This book highlights the continuing impunity enjoyed by corporations for large scale crimes, and in particular the crime of toxic waste dumping in Ivory Coast in 2006. It provides an account of the crime, and outlines contributory reasons for the impunity both under the law and from a criminological point of view. Furthermore, the book reveals the retrogressive role of civil society organisations (CSOs) in Ivory coast, contrary to the societal expectations made of 'non-governmental' organisations (NGOs) and CSOs. This book reveals that in the case of this particular example of state-corporate crime, civil society as an agency of censure and sanction actually played a distinctly retrogressive role. Here, in fact, state and state-corporate crime facilitates corruption within the civil society sphere through a process referred to in the book as the 'commodification of victimhood' and, as a result, ensures that impunity is virtually guaranteed for the corporation and the Ivorian government. This book also examines the failure of international and domestic legal measures to sanction the perpetrators alongside civil society's shortcomings and ultimately advocates a more cautionary approach to civil society's potential to label, censure and sanction large-scale state-corporate crime. This book will help readers understand the difficulties in sanctioning such crime as well as promoting the theoretical framework of state crime, the understanding of which could lead to the alleviation of human suffering at the hands of criminal states and corporations.

In recent years the concept of the resource "nexus" has been both hotly debated and widely adopted in research and policy circles. It is a powerful new way to understand and better govern the myriad complex relationships between multiple resources, actors and their security concerns. Particular attention has been paid to water, energy and food interactions, but land and materials emerge as critical too. This comprehensive handbook presents a detailed review of current knowledge about resource nexus-related frameworks, methods and governance, including a broad set of inter-disciplinary perspectives. Written by an international group of scholars and practitioners, the volume focuses on rigorous research, including tools, methods and modelling approaches to analyse resource use patterns across societies and scales from a "nexus perspective". It also provides numerous examples from political economy to demonstrate how resource nexus frameworks can illuminate issues such as land grabs, mining, renewable energy and the growing importance of economies such as China, as well as to propose lessons and outlooks for sound governance. The volume seeks to serve as an essential reference text, source book and state-of-the-art, science-based assessment of this increasingly important topic - the resource nexus - and its utility in efforts to enhance sustainability of many kinds and implement the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals in an era of environmental and geopolitical change.

Tunnelling provides a robust solution to a variety of engineering challenges. It is a complex process, which requires a firm understanding of the ground conditions as well as the importance of ground-structure interaction. This book covers the full range of areas related to tunnel construction required to embark upon a career in tunnelling. It also includes a number of case studies related to real tunnel projects, to demonstrate how the theory applies in practice. New features of this second edition include: the introduction of a case study related to Crossrail's project in London, focussing on the Whitechapel and Liverpool Street station tunnels and including considerations of building tunnels in a congested urban area; and further information on recent developments in tunnel boring machines, including further examples of all the different types of machine as well as multi-mode machines. The coverage includes: Both hard-rock and soft-ground conditions Site investigation, parameter selection, and design considerations Methods of improving the stability of the ground and lining techniques Descriptions of the various main tunnelling techniques Health and safety considerations Monitoring of tunnels during construction Description of the latest tunnel boring machines Case studies with real examples, including Crossrail's project in London Clear, concise, and heavily illustrated, this is a vital text for final-year undergraduate and MSc students and an invaluable starting point for young professionals and novices in tunnelling.

The notion of a lifestyle system leading to zero waste is obviously appealing, and a strategy of total reuse and recycling of: waste material is often advocated. However, there is a growing realization that the recycling process itself produces waste, and the environmental and economic cost of recycling and reusing certain materials invalidates the zero waste approach as a universally viable solution. Thus, solutions must be found to deal with the part of waste that it is not practicable to recycle or reuse. The energy content of municipal waste (whether raw or classified) is about 10MJ kg-1. If the total amount of waste material in any region is around 30 million tons per year or about 1000 kg/ s, the total energy is thus 10,000MJ /s = 10,000 MW. At an electricity generation efficiency of 20%, this could provide 2000 MW plus about 6000MWof district heating. This energy source is largely biomass, which is carbon dioxide neutral, and thus does not contribute to the total atmospheric greenhouse gases. The present work includes many aspects of municipal solid waste combustion, such as the effects of moisture, particle size and ash content effects on solid particle during process rates (moisture evaporation, volatile release, and char burning rate). The COMMENT code has developed to reveal much detailed information on the combustion processes. Through experimental and numerical investigations, the combustion process of simulated MSW in bed can be better understood and the experiment results can be used to amend the mathematics model and be consulted by the application in the project. The results from modeling can show the combustion process, and make us deeply know how the heat transfers in the fuel and gas yields from fuel. At the same time, the simulation can predict the maximum temperature of waste incineration and the trend concerning combustion.

