This book will present the theory involved in wastewater treatment processes, define the important design parameters involved, and provide typical values of these parameters for ready reference; and also provide numerical applications and step-by-step calculation procedures in solved examples. These examples and solutions will help enhance the readers’ comprehension and deeper understanding of the basic concepts, and can be applied by plant designers to design various components of the treatment facilities. It will also examine the actual calculation steps in numerical examples, focusing on practical application of theory and principles into process and water treatment facility design.

The interest in air pollution modelling has shown substantial growth over the last five years. This was particularly evident by the increasing number of participants attending the NATO/CCMS International Technical Meetings on Air Pollution modelling and its Application. At the last meeting 118 papers and posters were selected from an abundance of submitted abstracts divided over five modelling topics: (i) model assessment and verification, including policy applications, (ii) air pollution modelling in coastal areas with emphasis on the mediterranean region, (iii) accidental atmospheric releases, including warning systems and regulations, (iv) modelling of global and long-range transport and (v) new developments in turbulent diffusion. A round-table discussion chaired by John Irwin (USA) and Jan Kretzschmar (Belgium) on the harmonization of air pollution models was attended by more than 50 scientists and is reported in these proceedings. The opening paper addressed the main issue of this conference: modelling over complex terrain. Of particular interest were coastal areas where the surface inhomogeneities introduce small-scale circulation and varying atmospheric stability, often combined with a complex topography. As the conference was located on the beautiful island of Crete, problems faced by the host nation, particularly Athens and its environs were obvious examples for consideration. These together with other regions with similar geographical features were addressed. Heavily populated and industrialized as they often are, air quality is generally poor there and emission regulations are desired. Obviously, a major task of air pollution dispersion modelling is to assist policy makers in formulating sensible regulations.

This monograph consists of manuscripts submitted by invited speakers who participated in the symposium "Industrial Environmental Chemistry: Waste Minimization in Industrial Processes and Remediation of Hazardous Waste," held March 24-26, 1992, at Texas A&M University. This meeting was the tenth annual international symposium sponsored by the Texas A&M Industry-University Cooperative Chemistry Program (IUCCP). The program was developed by an academic-industrial steering committee consisting of the co-chairmen, Professors Donald T. Sawyer and Arthur E. Martell of the Texas A&M University Chemistry Department, and members appointed by the sponsoring companies: Bernie A. Allen, Jr., Dow Chemical USA; Kirk W. Brown, Texas A&M University; Abraham Clearfield, Texas A&M University; Greg Leyes, Monsanto Company; Jay Warner, Hoechst-Celanese Corporation; Paul M. Zakriski, BF Goodrich Company; and Emile A. Schweikert, Texas A&M University (IUCCP Coordinator). The subject of this conference reflects the interest that has developed in academic institutions and industry for technological solutions to environmental contamination by industrial wastes. Progress is most likely with strategies that minimize waste production from industrial processes. Clearly the key to the protection and preservation of the environment will be through R&D that optimizes chemical processes to minimize or eliminate waste streams. Eleven of the papers are directed to waste minimization. An additional ten papers discuss chemical and biological remediation strategies for hazardous wastes that contaminate soils, sludges, and water.

The annual cost of medical care in the U niled States is rapidly approaching a trillion dollars. Without doubt, much of the rise in costs is due to our health industry's concentration on high technology remediation and risk avoidance measures. From recent public discussions it is becoming in creasingly evident that to contain the costs and at the same time extend the benefits of health care without national bankruptcy will necessitate much greater attention to preventative medicine. The total cost of waste disposal by our health industry is well over a billion dollars. It is rising rapidly as we increasingly rely on high technol ogy remediation measures. Here, too, in the opinion of the authors of this work, it would be prudent to give much greater attention to preventative approaches. Incineration technology has largely been developed for disposing mu nicipal solid waste (MSW) and hazardous waste (HW). As a result of the multibillion dollar funding for the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), most experts believe that pollution control is the key to minimizing toxic emissions from incinerators. This view is now beginning to take hold in medical waste (MW) incineration as well. However, the authors contributing to this book have concluded that precombustion measures can be most effective in reducing the toxic products of medical waste incineration."

