UK Taxation for Students assumes absolutely no prior knowledge of UK taxation. It is completely self-contained covering the main areas of taxation studied at undergraduate level and initially for many professional exams. It can be used to support other texts and includes all the various allowances, tax rates etc. that a student may need at the front of the book. It is written in a user-friendly manner, avoiding "tax jargon" and using, wherever possible, plain and straightforward English. It includes numerous examples throughout the text designed to illustrate particular points and then provides further examples for you to try in Appendix 2. Appendix 3 includes over 100 True or False questions for you to dip into at any time to test your understanding. Appendix 1 I contains suggested some tips for studying tax. This book covers the main UK taxes; income tax (paid by individuals), capital gains tax (paid by individuals), corporation tax (paid by companies), value added tax (levied on consumers by businesses), inheritance tax (normally payable on the death of an individual) and National Insurance Contributions. Although primarily aimed at students studying at undergraduate level, these are the taxes that typically form the core of the syllabus for most of the UK's professional examinations in taxation such as those of the ACCA, AAT and possibly ATT, although no specific professional syllabus has been followed. In general, each of the chapters should be read through in the order that they are arranged as later chapters often assume knowledge from earlier chapters. Having said this, the Value Added Tax and Inheritance Tax chapters could be studied at any point, as a standalone as both are very different from the other taxes studied.

The property tax in the United States has never been more important. Despite numerous attempts to limit its use, the property tax remains the most significant source of tax revenue for local governments. This is the "go to" book that draws together important legal cases and related materials on the fundamental legal issues concerning valuation, tax policy, and the property tax. This collection provides an overview of the structure and function of real property taxation in the U.S. It is intended to be useful to lawyers and law students, as well as to policy makers, practitioners, and others with an interest in the property tax. Originally published in 1994, this book has been updated and reissued.

Ziel der Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der Steuervergunstigungen von Religionsgemeinschaften. Dabei wird zunachst eine steuerrechtliche Systematisierung der Steuervergunstigungen entwickelt. Die sich hieraus ergebende systematische Differenzierung der Steuervergunstigungen nach dem Rechtsstatus der Religionsgemeinschaften in den unterschiedlichen Steuergesetzen wird in einem zweiten Schritt auf deren verfassungsrechtliche Begrundung hin uberpruft, wobei der Autor zum Ergebnis einer verfassungsrechtlichen Rechtfertigung gelangt. Zuletzt folgt ein europarechtlicher Ausblick.

"At the end of the Trail of Tears there was a promise," U.S. Supreme Court Justice Neil Gorsuch wrote in the decision issued on July 9, 2020, in the case of McGirt v. Oklahoma. And that promise, made in treaties between the United States and the Muscogee (Creek) Nation more than 150 years earlier, would finally be kept. With the Court's ruling, the full extent of the Muscogee (Creek) Reservation was reaffirmed-meaning that 3.25 million acres of land in Oklahoma, including part of the city of Tulsa, were recognized once again as "Indian Country" as defined by federal law. A Promise Kept explores the circumstances and implications of McGirt v. Oklahoma, likely the most significant Indian law case in well over 100 years. Combining legal analysis and historical context, this book gives an in-depth, accessible account of how the case unfolded and what it might mean for Oklahomans, the Muscogee (Creek) Nation, and other tribes throughout the United States. For context, Robbie Ethridge traces the long history of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation from its inception in present-day Georgia and Alabama in the seventeenth century; through the tribe's rise to regional prominence in the colonial era, the tumultuous years of Indian Removal, and the Civil War and allotment; and into its resurgence in Oklahoma in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Against this historical background, Robert J. Miller considers McGirt v. Oklahoma, examining important related cases, precedents that informed the Court's decision, and future ramifications-legal, civil, regulatory, and practical-for the Muscogee (Creek) Nation, federal Indian law, the United States, the state of Oklahoma, and Indian nations in Oklahoma and elsewhere. Their work clarifies the stakes of a decision that, while long overdue, raises numerous complex issues profoundly affecting federal, state, and tribal relations and law-and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future.