An increased demand for recycling has prompted the food industry to become more efficient in its handling of waste. Food waste is among the priority streams for waste prevention worldwide, as it is generated at large quantities at all levels of the food production and consumption chain, in both developed and developing countries, throughout the year. This book discusses practices, management and challenges of food waste. The first chapter discusses current agricultural development systems. Chapter Two presents a review of the works of research that have been developed in the last decade on the use of food wastes as sources of antioxidant compounds, such as polyphenols. Chapter Three provides a critical overview on the studies that deal specifically with food applications, mainly focusing on their potential as sources of fibers and associated phenolics and respective antioxidant activity. Chapter Four contributes to innovation in research on the valorisation techniques that have been developed for the use of food wastes as well as examines future directions in the field. Chapter Five reviews conventional methods currently applied in Vietnam for treatment of food waste, and then proposes a promising solution using anaerobic digestion technology. Chapter Six provides an overview of the generation of food waste within households in Greece and investigates the potential for prevention. Chapter Seven investigates heat generation and oxygen levels during the storage of soy sauce squeezing residue and fish meal, by-products of soy sauce and fish production and processing, respectively, by thermal analysis and gas chromatography. The final chapter discusses sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose properties, extraction technologies and xylooligosaccharides production.

Under the Superfund program, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) places some of the most seriously contaminated sites on the National Priorities List (NPL). At the end of fiscal year 2013, nonfederal sites made up about 90 percent of these sites. At these sites, EPA undertakes remedial action projects to permanently and significantly reduce contamination. Remedial action projects can take a considerable amount of time and money, depending on the nature of the contamination and other site-specific factors. This book examines, for fiscal years 1999 through 2013, the trends in the annual federal appropriations to the Superfund program and EPA expenditures for remedial cleanup activities at nonfederal sites on the NPL; and the number of nonfederal sites on the NPL, the number of remedial action project completions, and the number of construction completions at nonfederal NPL sites. Furthermore, the book examines how EPA addresses the cleanup of sites it has identified as eligible for the NPL; how the processes for implementing the Superfund Alternative (SA) and NPL approaches compare; and how SA agreement sites compare with similar NPL sites in completing the cleanup process.

Zero Waste: Management Practices for Environmental Sustainability presents approaches for resource management centered on reducing waste and reusing and recycling materials. It aims to save energy by reducing energy consumption associated with extracting, processing, and transporting raw materials and waste, and also to reduce and eventually eliminate the need for landfills and incinerators. This book presents the various principles, methods, and tools that can be used to address different issues in the areas of industrial waste reduction and sustainability. It examines how to eliminate waste at the source and at all points of a supply chain, and how to shift from the current one-way linear resource model to a sustainable "closed-loop" system. Proposes strategies for businesses to reduce and reuse waste with a goal of reaching a zero waste status. Focuses on how mitigating waste and promoting recycling can save vast amounts of energy. Explains how the zero waste approach would be a key measure to ensure environmental sustainability and help to offset global climate change.

USDA and Interior manage over 600 million acres of land, including sites contaminated from prior uses or events, such as mining or toxic spills. These lands are managed by five Interior agencies, including BLM and the National Park Service, and five USDA agencies, including the U.S. Forest Service. These agencies must identify and report to EPA certain facilities that may threaten human health or the environment and, under some circumstances, clean them up. They must also report cost estimates for addressing contamination at certain sites, called environmental liabilities. This book examines USDA's and Interior's efforts to identify these sites, funding to address the sites, reported environmental liabilities, and EPA's role in addressing the sites. Furthermore, this book provides a summary of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act and related provisions of the Act.

Book & CD. The development of unconventional oil and natural gas resources using horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing (fracking) has created new demand for wastewater disposal wells that inject waste fluids into deep geologic strata. An increasing concern in the United States is that injection of these fluids may be responsible for increasing rates of seismic activity. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Underground Injection Control (UIC) program regulates injection of fluids related to oil and gas production as Class II injection wells for the protection of underground sources of drinking water (USDWs). Because seismic events from injection have the potential to cause endangerment of underground sources of drinking water, the UIC program director should be aware of that potential and be prepared with response options should seismic events become a concern. This purpose of this book is to discuss the relationship between deep-well injections and induced seismicity.

