This book provides a multi-level and multi-dimensional insight into urban water and sanitation development by analyzing sector reforms in Africa. With the recent events in mind - water shortages in Cape Town, widespread cholera in Haiti, mass-migration from low-income countries, etc. - it elaborates a pressing topic which is directly linked to the precarious living conditions of the urban poor in the developing countries. It is urgent to acknowledge the proposed findings and recommendations of the book which will help to improve the situation of potential refugees in their home countries with a realistic vision for the development of the most basic of all life supporting services. So many efforts to reverse the negative trend in water and sanitation development have failed or targets have been repeatedly missed by far without notable consequences for decision makers on different levels and institutions. It has unnecessarily consumed many young lives, contributed to keep billions in poverty until today and fostered discrimination of women. The knowledge gap and the confusion in the sector lined out in the book becomes evident when a national leader in a low-income country declares a state of emergency in urban water and sanitation while at the same time global monitoring publishes an access figure for urban water of over 90% for the same country. It is time to change this with an effective sector development concept for our partner countries and a more realistic discourse on global level. The book argues for a sweeping rethinking and combines extended local knowledge, lessons learned from history in advanced countries and thorough research on reforms in Francophone and Anglophone developing countries. This was possible because the writer was working in Sub-Saharan partner countries for almost 30 years as an integrated long term advisor in different sector institutions (ministry, regulator, financing basket and different sizes of utilities) and had the opportunity to cooperate closely with the main development partners. The reader has the opportunity to obtain a comprehensive understanding of how the sector works and sector institutions in low-income countries function and can discover the reasons behind success and failures of reforms. The book also covers issues which have a significant influence on urban water and sanitation development but are hardly the subject of discussions. It helps to make the shortcomings of the water and sanitation discourse more apparent and assist institutions to move beyond their present perceptions and agendas. All of this makes the book different from other literature about urban water and sanitation in the developing world.

This book provides readers with the most current knowledge on hazardous waste management practices. It addresses the rapidly changing advances in waste stream characterization and the discovery of new chemicals - which have led to new hazardous wastes, technological innovation, stringent environmental regulations, changes in transport and dispersion modelling of hazardous pollutants, and new waste management techniques. Hazardous Waste Management: Advances in Chemical and Industrial Waste Treatment and Technologies is an invaluable reference for waste management and treatment professionals, chemical engineers and technicians, medical professionals, and environmental regulators, as well as students taking courses on hazardous waste management, environmental engineering, and environmental science.

This book provides an overview of recent advances in technologies for water treatment processes, such as green technology, nano-adsorbents, photocatalysts, advanced oxidation, membranes separation and sustainable technologies. Advances in membrane technology and fabrication process is presented in detail. Latest approaches like microbial treatment, electro chemical and solar energy-based treatment techniques were presented. Also, the use of sustainable and energy efficient approaches were discussed.* The book presents the negative impact of inorganic and organic pollutants on the natural environment and human health. It describes and discussing the advanced membrane technologies, novel green adsorbents, microbial treatment techniques, electro chemical and solar based removal techniques It also compares the most effective methods of removing toxic contaminants from water solutions with the use of sustainable and energy efficient approaches It also presents the life cycle assessment of emerging technologies in industrial wastewater treatment and desalination as well as presents the benchmarking of energy efficiency during treatment process

The textile industry is among the most significant polluters of water owing to the existence of various types of pollution streams generated by printing processes and textile dyeing. The book begins by documenting various types of Poly (vinyl alcohol) PVA-derived adsorbents (gels, fibers, films, composite particles), membranes, and photocatalysts in combination with conventional adsorbents, polymers, carbonaceous and metallic materials and their use in elimination of dyes from contaminated water. It follows by discussing different properties of nanocomposite membranes such as hydrogels, xerogels and aerogels used in this purpose. Also, different polymer - based adsorbents such as ceramic adsorbent, clay, hydrogels, starch, cellulose, chitosan, alginates, etc are presented in this book.