The way that nation states design their tax systems impacts the sharing of resources and wealth within and across societies. To date, wealthy countries have made tax policy design and coordination choices which allow them to claim more than they are justifiably entitled to from the global economy. In Tax Cooperation in an Unjust World, Allison Christians and Laurens van Apeldoorn show how this presently accepted reality both facilitates and feeds off continued human suffering, and therefore violates conceptions of international distributive justice. They examine two principles that govern tax cooperation across states, and explain how the current international tax order impedes their realization. They then show how states could work toward fulfilling the principles and building a fairer international tax system via incremental yet effective adaptation of key international tax norms and rules.

The enhanced cooperation mechanism allows at least nine Member States to introduce secondary EU law which is only binding among these Member States. From an internal market perspective, enhanced cooperation laws are unique as they lie somewhere between unilateral Member State laws and uniform European Union law. The law creates harmonisation and coordination between the participating Member States, but may introduce trade obstacles in relation to non-participating Member States. This book reveals that the enhanced cooperation mechanism allows Member States to protect their harmonised values and coordination endeavours against market efficiency. Values which may not be able to justify single Member State's trade obstacles may outweigh pure internal market needs if an entire group of Member States finds these value worthy of protection. However, protection of the harmonised values can never go as far as shielding participating Member States from the negative effects of enhanced cooperation laws. The hybrid nature of enhanced cooperation laws - their nexus between the law of a single Member State and secondary EU law - also demands that these laws comply with state aid law. This book shows how the European state aid law provisions should be applied to enhanced cooperation laws. Furthermore, the book also develops a sophisticated approach to the limits non-participating Member States face in ensuring that their actions do not impede the implementation of enhanced cooperation between the participating Member States.

An essential, timesaving guide for accountants, lawyers, nonprofit executives and directors, consultants, and volunteers - Completely updated for 2022 This book is an indispensable guide to navigating the complex maze of nonprofit tax rules and regulations. A clear and fully cited description of the requirements for the various categories of tax-exempt entities from public charities, private foundations, civic associations, business leagues, and social clubs to title-holding companies and governmental entities can be found. Practical guidance on potential for income tax on revenue-producing enterprises along with explanations of many exceptions to taxability is provided. Issues raised by Internet activity, advertising, publishing, providing services, and much more are explained. This useful annual supplement for 2022 will cover any and all changes and updates to the law within the previous 12 month period and will keep accountants, attorneys, and others up-to-date for the year ahead. Features a variety of sample documents for private foundations, including penalty abatement requests and sharing space agreements Provides helpful practice aids, such as a comparison of the differences between public and private charities, charts reflecting lobbying limits for different types of entities, and listings of rulings and cases that illustrate permissible activity for each type of organizations compared to impermissible activity

VAT and Financial Services takes the reader through the relevant legislation and case law, the legal concepts such as time and place of supply, the distinction between goods and services, what is taxable, and the interaction of these elements; examines the consequences of outsourcing (through a detailed study of 10 significant cases); looks at the key issues facing financial services and insurance; and then discusses the VAT cost sharing exemption. Since the third edition, there have been significant developments, including (most obviously) Brexit. The key VAT change is that EU legislation is no longer primary legislation (although many EU VAT principles, obligations and rights have been 'retained') and ECJ court decisions are, in general, no longer binding although 'a court or tribunal may have regard to anything done on or after exit day by the European Court, another EU entity or the EU so far as it is relevant to any matter before the court or tribunal' (European Union (Withdrawal) Act, 2018 s6(2)). Also, the Court of Appeal decision in HMRC v Perfect [2022] EWCA Civ 330, which is an excise duty case but more widely applicable, confirmed that decisions from any referrals to the ECJ made before 31 December 2020 remain binding on the UK even if the decision is issued after that date. In addition to this general change, there have been some more specific changes, for example the changes to the VAT (Specified Supplies) Order 1999, which now treats supplies to persons in the EU in the same way as supplies to persons outside the EU and some changes to the status of EU pension funds. A further change has been to the status of Cost Sharing Groups, an arrangement that allows persons who carry on certain activities to form a group to share costs without creating sticking VAT. As Cost Sharing groups are no longer available to the financial services and insurance sectors, the chapter and appendix covering these have been removed from this edition. Appendices include: contracts of insurance; Lloyd's VAT arrangements; HMRC ABI partial exemption guidance for the insurance sector; TOGC legal extracts; and the VAT territory of the EU. Finance directors and finance controllers in the financial services and insurance sectors and at those who advise these sectors should all find the book helpful.