Looking at the politics of nuclear waste, this book examines the subject from an international standpoint. Other works by the author Andrew Blowers include "The Limits of Power" and "Something in the Air", and he has been co-editor on books such as "Nuclear Power in Crisis".

Traditional textbooks on rock mechanics often fail to engage students in the learning process as such books are packed with theory that students are unlikely to use in their future employment. In contrast, this book delivers the fundamentals of rock mechanics using a more practical and engaging project-based approach which simulates what practitioners do in their real-life practice. This book will be of great help to those who would like to learn practical aspects of rock mechanics and better understand how to apply theory to solve real engineering problems. This book covers geology, rock mechanics principles, and practical applications such as rock falls, slope stability analysis and engineering problems in tunnels. Throughout the whole book, the reader is engaged in project-based work so that the reader can experience what rock mechanics is like and clearly see why it is an important part of geotechnical engineering. The project utilizes real field and laboratory data while the relevant theory needed to execute the project is linked to each project task. In addition, each section of the book contains several exercises and quiz questions to scaffold learning. Some problems include open-ended questions to encourage the reader to exercise their judgement and develop practical skills. To foster the learning process, solutions to all questions are provided to allow for learning feedback.

In 1949, when the North Atlantic Treaty was ratified, one of its articles explicitly noted '1hat member countries should contribute towards the further development of peaceful and friendly international relations." Specific problems related to the human environment were addressed by the Committee of Challenges of Modern Society (CCMS) of NATO, established in 1969. This provided a framework within which a series of International Technical Meetings (ITMs) on Air Pollution Modelling has been held. This volume documents the proceedings of the 18th meeting in this series. Science, like the arts and sports, provides an ideal vehicle for "developing peaceful and friendly international relations". National boundaries have never been barriers to the movement of air pollution, and fortunately this has also proved true of scientists studying the transport of air pollution. It is thus satisfying to record that since the mid-seventies it has been commonplace to find Eastern European scientists among attendees at the ITMs which have (in a very modest way) participated in a precursor to the process which has led to historical changes in Europe and which will undoubtedly lead to a tremendous increase in personal and intellectual exchange on a worldwide basis.

Once again the present volume contains the majority of the papers presented at the Third Pan-American Biodeterioration Society Meeting held at The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA, on August 3, 4, 5, and 6, 1989. The sponsors for this symposium included The George Washington University, The Smithsonian Institution, The Virginia Department of Health, The University of Connecticut, The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Clark Atlanta University, Ball State University, the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, the Agriculture Research Service/U. S. Department of Agriculture, the University of Georgia, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Morehouse College, the University of Texas at Houston, North Carolina State University, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and the Forest Service/U.S. Department of Agriculture. The program was developed by members of the Program, Planning, and Organizing Committee. Leading scientists in specific topic areas were invited. Also we accepted contributed papers from individuals and laboratories actively involved in relevant areas of research and study. The participation of internationally established scientists was encouraged. The Society CPABS) tried to ensure that the program reflected current developments, informed reviews, embryonic and developing areas, and critical assessment for several aspects of the present state of knowledge as it relates to the major sections of the proceedings. Obviously, not all aspects of biodeterioration or biodegradation are represented.

The discipline of surface and colloid chemistIy has experienced a considerable resurgence since the early sixties. This perhaps reflects a growing realisation of the wide applicability of modern colloid and surface theory to many important industrial, medical and environmental problems. This increased activity has resulted in a very complex and at times even confusing area of science being consolidated within a firm theoretical framework. The clearer insights gained into the underlying principles have no doubt acted in an autocatalytic manner to stimulate further interest in an expanding range of applications. A good example in the area of environmental chemistry has been the realization of the important role played by colloidal material and surface interactions in natural biogeochemical processes that has been the subject of increasing attention over the last few decades. This is well illustrated by the numerous studies carried out to elucidate the speciation, toxicity, transport and fate of pollutants in aquatic systems. In the vast majority cases these have clearly implicated some involvement of an aSSOciation between the of pollutant (e. g. trace metal, toxic organic compound or nutrient) and a colloidal component (e. g. particle, humic substance, foam). In order to understand these interactions fully and their effect on pollutant mobility it is important to develop a full appreciation of the surface chemistry of these complex systems. Australian SCientists have long been prominent in the area of colloid and surface chemistry particularly dUring the latter half of this century.