This book focuses on the properties of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and recent advances in their application in lignocellulosic biomass processing. Lignocellulosic biomass conversion to biofuels, biochemicals and other value-added products has attracted global attention because it is a readily available, inexpensive and renewable resource. However, in order for biomass technologies to be commercially viable, biomass recalcitrance needs to be cost-effectively reduced. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are new 'green' solvents that have the high potential for biomass processing thanks to their low cost, low toxicity, biodegradability, and easy recycling and reuse. After an overview of the current lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment, the book discusses the synthesis and physiochemical properties of DESs, as well as key findings on the effects of DES on cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin solubilization, biomass pretreatment and biomass crystallinity. It then addresses the enzymatic hydrolysis performance of DES-pretreated solids, compatibility of DESs with enzymes and microorganisms, and the recycling potential of DESs. Lastly, it compares DESs with ionic liquids, and examines the challenges and opportunities relating to extending the use of DESs in lignocellulosic processing.

This book highlights ways to evaluate circular economy using global standard and footprints the way global firms are using to ensure the measurement of the impact. It presents various case studies from different sectors with the efforts made to contribute to circular economy and at the same time its contribution to minimize carbon and water footprints.

This book collects the latest advances, innovations, and applications in the field of environmental science and sustainable development, which were presented by scholars and researchers at the 2021 6th Asia Conference on Environment and Sustainable Development, held in Phuket, Thailand, November 6-8, 2021. The book covers highly diverse topics, including environmental dynamics, global environmental change and ecosystems management, environmental restoration and ecological engineering, water treatment and reclamation, environmental sustainability, health and the environment, wastewater and sludge treatment, solid waste management, air pollution and control. The contributions, which were selected in a rigorous international peer-review process, highlight numerous exciting ideas that will spur novel research directions and foster multidisciplinary collaborations.

This open access book summarizes research being pursued within the FENIX project, funded by the EU community under the H2020 programme, the goal of which is to design a new product service paradigm able to promote innovative business models, to open added value to the vessels and to create new market segments. It experiments and validates its approach on three new concepts of added-value specialized vessels able to run requested services for several maritime sectors in the most effective, efficient, economic valuable and eco-friendly way. The three vessels share the same lean design methodology, IoT tools and HPC simulation strategy: a lean fact-based design model approach, which combines real operative data at sea with lean methodology, to support the development and implementation of the vessel concepts; IT customized tools to enable the acquisition, processing and usage of on board and local weather data, through an IoT platform, to provide business services to different stakeholders; HPC simulation, providing a virtual towing tank environment, for early vessel design improvement and testing. The book demonstrates that an integrated LCC analysis and LCC strategy to guarantee sustainability to vessels concepts and the proper environmental attention inside the maritime industry.

This volume addresses the situation of water and wastewater management from a global angle, underpinned by selected case studies. Without doubt, water and wastewater management are among the greatest challenges of our century, and there is also no doubt that the challenges posed by climate change will become even greater. However, most efforts, especially in developing countries but also in the so-called developed countries, have been less than optimal or not optimal at all. In particular, there are still too many people who have to live without clean water and decent sanitation. Today, 2.2 billion people lack access to safely managed drinking water and wastewater, and 4.2 billion people lack safely managed sanitation services. The question, why this is so and why in many cases in developing countries, is discussed in this book among other urgent water and wastewater management issues. The publication of this book is the start of a book series that in more detail critically reviews, discusses, and analyzes the water and wastewater situation and management in different regions and countries worldwide.

This Volume 2 contains essential contributions highlighting the use of biotechnology in dye removal. It begins with an overview of activated sludge process for dye removal along with its limitation is carried out and describes the fundamental concepts of dye-containing textile wastewater treatments, particularly microbial and enzymatic approaches, including the most usual textile wastewater treatments and their trends. It discusses the role microbial biofilms play when employed in the integrated treatment system for effective detoxification, degradation and complete mineralization of pollutants in dye waste effluents. It assesses the most recent advances in the biotransformation of synthetic dyes from wastewater, especially anthraquinone-typed dyes. Phycoremediation as an emerging and efficient technology in dye removal, remediation strategies used by microalgae, and the role of fungi in the dye removal are presented.

The textile industry segment has been continuously expanding and it is reported that the global market was US$1000 billion in 2020. Aside from the fact that textile industry could be profitable and offers several advantages for human life, this industry produces wastewater containing many harmful substances in the form of organic and inorganic moieties. Textile wastewater can lead to serious environmental problems if discharged without treatment. In this first volume of the application of biological mechanisms, processes and units are reviewed in terms of dye degradation and removal. The role of biodegradation, bioaccumulation and biosorption in bio-decolorization are discussed. The book starts with highlighting the fundamentals of aerobic and anaerobic mechanisms having different configurations. The moving bed bioreactor (MBBR), up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors, sequential aerobic/anaerobic batch reactors, membrane bioreactor, etc are also covered in this edition.