Waste-to-Energy is one of the key technologies for sustainable waste management. The book by Laura Mastellone offers a comprehensive overview of the various processes for thermal waste treatment such as incineration, pyrolysis, and gasification. It is instrumental for understanding objectives, functioning, residues, and environmental impacts of thermal processes. This is worthwhile reading for any expert in the field of resources and waste management.

Agricultural wastes (AW) can be defined as the residues from the growing and processing of raw agricultural products such as fruits, vegetables, meat, poultry, dairy products and crops. Agricultural wastes can be in the form of solid, liquid or slurries depending on the nature of agricultural activities. Furthermore, agricultural industry residues and wastes constitute a significant proportion of worldwide agricultural productivity. Although the quantity of wastes produced by the agricultural sector is significantly low compared to wastes generated by other industries, the pollution potential of agricultural wastes is high on a long-term basis. This book discusses the characteristics, types and management options for agricultural wastes.

Over the past few years, the occurrence of pharmaceutical residues in the environment has attracted great interest regarding the possible harmful effects of many of these pollutants to living organisms. One of the main sources of pharmaceuticals in the environment is the discharge of effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), where their removal is often incomplete. Natural wastewater treatment systems such as constructed wetlands constitute a relevant option to conventional methods due to their efficiency, low establishment costs and reduced operation and management requirements. This book discusses processes involved with wastewater treatment as well as management strategies and their impact on the environment.

How do those pushed to the margins survive in contemporary cities? What role do they play in today's increasingly complex urban ecosystems? Faced with stark disparities in human and environmental wellbeing, what form might more equitable cities take? Waste Matters argues that contemporary literature and film offer an insightful and timely response to these questions through their formal and thematic revaluation of urban waste. In their creation of a new urban imaginary which centres on discarded things, degraded places and devalued people, authors and artists such as Patrick Chamoiseau, Chris Abani, Dinaw Mengestu, Suketu Mehta and Vik Muniz suggest opportunities for an inclusive urban politics that demands systematic analysis. Waste Matters assesses the utopian promise and pragmatic limitations of their as yet under-examined work in light of today's pressing urban challenges. This book will be of great interest to scholars and students of English Literature, Postcolonial Studies, Urban Studies, Environmental Humanities and Film Studies.

The growing quantities of waste sludge generated in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants containing various organics and other contaminants require novel treatment technologies that are capable of achieving significant removal efficiencies and producing reusable sludge products. As a response, a large variety of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been investigated to remove the present contaminants from wastewaters and limited cases of waste sludge. Multidisciplinary researches have been carried out accordingly. In this regard, electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) have emerged as novel environmental-friendly and effective treatment technologies for the elimination of several organic contaminants. Considerable validation of these methods has been performed at both the bench-scale and pilot-scale. Although a promising new technology, the mechanisms involved in the oxidation of organic compounds during electrochemical advanced oxidation processes and the corresponding environmental impacts have not been completely addressed until now. This book aims at the electrochemical advanced oxidation processes occurrence from different points of view, describing its related technologies, providing an assessment of the development and efficiency, and highlighting various aspects of waste activated sludge stabilisation and reuse accordingly in five chapters. In the first chapter a brief review to waste sludge stabilisation and reuse has been presented. The second chapter provides an overview to advanced oxidation processes. The third chapter describes the various electrochemical advanced oxidation methods. Chapter four presents and discusses the own experimental investigations results employing the Fered-Fenton EAOP. The modeling of the results of the own experimental studies results by means of Taguchi method and artificial neural networks has been performed in the fifth chapter. The main goal of this book is to gather different updated viewpoints according to the electrochemical advanced oxidation processes and to provide the own experimental studies results accordingly in order to present students, researchers, engineers and managers with useful knowledge in this regard.

