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Books > Earth & environment > Earth sciences > Structure & properties of the Earth > Volcanology & seismology
Twenty thousand years ago our planet was an icehouse. Temperatures
were down six degrees; ice sheets kilometres thick buried much of
Europe and North America and sea levels were 130m lower. The
following 15 millennia saw an astonishing transformation as our
planet metamorphosed into the temperate world upon which our
civilisation has grown and thrived. One of the most dynamic periods
in Earth history saw rocketing temperatures melt the great ice
sheets like butter on a hot summer's day; feeding torrents of
freshwater into ocean basins that rapidly filled to present levels.
The removal of the enormous weight of ice at high latitudes caused
the crust to bounce back triggering earthquakes in Europe and North
America and provoking an unprecedented volcanic outburst in
Iceland. A giant submarine landslide off the coast of Norway sent a
tsunami crashing onto the Scottish coast while around the margins
of the continents the massive load exerted on the crust by soaring
sea levels encouraged a widespread seismic and volcanic rejoinder.
In many ways, this post-glacial world mirrors that projected to
arise as a consequence of unmitigated climate change driven by
human activities. Already there are signs that the effects of
climbing global temperatures are causing the sleeping giant to stir
once again. Could it be that we are on track to bequeath to our
children and their children not only a far hotter world, but also a
more geologically fractious one?
On November 1, 1755--All Saints' Day--a massive earthquake
struck Europe's Iberian Peninsula and destroyed the city of Lisbon.
Churches collapsed upon thousands of worshippers celebrating the
holy day. "Earthquakes in Human History" tells the story of that
calamity and other epic earthquakes. The authors, Jelle Zeilinga de
Boer and Donald Theodore Sanders, recapture the power of their
previous book, "Volcanoes in Human History." They vividly explain
the geological processes responsible for earthquakes, and they
describe how these events have had long-lasting aftereffects on
human societies and cultures. Their accounts are enlivened with
quotations from contemporary literature and from later reports.
In the chaos following the Lisbon quake, government and church
leaders vied for control. The Marques de Pombal rose to power and
became a virtual dictator. As a result, the Roman Catholic Jesuit
Order lost much of its influence in Portugal. Voltaire wrote his
satirical work "Candide" to refute the philosophy of "optimism,"
the belief that God had created a perfect world. And the 1755
earthquake sparked the search for a scientific understanding of
natural disasters.
Ranging from an examination of temblors mentioned in the Bible,
to a richly detailed account of the 1906 catastrophe in San
Francisco, to Japan's Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923, to the
Peruvian earthquake in 1970 (the Western Hemisphere's greatest
natural disaster), this book is an unequaled testament to a natural
phenomenon that can be not only terrifying but also threatening to
humankind's fragile existence, always at risk because of
destructive powers beyond our control."
Earthquakes pose myriad dangers to heritage collections worldwide.
This book provides an accessible introduction to these dangers and
to the methodologies developed at the Getty and other museums
internationally for mitigating seismic vulnerability. Conceived as
a primer and reference, this abundantly illustrated volume begins
with an engaging overview of explanations for earthquakes from
antiquity to the nineteenth century. A series of chapters then
addresses our modern understanding of seismic events and approaches
for mitigating the damage they cause to heritage collections,
covering such subjects as earthquake measurement, hazard analysis,
the response of buildings and collections to seismic events, mount
making, and risk assessment; short sections by specialists in
seismic engineering complement the main text throughout. Readers
will find a range of effective seismic mitigation measures, from
simple low-cost approaches to complex base-isolation techniques. In
bridging the gap between seismologists and seismic engineers, on
the one hand, and collections care professionals, on the other,
this volume will be of interest to conservators, registrars,
designers, mount makers, and others involved in the management and
care of collections in museums and other cultural institutions. "
Understanding and specification of the higher altitudes of the
atmosphere with global coverage over all local times is hampered by
the challenges of obtaining direct measurements in the upper
atmosphere. Methods to measure the properties of the atmosphere
above the stratopause is an active area of scientific research. In
this thesis, we revisit the use of infrasound as a passive remote
sensing technique for the upper atmosphere. Signals from the
Tungurahua volcano in Ecuador are used to investigate the behavior
of the upper atmosphere. Depending on the atmospheric conditions,
stratospheric, mesospheric and thermospheric arrivals are observed
during intervals of explosive volcanic activity. It is found that
the travel times and dominant frequencies of the thermospheric
arrivals exhibit a coherent variability with periods equal to those
of the tidal harmonics. Theoretical predictions using atmospheric
specifications show that the stratospheric arrivals are predicted
within 1 percent of the observed value. For thermospheric arrivals,
this error can be as high as 10 percent. The error in thermospheric
celerities is found to be in accord with the typical uncertainty in
upper atmospheric winds. Given the observed response of the
infrasound celerities to upper atmospheric tidal variability, it is
suggested that infrasound observations may be used as an additional
source of information to constrain the atmospheric specifications
in the upper atmosphere. We present corrected wind profiles that
have been obtained by minimizing misfits in traveltime and source
location using a Bayesian statistics grid search algorithm.