This book highlights the latest research on waste processing technologies, particularly for domestic, agricultural, and petroleum based pollutants, intended to achieve waste valorisation. In addition, it discusses the important role of plastic recycling, as well as advanced waste processing techniques.

This book considers the application of recycled materials both in pavement and geotechnical engineering. Currently, Australia has faced the fundamental concern of recycling waste plastic. On 1 January 2018, China enforced a prohibition on the importation of waste plastic. China's ban is followed by other countries like India, Indonesia, and Malaysia. The ban caused many corporations to abandon waste collection agreements, and the stockpiling of waste, as there is nowhere to safely deposit this waste. This issue seems, to a great extent, to have placed Australia's recycling industry in a crisis. As a result, local councils will have to find strategic ways of recycling accumulated waste that will become a more significant issue in the coming years. In Australia, apart from economic growth, the road pavement has weakened rapidly as the current pavement unable to withstand this urgent traffic load demand. The adding of polymers to the mixtures improves the stiffness, rutting resistance, and fatigue cracking [1]. However, the application of virgin polymer is costly. Thus, using waste polymer such as waste plastic polymer is an inexpensive substitute. The potential for recycled plastic to improve the performance properties of asphalt mixtures has been demonstrated in many countries the UK, Canada, The Netherlands, and India [2]. Similarly, another application of recycled materials can be in geotechnical infrastructure. This book considers the application of recycled materials both in pavement and geotechnical engineering. References [1] Airey, G.D., Singleton, T.M., & Collop, A.C.(2002). Properties of polymer modified bitumen after rubber- bitumen interaction. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering .14(4), 344- 354. [2] K. O'Farrell. Australian Plastics Recycling Survey- National Report. Australian Government, Department of Environment and Energy, Australia. Project reference,2018 A21502.

This book focuses on the crucial sustainability challenge of reducing food waste at the level of consumer-society. Providing an in-depth, research-based overview of the multifaceted problem, it considers environmental, economic, social and ethical factors. Perspectives included in the book address households, consumers, and organizations, and their role in reducing food waste. Rather than focusing upon the reasons for food waste itself, the chapters develop research-based solutions for the problem, providing a much-needed solution-orientated approach that takes multiple perspectives into account. Chapters 1, 2, 12 and 16 of this book are available open access under a CC BY 4.0 license at link.springer.com

This book presents five interesting chapters dealing with the sustainability of toys. The concept of sustainability has reached all industrial sectors these days and being practiced in almost all the sectors. One of the main sectors where sustainability has to be embedded to the core is the toy sector. Needless to enumerate the importance of sustainability in this sector especially when it comes to usage of chemicals and so on. There are various elements associated with the sustainability of toys and there is a dearth of published literature on this subject.

Recycling is the need of the hour and it is an inevitable destination at the end of the life of any product. Today, recycling can happen at postindustrial and post-consumer states and the importance of recycled products in the market has gained significant importance. Recycled products dominate the array of sustainable products in today's context. Even though there are commercial implications for recycling, one of the very important and obvious reasons to go for recycling and to have recycled products is to have the benefits on environmental sustainability. It is highly important to assess the environmental footprints of recycled products and further improve the environmental benefits of such recycled products. This book presents five interesting chapters pertaining to the environmental footprints of various recycled products.

This volume discusses the growing issue of global environmental microplastic pollution resulting from the industrial manufacturing of everyday products. The book focuses on the emergence of microplastic pollution, types, sources, fate, dynamic trends in the environment, occurrence in different environmental settings, toxicity, risk assessment, and prevention strategies. The authors provide a detailed explanation and provision of the techniques used for the detection, separation, and identification of microplastics for use by industry workers and scientists, along with policy recommendations for legislative bodies to reduce the spread and impact of harmful microplastics. The book will be of use to students, teachers, researchers, policy makers, and environmental organizations.