Over the last couple of decades, rapid urbanisation, unplanned industrialisation, and a rising population jointly created several issues worldwide, particularly in developing and underdeveloped countries. One such issue that requires urgent attention is the ever-increasing waste problem which has become an exasperation for regional and local governments and an issue of both national and international importance. Waste in any form and character are the byproduct of anthropogenic activities. To move forward towards a cleaner and greener future, we need to deduce sustainable technologies -- to reduce, reuse and recycle our waste. This book includes important information and views on new developments of waste management technologies, especially from developing and underdeveloped countries. In this book, there are contributions of experts from different countries. Each one of them shows interesting research outputs on waste management technologies which are both economical and eco-friendly; and if applied properly, can lead us towards a 'zero-waste' world.

The reuse of wastewater in irrigation is being practiced only recently to solve water scarcity problems in agriculture. Management of water, soil, crop, and operational procedures, including precautions to protect farm workers, play an important role in the successful use of sewage effluent for irrigation. Appropriate water management practices must be followed to prevent salinization. If salt is not flushed out of the root zone by leaching and removed from the soil by effective drainage, salinity problems can build up rapidly. Leaching and drainage are, thus, two important water management practices to avoid salinization of soils. One of the options that may be available to farmers is the blending of treated sewage with conventional sources of water to obtain a blended water of acceptable salinity level. This important book focuses on the use of wastewater as a valuable resource for agricultural micro irrigation purposes. It covers effective wastewater management practices in a variety of climates, including semi-arid regions and others; how to perform effective evaluations to gauge the quality of the water on plants, including potatoes, maize, and eggplant; and the cost-benefit of using wastewater. It addresses the sources of wastewater for irrigation and the problems along with challenges, including water quality, clogging, soil quality, and more. The mission of this compendium is to serve as a reference manual for professionals in biological and civil engineering, horticulture, soil and crop science, and agronomy, as well as for graduate and undergraduate students in related fields. It will be a valuable reference for professionals who work with micro irrigation/wastewater and water management, for technical agricultural centers, irrigation centers, agricultural extension services, and other agencies that work with micro irrigation programs.

This title includes a number of Open Access chapters. The twenty-first century world faces several enormous challenges: how to mitigate climate change, meet a growing energy demand without relying on fossil fuels, and manage the escalating quantities of solid waste generated by cities around the world. This compendium volume offers a viable solution to all three: using solid waste as a renewable resource. Intended for a wide audience ranging from engineers and academics to decision-makers in both the public and private sectors, this volume has gathered together research into a range of technologies and methodologies. The editors, two well-published researchers at the top of their field, have selected articles that lay the foundation for this discussion. They have then included chapters for the following waste management scenarios: anaerobic digestion, composting, pyrolysis and chemical upgrading, incineration and carbonization, and gasification. Research has been included from around the world, representing potential international solutions to what are global challenges, as well as crucial implications for ongoing research in this important field of study.

This volume presents a selection of papers from the WASTES 2015 conference, a platform for scientists and industries from the waste management and recycling sectors from around the world, who shared experiences and knowledge at the meeting. Covering discussions regarding the balance between economic, environmental and social outcomes, the development of innovative techniques, tools and strategies on how wastes can be transformed into good ideas. Improving both the overall environmental performance and the understanding of the industry impact on the environment, as well as the options analysis for its improvement were key objectives of this conference. With this publication it is expected to take the scope of this event beyond the limits of its physical occurrence by providing both scientists, professionals and the general public with an instrument that is the materialization of the main contributions to WASTES 2015.

Efficient Management of Wastewater from Manufacturing is an accessible research compendium, highly useful for anyone involved with the phytosanitaries, food and beverage, pharmaceutical, or textile industries. The editor, Victor Monsalvo, is a well-respected expert in the field who has included many of his own studies. He has also enlisted articles from other researchers from around the world. Together, they offer a range of treatment methodologies for manufacturing wastewater, including anaerobic processes and catalyzation. They focus on advanced treatment processes that would improve current efficiency and reduced energy costs. Feasibility and potential problems are also thoroughly discussed, creating a realistic and practical research collection. Included within the book are chapters on the following topics: An overview of pesticide toxicity More efficient anaerobic treatments for agricultural wastewater Wastewater treatment methodologies for specific sectors of the food-production industry, including slaughterhouses, fish processing plants, dairies, fruit canning factories, and wineries Biological treatment systems for wastewater containing cosmetic and pharmaceutical chemicals and byproducts Improved methodologies for removing dye from textile wastewater The range of topics will be of practical use to chemical, civil, and environmental engineers. Researchers at the graduate level will find here a wealth of studies that will prove fruitful for future investigation.