Additionally, a new numerical method has been developed to solve
the problem of infrasound propagation in a stratified medium with
background flow, based on a modal expansion.
This issue contains 16 papers, presenting work on tsunami hazards,
earthquakes, and related computational infrastructure. The
integration of multihazard simulations and remotely sensed
observations is providing enormous benefits to earthquake and
tsunami research. Earthquakes cause damage, but also generate
tsunamis, which create additional damage. Remotely sensed
observations coupled with geologic field measurements and
simulations contribute to our understanding of earthquake
processes, which is necessary for mitigating loss of life and
property from these damaging events. This book focuses on
assimilation of remotely sensed observations to advance
multihazards simulation. This capability provides a powerful
virtual laboratory to probe earthquake behavior and the earthquake
cycle. Hence, it offers a new opportunity to gain understanding of
the earthquake nucleation process, precursory phenomena, and
space-time seismicity patterns needed for breakthrough advances in
earthquake forecasting and hazard quantification.
Volcanic Ash: Hazard Observation presents an introduction followed
by four sections, each on a separate topic and each containing
chapters from an internationally renowned pool of authors. The
introduction provides a volcanological context for ash generation
that sets the stage for the development and interpretation of
techniques presented in subsequent sections. The book begins with
an examination of the methods to characterize ash deposits on the
ground, as ash deposits on the ground have generally experienced
some atmospheric transport. This section will also cover basic
information on ash morphology, density, and refractive index, all
parameters required to understand and analyze assumptions made for
both in situ measurements and remote sensing ash inversion
techniques. Sections two, three, and four focus on methods for
observing volcanic ash in the atmosphere using ground-based,
airborne, and spaceborne instruments respectively. Throughout the
book, the editors showcase not only the interdisciplinary nature of
the volcanic ash problem, but also the challenges and rewards of
interdisciplinary endeavors. Additionally, by bringing together a
broad perspective on volcanic ash studies, the book not only ties
together ground-, air-, academic, and applied approaches to the
volcanic ash problem, but also engages with other scientific
communities interested in particulate transport.
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Etna
(Paperback)
G. F. Rodwell
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R189
Discovery Miles 1 890
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Ships in 10 - 15 working days
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Seismology is a highly effective tool for investigating the
internal structure of the Earth. Similar techniques have also
successfully been used to study other planetary bodies (planetary
seismology), the Sun (helioseismology), and other stars
(asteroseismology). Despite obvious differences between stars and
planetary bodies, these disciplines share many similarities and
together form a coherent field of scientific research. This unique
book takes a transdisciplinary approach to seismology and seismic
imaging, reviewing the most recent developments in these
extraterrestrial contexts. With contributions from leading
scientists, this timely volume systematically outlines the
techniques used in observation, data processing, and modelling for
asteroseismology, helioseismology, and planetary seismology,
drawing comparisons with seismic methods used in geophysics.
Important recent discoveries in each discipline are presented. With
an emphasis on transcending the traditional boundaries of
astronomy, solar, planetary and Earth sciences, this novel book is
an invaluable resource and reference for undergraduates,
postgraduates and academics.
The author examines natural disasters around the Pacific Rim
throughout history together with scientific data context to produce
enlightening-and highly readable-entries. On March 11, 2011, a
magnitude 9.0 earthquake struck off Japan's coast, triggering a
powerful tsunami. The massive destruction that resulted proved that
not even sophisticated, industrialized nations are immune from
nature's fury. Written to take some of the mystery out of the
earth's behavior, this encyclopedia chronicles major natural
disasters that have occurred around the Pacific Rim, an area
nicknamed the "Ring of Fire" because of the volatile earth that
lies above and below. The encyclopedia offers descriptions of
deadly earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis through time.