Im Zuge der Neuordnung des europaischen Bankensektors hat die EU Neuland betreten - auch und gerade im Hinblick auf die unionsrechtlichen Instrumente fur oeffentlich-rechtliche Geldleistungspflichten. Dabei wirft insbesondere die "Europaische Bankenabgabe" nicht nur eine Vielzahl von konkreten Auslegungs- und Anwendungsfragen auf, sondern testet auch die kompetenzrechtlichen Grenzen der Unionsgesetzgebung sowie die Vorgaben der europaischen Grundrechte und Grundfreiheiten aus. Die vorliegende Publikation widmet sich den aufgeworfenen rechtlichen Fragen. Dabei stellt der Autor die Grundzuge und Einzelheiten der Europaischen Bankenabgabe dar und wurdigt das Regelungswerk dogmatisch im Lichte hoeherrangigen Rechts.

Der Begriff der Betriebsstatte ist zentrales Merkmal bei der Besteuerung grenzuberschreitender Unternehmenstatigkeit. Der Autor gibt einen UEberblick uber die Besteuerung von Betriebsstatten in Russland und untersucht die Auslegung der Betriebsstattenbegriffe im deutschen und im russischen Ertragsteuerrecht und im DBA-Russland. Der Vergleich legt die Konflikte offen, die beim deutsch-russischen Betriebsstatteneinsatz entstehen koennen.

In the years since the 2008 financial crisis, U.S. federal prosecutors have brought dozens of criminal cases against the world's most powerful banks, charging them with manipulating financial indices, helping their customers evade taxes, evading sanctions, and laundering money. To settle these cases, global banks like UBS, Barclays, HSBC and BNP Paribas paid tens of billions of dollars in fines. They also agreed to extensive reforms, hiring hundreds of compliance officers, spending billions on new systems, and installing independent monitors. In effect, they agreed to become worldwide enforcers of U.S. law, including financial sanctions-sometimes despite their own governments' protests. This book examines the U.S. enforcement campaign against global banks across four areas: benchmark manipulation, tax evasion, sanctions violations, and sovereign debt. It shows that U.S. prosecutors have unilaterally carved out a new role as global bank regulators, heralding a fundamental shift in how international finance is overseen. Their ability to do so stems from U.S. control over access to vital hubs of the international financial system. In some areas, unilateral U.S. actions have ushered in important multilateral reforms, such as the rise of automatic tax information exchange and better-regulated financial indices. In other areas, such as financial sanctions, unilateralism has attracted protests from other states and spurred attempts to challenge U.S. dominance of international finance.

Art und ihrer "Tragerkoerperschaften" eroertert. Mit dem Rechtskonstrukt des Betriebs gewerblicher Art verfolgt der Gesetzgeber das Ziel, die Wettbewerbsgleichheit in den Fallen zu gewahrleisten, in denen juristische Personen des oeffentlichen Rechts mit ihren Aktivitaten in Konkurrenz zu privatwirtschaftlichen Anbietern treten. Die vorliegende Untersuchung stellt, ausgehend von einer grundlegenden Darstellung der Abgrenzungsmerkmale von Betrieben gewerblicher Art, die sich im Rahmen der Einkommensermittlung ergebenden Zweifelsfragen dar und zeigt Loesungsansatze auf. Dabei wird insbesondere auf die Probleme, die aus der Abgrenzung des steuerpflichtigen wirtschaftlichen Bereichs von dem steuerlich unbeachtlichen hoheitlichen Bereich resultieren, eingegangen. Anschliessend wird die durch das Steuersenkungsgesetz sehr komplex gewordene Frage nach der Steuerbelastung der Betriebe gewerblicher Art und ihrer "Tragerkoerperschaften" eroertert.

