nations in Oklahoma and elsewhere. Their work clarifies the stakes of a decision that, while long overdue, raises numerous complex issues profoundly affecting federal, state, and tribal relations and law-and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future.

The way that nation states design their tax systems impacts the sharing of resources and wealth within and across societies. To date, wealthy countries have made tax policy design and coordination choices which allow them to claim more than they are justifiably entitled to from the global economy. In Tax Cooperation in an Unjust World, Allison Christians and Laurens van Apeldoorn show how this presently accepted reality both facilitates and feeds off continued human suffering, and therefore violates conceptions of international distributive justice. They examine two principles that govern tax cooperation across states, and explain how the current international tax order impedes their realization. They then show how states could work toward fulfilling the principles and building a fairer international tax system via incremental yet effective adaptation of key international tax norms and rules.

The enhanced cooperation mechanism allows at least nine Member States to introduce secondary EU law which is only binding among these Member States. From an internal market perspective, enhanced cooperation laws are unique as they lie somewhere between unilateral Member State laws and uniform European Union law. The law creates harmonisation and coordination between the participating Member States, but may introduce trade obstacles in relation to non-participating Member States. This book reveals that the enhanced cooperation mechanism allows Member States to protect their harmonised values and coordination endeavours against market efficiency. Values which may not be able to justify single Member State's trade obstacles may outweigh pure internal market needs if an entire group of Member States finds these value worthy of protection. However, protection of the harmonised values can never go as far as shielding participating Member States from the negative effects of enhanced cooperation laws. The hybrid nature of enhanced cooperation laws - their nexus between the law of a single Member State and secondary EU law - also demands that these laws comply with state aid law. This book shows how the European state aid law provisions should be applied to enhanced cooperation laws. Furthermore, the book also develops a sophisticated approach to the limits non-participating Member States face in ensuring that their actions do not impede the implementation of enhanced cooperation between the participating Member States.

An essential, timesaving guide for accountants, lawyers, nonprofit executives and directors, consultants, and volunteers - Completely updated for 2022 This book is an indispensable guide to navigating the complex maze of nonprofit tax rules and regulations. A clear and fully cited description of the requirements for the various categories of tax-exempt entities from public charities, private foundations, civic associations, business leagues, and social clubs to title-holding companies and governmental entities can be found. Practical guidance on potential for income tax on revenue-producing enterprises along with explanations of many exceptions to taxability is provided. Issues raised by Internet activity, advertising, publishing, providing services, and much more are explained. This useful annual supplement for 2022 will cover any and all changes and updates to the law within the previous 12 month period and will keep accountants, attorneys, and others up-to-date for the year ahead. Features a variety of sample documents for private foundations, including penalty abatement requests and sharing space agreements Provides helpful practice aids, such as a comparison of the differences between public and private charities, charts reflecting lobbying limits for different types of entities, and listings of rulings and cases that illustrate permissible activity for each type of organizations compared to impermissible activity

We live in the age of big companies where rising levels of power are concentrated in the hands of a few. Yet no government or organisation has the power to regulate these titans and hold them to account. We need big companies to share their power and we, the people of the world, need to reclaim it. In Competition is Killing Us, top business and competition lawyer Michelle Meagher establishes a new framework to control capitalism from the inside in order to make it work for the many and not just the few. Meagher has spent years campaigning against these multi-billion and trillion dollar mammoths that dominate the market and prioritise shareholder profits over all else; leading to extreme wealth inequality, inhumane conditions for workers and relentless pressure on the environment. In this revolutionary book, she introduces her wholly-achievable alternative; a fair and comprehensive competition law that limits unfair mergers, enforces accountability and redistributes power through stakeholder governance. With an afterword by Simon Holmes, Member of the UK 's Competition Appeal Tribunal, Academic Visitor at the Centre for Competition Law and Policy, Oxford University

VAT and Financial Services takes the reader through the relevant legislation and case law, the legal concepts such as time and place of supply, the distinction between goods and services, what is taxable, and the interaction of these elements; examines the consequences of outsourcing (through a detailed study of 10 significant cases); looks at the key issues facing financial services and insurance; and then discusses the VAT cost sharing exemption. Since the third edition, there have been significant developments, including (most obviously) Brexit. The key VAT change is that EU legislation is no longer primary legislation (although many EU VAT principles, obligations and rights have been 'retained') and ECJ court decisions are, in general, no longer binding although 'a court or tribunal may have regard to anything done on or after exit day by the European Court, another EU entity or the EU so far as it is relevant to any matter before the court or tribunal' (European Union (Withdrawal) Act, 2018 s6(2)). Also, the Court of Appeal decision in HMRC v Perfect [2022] EWCA Civ 330, which is an excise duty case but more widely applicable, confirmed that decisions from any referrals to the ECJ made before 31 December 2020 remain binding on the UK even if the decision is issued after that date. In addition to this general change, there have been some more specific changes, for example the changes to the VAT (Specified Supplies) Order 1999, which now treats supplies to persons in the EU in the same way as supplies to persons outside the EU and some changes to the status of EU pension funds. A further change has been to the status of Cost Sharing Groups, an arrangement that allows persons who carry on certain activities to form a group to share costs without creating sticking VAT. As Cost Sharing groups are no longer available to the financial services and insurance sectors, the chapter and appendix covering these have been removed from this edition. Appendices include: contracts of insurance; Lloyd's VAT arrangements; HMRC ABI partial exemption guidance for the insurance sector; TOGC legal extracts; and the VAT territory of the EU. Finance directors and finance controllers in the financial services and insurance sectors and at those who advise these sectors should all find the book helpful.