Microbes are the predominant form of life on the planet due to their broad range of adaptation and versatile nutritional behavior. The ability of some microbes to inhabit hostile environment incompatible with most forms of life means that their habitat defines the extent of the biosphere and delineates the barrier between the biosphere and geosphere. The direct and indirect role of microbes that include bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, viruses, mycoplasma, and protozoans are very much important in development of modern human society for food, drugs, textiles, agriculture, and environment. Furthermore, microorganisms and their enzyme system are responsible for the degradation of various organic matters. Microbes for Sustainable Development and Bioremediation emphasizes the role of microbes for sustainable development of ecosystem. Environmental microbiology role in biogeochemical cycle and bioremediation of environmental waste is major theme, which comprises the following aspects: Bacterial phytoextraction mechanism of heavy metals by native hyperaccumulator plants from complex waste-contaminated site for eco-restoration Role of microbial enzyme for eco-friendly recycling of industrial waste Field-scale remediation of crude oil-contaminated desert soil and treatment technology Microbial technology for metal recovery from e-waste printed circuit board Impact of genomic data on sustainability of ecosystem Methane monooxygenases: their regulations and applications Role of microbes in environmental sustainability and food preservation This book will be directly beneficial to researchers and classroom students, in areas of biotechnology, environmental microbiology, molecular biology, and environmental engineering with specialized collection of cutting-edge knowledge.

This Practical Guide to Rock Tunneling fills an important void in the literature for a practical guide to the design and construction of tunnels in rock. Practical Guide to Rock Tunneling takes the reader through all the critical steps of the design and construction for rock tunnels starting from geotechnical site investigations through to construction supervision. The guide provides suggestions and recommendations for practitioners on special topics of laboratory testing, durability of rock and acceptance for unlined water conveyance tunnels, overstressing or deep and long tunnels, risk-based evaluation of excavation methods, contract strategies, and post-construction inspections. Key considerations and lessons learned from selected case projects are presented based on the author's extensive international experience of over 30 years and 1000 km of tunneling for civil, hydropower, and mining infrastructure, including some of the most recognized projects in the world to date. Instead of revisiting all theory and concepts that can be found in other sources, this book contains the hard learned lessons from the author's experience in the field of Rock Tunneling, gathered over 30 years of service.

Environments at Risk is designed as an introductory text and uses case histories of environmental impact assessment to raise issues important in controlling environmental problems. This approach is novel as is the concentration on assessment procedures. In his twenty years of involvement with such cases, Professor Ellis developed his own method of approach for auditing environmental impact assessments, a method which will help readers appraise similar cases in which they are involved, either as concerned citizen, environmental managers or assessors.

Offering a comprehensive approach, this title covers fundamentals, technologies, and management of biological processing of solid waste. It discusses kinetic modeling and synergistic impact evolution during bioprocessing of solid waste, environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas emission from biological processing of solid waste, energy recovery from solid waste, and biodrying of solid waste. It also presents cases and challenges from different countries, successful business models, and economic analyses of various processing options. Aimed at researchers and industry professionals in solid and hazardous waste management, this title offers a wealth of knowledge to help readers understand this increasingly important area.

Landfill, as an indispensable part of every waste management system, is subject to a critical revision. The existing scientific, technical, and regulatory concepts are discussed in group reports on the basis of 14 review papers. Landfills are considered as chemical and biological reactors, which can be active over a time span of several centuries. Thus the common goal of the participants of the workshop was to define both scientific and technical criteria for landfills with final storage quality. This new concept is of fundamental importance for environmental engineers and scientists.

