This organizational history relates the role of the National Science Foundation (NSF) in the development of modern computing. Drawing upon new and existing oral histories, extensive use of NSF documents, and the experience of two of the authors as senior managers, this book describes how NSF's programmatic activities originated and evolved to become the primary source of funding for fundamental research in computing and information technologies. The book traces how NSF's support has provided facilities and education for computing usage by all scientific disciplines, aided in institution and professional community building, supported fundamental research in computer science and allied disciplines, and led the efforts to broaden participation in computing by all segments of society. Today, the research and infrastructure facilitated by NSF computing programs are significant economic drivers of American society and industry. For example, NSF supported work that led to the first widely-used web browser, Netscape; sponsored the creation of algorithms at the core of the Google search engine; facilitated the growth of the public Internet; and funded research on the scientific basis for countless other applications and technologies. NSF has advanced the development of human capital and ideas for future advances in computing and its applications. This account is the first comprehensive coverage of NSF's role in the extraordinary growth and expansion of modern computing and its use. It will appeal to historians of computing, policy makers and leaders in government and academia, and individuals interested in the history and development of computing and the NSF.

Innovative and fusion technologies have shown an incredible ability to improve various aspects of society, such as healthcare systems. Nanobiotechnology is one such technology that is being applied to medical equipment and treatment approaches. Many pharmaceutical and medical companies have begun to count on medical nanotechnology due to its abundant applications and practical uses. Innovative Approaches for Nanobiotechnology in Healthcare Systems is a pivotal reference source that provides insights into a comprehensive collection of novel techniques used for the development of safe drugs using the available resources for diverse deadly diseases. This book discusses the various platforms of nanobiotechnology that are utilized in various fields. It is expected that bionanosytems will play a crucial role in the treatment of human diseases and the improvement of existing healthcare systems. This book is ideal for scientists, biotechnologists, microbiologists, medical professionals, entrepreneurs, policymakers, researchers, academicians, and students.

Advances in Nanomedicine for the Delivery of Therapeutic Nucleic Acids addresses several issues related to safe and effective delivery of nucleic acids (NAs) using nanoparticles. A further emphasis would be laid on the mechanism of delivery of NAs, the barriers encountered and the strategies adapted to combat them. An exhaustive account of the advantages as well shortcomings of all the delivery vectors being employed in delivery of various NAs will be provided. On final note the regulatory aspects of nanoparticles mediated NA would be discussed, with focus on their clinical relevance. The design and development of nucleic acid-based therapeutics for the treatment of diseases arising from genetic abnormalities has made significant progress over the past few years. NAs have been widely explored for the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases or to block cell proliferation and thereby caused diseases. Advances in synthetic oligonucleotide chemistry resulted in synthesis of NAs that are relatively stable in in vivo environments. However, cellular targeting and intracellular delivery of NAs still remains a challenge. Further development of NA-based therapeutics depends on the progress of safe and effective carriers for systemic administration. Nanomedicine has facilitated availability of vectors with diminished cytotoxicity and enhanced efficacy which are rapidly emerging as systems of choice. These vectors protect NAs from enzymatic degradation by forming condensed complexes along with targeted tissue and cellular delivery. During the past few years, a myriad reports have appeared reporting delivery of NAs mediated by nanoparticles. This book will provide an overview of nanoparticles being employed in the in vitro and in vivo delivery of therapeutically relevant NAs like DNA, siRNA, LNA, PNA, etc.