For many years, if businesses were caught dumping waste, it was treated more as a nuisance than as a crime; the common images of the criminal and the dumper were worlds apart. In Dangerous Ground, originally published in 1992, Donald J. Rebovich closes this perceptual gap, providing essential information about and analysis of hazardous waste crime and the hazardous waste criminal. This paperback edition includes new material, noting important changes since the book's original publication. Rebovich finds that the criminal dumper is usually an ordinary businessman. The author's research discovers that hazardous waste disposal crimes are more likely driven by the cost of legitimate disposal options, rather than by organized crime figures. It is also a world where one's criminal position is often determined by industry connections and personal relationships. Dangerous Ground places the criminal dumping culture in perspective by detailing the basics of hazardous waste generation, its legitimate disposal, government responses, and efforts to control illegal disposal. An epilogue concludes with an analysis of new threats to our environment posed by gas and oil drilling, declining federal prosecutions, progressive sentencing for offenders, and recommendations on how the global community can effectively address international environmental crime.

The question of "what to do with radioactive waste" has been raised frequently for both fission and fusion power plants. In recent years, fusion designers have become increasingly aware of the large amount of mildly radioactive materials that fusion generates. The search for a suitable solution has stimulated discussions about the origin and nature of fusion radioactive waste. This book discusses the perspectives of managing fusion radioactive materials. It also discusses the canister quandary, and the nuclear security system in Georgia.

A vital investigation into how disposability has transformed our lives and why we've been unable to kick our plastic habit by Wall Street Journal reporter Saabira Chaudhuri.

Over the past seventy years, McDonald's, Coca-Cola, Procter & Gamble, Unilever and other consumer goods makers have harnessed single-use plastics to turbocharge their profits. They've poured billions of dollars into convincing us we need disposable diapers, cups, bags, bottles, shampoo in sachets and plastic-packaged ultra-processed foods.

We were never clamouring for any of these items, but this shift towards disposability has fundamentally transformed our daily habits. Think of toddlers kept in disposable diapers for far longer than their parents wore cloth, our obsession with bottled water and our insatiable appetite for convenient snacks and coffee. While at first we shaped plastics, somewhere along the way, plastics took over and began shaping us.

Like any addiction, our plastic habit has consequences. It is damaging our climate and biodiversity and we are only just starting to understand its effect on our own health.

How did plastic take over our lives? And why have we been unable to rein it in? In investigating how we got here, Consumed arms us to make better decisions about where we go next. It is only by understanding this history that we will stop accepting the same failed solutions and demand better from the brands that got us hooked on plastic in the first place.

Underground infrastructure undoubtedly constitutes one of the most important engineering components of urbanized areas. Such infrastructure includes energy distribution, communications and water, carry away sewage, elements of transportation systems of goods and people, storage facilities of articles, liquids and gases, as well as commercial, recreational and research activities and other functions. Underground Infrastructure of Urban Areas 3 is dedicated to the research, design, implementation and maintenance of infrastructure systems, as well as communication tunnels and building structures (garages, tanks, etc.) in urbanized areas. The book collects contributions from several countries, presenting current scientific and technical issues associated with this area of the building industry. Both theoretical issues and case studies on the design, execution and testing of underground infrastructures at professional and academic levels are included in the present work. Presenting the state-of-the-art in underground infrastructure of urbanized areas, the book aims at academics, designers and builders of structures, producers and suppliers of building materials, equipment, and underground structures, and also at those managing and maintaining these structures.

Ingenieurgeochemie nutzt die Kenntnis naturlicher Prozesse der Schadstoffverteilung aus umweltgeochemischen Untersuchungen fur die Entwicklung und Erfolgskontrolle auf naturlichen Ressourcen basierender Entsorgungstechnologien. Der Schwerpunkt der darstellung liegt auf dem Verstandnis der Wirkungsweise ausserer und innerer Barrierensysteme zur physikalischen Stabilisierung und chemischen Immobilisierung von Schadstoffen.

Neue Beitrage zu Sickerwasserprognosen, zum Langzeitverhalten von Deponien, zur Stabilisierung von Bergbaualtlasten und zu Baggergut-Unterwasserdepots erganzen das Buch in der zweiten Auflage. Mit Beispielen aus den Projekten und Studien KORA, RUBIN, SEDYMO, SIWAP (BMBF), AquaTerra (EU), Elbe (HPA) und Rhein (POR)."