In computational mechanics, the first and quite often the most difficult part of a problem is the correct formulation of the problem. This is usually done in terms of differential equations. Once this formulation is accomplished, the translation of the governing differential equations into accurate, stable, and physically realistic difference equations can be a formidable task. By comparison, the numerical evaluation of these difference equations in order to obtain a solution is usually much simpler. The present notes are primarily concerned with the second task, that of deriving accurate, stable, and physically realistic difference equations from the governing differential equations. Procedures for the numerical evaluation of these difference equations are also presented. In later applications, the physical formulation of the problem and the properties of the numerical solution, especially as they are related to the numerical approximations inherent in the solution, are discussed. There are numerous ways to form difference equations from differential equations.

This book represents the efforts of over a hundred individuals who planned and executed the NSTS field experiments, analyzed the billions of data points, and distilled their findings and insights into the summaries found here. Because these experiments were of a scope that will seldom, if ever, be duplicated, and because the program brought together many of the foremost field experimentalists in this country, we all felt from the beginning that it was important to preserve the outcome. This was done in two ways. First, the raw data were made available to any interested investigator within 18 months of the completion of each experiment. Secondly, both the methodology of the experiments and the findings from them were codified in the form of a monograph. This book is that result. I have had the occasion recently (Sediments '87 Proceedings, Vol. 1, pp. 642-651) to assess the NSTS performance. I found that we made giant strides in our understanding of the surf zone hydrodynamics --far more than our fondest expectations at the beginning. We were able to do less than we had hoped about the response of the sediment, largely because of a limited ability to measure it at a point. As I reported in the Sediments '87 assessment, we established a new state of the art in measurement techniques and we demonstrated the effectiveness of large, multi-investigator, instrument-intensive experiments for studying nearshore processes.

Particle samplers are widely used in workplaces in order to determine the concentration of airborne particles in the atmosphere. They generally operate by drawing air, with the aid of a pump, through one or more orifices in the sampler body and housed within the sampler is a filter through which the air is subsequently drawn. The airborne particles are collected on the filter and their concentration is determined. Various samplers have been designed for this purpose including "static" samplers, which are located in a fixed position in a working environment and determine the dust concentration averaged over a prescribed period of time at that one point, and "personal" samplers which are mounted on a working person near to the breathing zone. The ORB sampler, a static sampler designed by Ogden and Birkett (1978) to have approximately the same entry efficiency, for particles with aerodynamical diameter up to at least 25 m, as a human head equally exposed to all wind directions for wind speeds between 0 and 2. 75m1s, is shown in Fig. l. l and examples of personal samplers are shown in Fig. 1. 2a, b and c and represent a single 4mm hole sampler, a seven hole sampler and a 25mm open face filter holder respectively. These three samplers are some of the most commonly used personal samplers for sampling the total airborne concentrations of workplace dusts in Britain.

The Technology Program GAST was executed from 1981 to 1987 as a German-Spanish joint program aiming at the development and the investigation of necessary solar specific components and software for a gas-cooled tower power station of medium size. After the tests had been successfully completed at the Plata forma Solar de Almeria in 1987, the proceedings are now presented to inform the experts and the public about these developments and their results. Not intending to anticipate a detailed valuation of the results, however, we as the project monitors of the Technology program resume that the intended aims are nearly entirely achieved and that principally the way for the construction and operation of a gas cooled solar tower power plant has been prepared. Essential for this successful completion were not only a promising concept, a careful design, a precise plan ning, solid fabrication and installation as well as careful tests, but also the extraordinarily good cooperation between the engaged companies, institutes, organisations and advisory groups."

Results and conclusions of the "IEA-SSPS High Experiment" are presented together with the thermodynamic theory of the Advanced Sodium Receiver. During the experiment, flux distributions, surface temperature distributions, efficiencies and losses, were measured and calculated in a power range of 0.8-3.5 MW at different sodium inlet/outlet temperatures. The design heat flux of 1.4 MW/m2 was increased to 2.5 MW/m2 resulting in a slightly increased total receiver efficiency of over 90%.