The entries provide in-depth information that promotes an
understanding of the structure of the earth and earth processes and
shares the insights of scientists whose work helps clarify the
causes and effects of these cataclysmic events. At the same time,
the work examines how the people and cultures of the Pacific Rim
view this active part of the earth, how they live with the threat
of disaster, and how they have been affected by major events that
have occurred. Readers will come away with a holistic view of what
is known, how this knowledge was gained, and what its implications
may be. Features approximately 100 alphabetically arranged entries
with insights into specific disasters, technology, key geographic
features of the area, significant people, cultural beliefs, and
more Includes a general introduction and overview of the geography
and tectonic activity in the Pacific Rim countries Offers both
historical and scientific information Explains complex natural
phenomena and scientific concepts using nontechnical language and
clear illustrations Provides relevant cross-references to related
topics as well as to articles, books, and websites that offer
further information
Metamorphism generates electrical and magnetic phenomena, and is
influenced by these forces. Information fundamental to their
combined study is presented, including examples from
microtectonics, crystal physics, geophysics, seismology, mineralogy
and materials science. Applications for earthquake prediction,
planetary science research, alternative energy and science
education are included. Work on reported seismic electric signals
is analyzed and summarized. Ten hypotheses related to earthquake
mechanisms and prediction are presented, as well as eighteen
recommendations for further study. Eight microtectonic deformation
mechanisms are explored. Two hundred seventeen descriptions of
minerals exhibiting ferroelectricity, pyroelectricity or
piezoelectricity are presented, with quantitative data where known.
Fifty-three of these are centrosymmetric, and explanations are
given for their apparent violations of crystal theory. A
comprehensive list of thirty-two mechanisms that generate telluric
currents is also presented, as are some novel or inexpensive
experimental techniques in crystal physics.
This book introduces the theory that the Sun is getting hotter, and
that is why the Earth is experiencing Global Warming.
In November 1991 the American flag was lowered for the last time at
Clark Air Base in the Philippines. This act brought to an end
American military presence in the Philippines that extended back
over 90 years. It also represented the final act in a drama that
began with the initial rumblings in April of that year of the Mount
Pinatubo volcano, located about nine miles to the east of Clark.
The following pages tell the remarkable story of the men and women
of the Clark community and their ordeal in planning for and
carrying out their evacuation from Clark in face of the impending
volcanic activity. It documents the actions of those who remained
on the base during the series of Mount Pinatubo's eruptions, and
the packing out of the base during the subsequent months. This is
the story of the "Ash Warriors," those Air Force men and women who
carried out their mission in the face of an incredible series of
natural disasters, including volcanic eruption, flood, typhoons,
and earthquakes, all of which plagued Clark and the surrounding
areas during June and July 1991. The author of The Ash Warriors
knew the situation first hand. Col. Dick Anderegg was the vice
commander of the 3rd Tactical Fighter Wing when the volcano
erupted, and he was at Clark throughout the evacuation and standing
down of the base. He brought his own personal experience to bear in
writing this story. He also conducted extensive research in the
archives of the Pacific Air Forces and Thirteenth Air Force,
utilized scores of interviews of those who witnessed and
participated in the events, and visited Clark in 1998 to see in
person how the installation had changed in the eight years since
the Americans left.
Despite growing evidence of geothermic activity under America's
first and foremost national park, it took geologists a long time to
realize that there was actually a volcano beneath Yellowstone. And
then, why couldn't they find the caldera or crater? Because, as an
aerial photograph finally revealed, the caldera is 45 miles wide,
encompassing all of Yellowstone. What will happen, in human terms,
when it erupts?
Greg Breining explores the shocking answer to this question and
others in a scientific yet accessible look at the enormous natural
disaster brewing beneath the surface of the United States.
Yellowstone is one of the world's five "super volcanoes." When it
erupts, much of the nation will be hit hard.
Though historically Yellowstone has erupted about every 600,000
years, it has not done so for 630,000, meaning it is 30,000 years
overdue. Starting with a scenario of what will happen when
Yellowstone blows, this fascinating study describes how volcanoes
function and includes a timeline of famous volcanic eruptions
throughout history.
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