International angelegte Steuervermeidungsstrategien von Unternehmen sind in der Vergangenheit in den Fokus der oeffentlichen Wahrnehmung geruckt. Offshore-Strukturen wurden u. a. durch multinationale Unternehmen zur Gewinnverlagerung und -verkurzung genutzt. Die OECD hat als Antwort darauf einen BEPS-Aktionsplan entwickelt, der zur Bekampfung dieser Praktiken vorsieht, dass die Gesellschaft bei Ausfuhrung einer relevanten Tatigkeit eine wirtschaftliche Substanz (Economic Substance) aufweisen muss. Die seitens der OECD aufgestellten Mindestanforderungen bilden den internationalen Standard und wurden in zahlreichen Niedrigsteuerjurisdiktionen umgesetzt. Das essential vermittelt kompakt das erforderliche Grundwissen zu Economic Substance Regulations und informiert praxisnah uber deren Umsetzung in den einzelnen Staaten.

Mit Einfuhrung der Abgeltungsteuer ist ein neues Zeitalter in der Besteuerung von Kapitaleinkunften angebrochen. Hiermit einher gehen neben einer Vielzahl einfach-rechtlicher Fragen vor allem Fragen nach der verfassungsrechtlichen Zulassigkeit einer solchen, auf den ersten Blick verlockend unkompliziert erscheinenden anonymen Brutto-Quellensteuer. Deren Beantwortung steht im Mittelpunkt dieses Werks. Erganzend wird aber auch auf konnexe steuerpolitische, steuersystematische und europarechtliche Fragen eingegangen, die gerade durch die in jungster Vergangenheit zu beobachtende internationale Entwicklung im Bereich des Informationsaustausches von Steuerdaten an Bedeutung gewonnen haben. Im Ergebnis besteht die Abgeltungsteuer die verfassungsrechtliche Prufung eindeutig nicht.

Der Autor befasst sich mit dem Rechtsschutz bei uberlangen steuerprozessualen Verfahren. Im Zentrum der Untersuchung steht das Gesetz uber den Rechtschutz bei uberlangen Gerichtsverfahren. Der Autor geht dabei der Frage nach, ob der Gesetzgeber den an ihn adressierten Handlungsauftrag in UEbereinstimmung mit (steuer-) verfassungsrechtlichen Vorgaben ausgefullt hat. Im ersten Teil der Untersuchung werden die fur die Beantwortung dieser Frage erforderlichen aber zugleich auch allgemein gultigen dogmatischen Grundlagen herausgearbeitet. Der zweite Teil der Untersuchung widmet sich sodann dem Gesetz uber den Rechtsschutz bei uberlangen Gerichtsverfahren und nimmt den (steuer-) verfassungsrechtlichen Prufstand auf. Trager des AULINGER-PREISES 2018

Basiswissen und Geschaftsstrategien fur kunftige Internetstars und Influencer sowie fur Kunstler und Medienschaffende. Dieses Buch fuhrt praxisnah und verstandlich durch alle wesentlichen steuerlichen Themengebiete wie Meldepflichten, Rechtsform, Versicherungen, Einnahmen und Ausgaben u.v.m. Aufgrund der vielen steuerrechtlichen Fragen auf diesem neuen Gebiet ist es auch fur Steuerberater interessant, die sich schnell und umfassend mit der Materie vertraut machen wollen. Neben den unterschiedlichen Steuerarten und Rechtsfragen werden auch Fragen der Abgrenzung zur steuerrechtlichen Liebhaberei und die Kleinunternehmerregelung nach 19 UStG behandelt. Jedes Kapitel enthalt anschauliche Beispiele aus der beruflichen Praxis der Autoren. - Mit kommentierten Musterrechnungen und praktischen Tipps, um im Alltag Steuern zu sparen und die eigene Buchhaltung zu optimieren.