Nuclear power issues have long been controversial, and often discussed from an inadequate or mistaken understanding. This book is a factual description of the whole fuel cycle, with individual chapters on specific topics from uranium mining, through the manufacture and use of fuel, to recycled products, waste disposal and progress towards a cleared site. Basic principles, environmental radioactivity (both natural and artificial) and provisions for safety are also covered. The level is pitched at a general scientific readership not necessarily familiar with the concepts, and although the viewpoint is naturally pro-nuclear, the aim is to inform rather than persuade. Where options are disputed, as whether used fuel should br reprocessed or discarded directly, both are described. The account is mainly of current practices, with the reasons for them. A final chapter suggests possible changes in the near or more distant future.

An overview of the cultural evolution of material flows and stocks with an emphasis on the design of metabolic processes in urban systems. Over the last several thousand years of human life on Earth, agricultural settlements became urban cores, and these regional settlements became tightly connected through infrastructures transporting people, materials, and information. This global network of urban systems, including ecosystems, is the anthroposphere; the physical flows and stocks of matter and energy within it form its metabolism. This book offers an overview of the metabolism of the anthroposphere, with an emphasis on the design of metabolic systems. It takes a cultural historical perspective, supported with methodology from the natural sciences and engineering. The book will be of interest to scholars and practitioners in the fields of regional development, environmental protection, and material management. It will also be a resource for undergraduate and graduate students in industrial ecology, environmental engineering, and resource management. The authors describe the characteristics of material stocks and flows of human settlements in space and time; introduce the method of material flow analysis (MFA) for metabolic studies; analyze regional metabolism and the material systems generated by basic activities; and offer four case studies of optimal metabolic system design: phosphorus management, urban mining, waste management, and mobility. This second edition of an extremely influential book has been substantially revised and greatly expanded. Its new emphasis on design and resource utilization reflects recent debates and scholarship on sustainable development and climate change.

The ener~y crisis in 1973 and 1979 initiated a great number of activities and programs for low and high temperature applica tion of solar energy. Synthetic fuels and chemicals produced by solar energy is one of them, where temperatures in the range of 600-1000 DegreesC or even higher are needed. In principle such high temperatures can be produced in solar towers. For electricity tower plants production, the feasibility and operation of solar Solar Power has been examined during the SSPS - project (Small System) in Almeria, Spain. extend The objective of Solar Thermal Energy Utilization is to field the experience from the former SSPS - program in to the of solar produced synthetic fuels. New materials and technolo gies have to be developed in order to research this goal. Metallic components now in use for solar receivers need to be improved with respect to transient operation or possibly replaced by ceramics. High temperature processes, like steam-methane reforming, coal conversion and hydrogen produc tion need to be developed or at least adapted for the unconven tional solar operation. Therefore Solar Thermal Energy Utiliza tion is a long term program, which needs time for its develop ment much more time than the intervals expected in between further energy crisis. The "Studies on Technology and Applica tion on Solar Energy Utilization" is a necessary step in the right direction in order to prepare for the energy problems in the future.

The energy crisis in 1973 and 1979 initiated a great number of activities and programs for low and high temperature applica tion of solar energy. Synthetic fuels and chemicals produced by solar energy is one of them, where temperatures in the range of 600-1000 DegreesC or even higher are needed. In principle such high temperatures can be produced in solar towers. For electricity production, the feasibility and operation of solar tower plants has been examined during the SSPS - project (Small Solar Power System) in Almeria, Spain. The objective of Solar Thermal Energy Utilization is to extend the experience from the former SSPS - program in to the field of solar produced synthetic fuels. New materials and technolo gies have to be developed in order to research this goal. Metallic components now in use for solar receivers need to be improved with respect to transient operation or possibly replaced by ceramics. High temperature processes, like steam-methane reforming, coal conversion and hydrogen produc tion need to be developed or at least adapted for the unconven tional solar operation. Therefore Solar Thermal Energy Utiliza tion is a long term program, which needs time for its develop ment much more time than the intervals expected in between further energy crisis. The "Studies on Technology and Applica tion on Solar Energy Utilization" is a necessary step in the right direction in order to prepare for the energy problems in the future.