This book interprets the economic benefits and social benefits brought about by zero waste. Beginning with the general history of waste, its mechanism and different categories, this book first explores waste management and resourcing technology around the world nowadays. It then elaborates on the concept and practices of zero waste, discussing about the relationship between zero waste and eco-design, and about relative international standards. At last, it points out that zero waste could be the pathway from linear economy to circular economy, backed up by theories and practices. This book offers a clear direction for companies and organizations about environment. It can also be used as a sustainable development strategy handbook for executives in companies and organizations.

This book offers a practical guidance for environmental engineers and scientists charged with assessing the cause-and-effect of pollutants in receiving water systems. Instead of blindly running models, which is a practice seen too often in today's field that can result in results with uncertainty, modelers must first understand the physical insights of the specific water systems in order to properly calibrate the parameters of the models. This book reinforces the critical importance of properly understanding the physical attributes of water systems by drawing on the author's extensive experience in modeling with strong data support. This is also what sets this book apart from the volumes currently available in the water quality modeling field - nearly all other books in the field are categorized as textbooks, and unlike this book, offer few practical examples or exercises to follow. Environmental engineers and scientists engaged in quantifying the water quality impacts of pollutants to specific water systems will find this book valuable in their day-to-day practices. This book is a necessary volume for water quality engineers and scientists to consult for the regulatory planning and management of water systems

This book aims to provide academic and industrial applications advancing the critical role of circular economy principles in the sustainability of various resources. The latest research and practice in resource sustainability are shared, discussed, and promoted. The core competency of this book revolves around providing recent advances in sustainable consumption and production implementations, developed tools for environmental and sustainability assessment, technological advancements in resource and waste management/treatment, and advances in waste reduction, reuse, recycling, and recovery. Resources are defined broadly to include (1) physical resources: metals, non-metallic minerals, energy, and water (2) biological resources: food, forestry, land, ecological systems, etc., and (3) "misplaced" resources: air emissions, water pollutants, and solid waste. Finally, legislation, and policy implications and recommendations for resources sustainability are concluded.

The depletion of fossil fuel reserves and concerns for environmental degradation due to the fossil fuel burning have led the scientific community to look for alternative renewable energy sources. Among the available renewable energy sources, bioenergy derived from biomass and waste resources have great potential to not only prevent environmental pollution but also be a carbon neutral energy source. In addition, adaptation of this technology could streamline new green products, alternative energy sources into real-world applications and promote a circular economy towards zero-waste approach. This book tries to bridge the existing knowledge gap in the area of bioenergy resources. The first two chapters provide introduction to the anaerobic digestion (AD) technologies and direct interspecies electron transfer in AD. The next three chapters are on biomass pretreatment technologies for process improvement. The sixth to eighth chapter discuses biogas and other by-product production from specific wastes such from dairy, food and agricultural solid waste. The following two chapters focuses on the downstream processing of anaerobic digestate and on biochar production. Integration of AD in biorefineries using bioelectrochemical systems, syngas fermentation and electricity production are discussed in the next three chapters. The final two chapters elaborates on life cycle assessment of AD based technologies.

This book is devoted to sewage sludge, its sustainable management, and its use and implications on soil fertility and crop production. The book traces the main chemical and biological properties of sewage sludge, and covers topics such as sewage sludge biostabilization and detoxification, biological and thermochemical treatment technologies, emerging nutrient recovery technologies, the role of microorganisms in sewage sludge management, and the sustainable use of sewage sludge as fertilizer in agriculture. The book offers a valuable asset for researchers, scholars and policymakers alike.

This book collates the latest trends and technological advancements in bioremediation, especially for its monitoring and assessment. Divided into 18 chapters, the book summarizes basic concepts of waste management and bioremediation, describes advancements of the existing technologies, and highlights the role of modern instrumentation and analytical methods, for environmental clean-up and sustainability. The chapters cover topics such as the role of microbial fuel cells in waste management, microbial biosensors for real-time monitoring of bioremediation processes, genetically modified microorganisms for bioremediation, application of immobilized enzyme reactors, spectroscopic techniques, and in-silico approaches in bioremediation monitoring and assessment. The book will be advantageous not only to researchers and scholars interested in bioremediation and sustainability but also to professionals and policymakers.

This book discusses the scientific process of biomass compaction, focusing on pressing chamber parameters and their influence on the quality of extrusions from biomass. It yields new knowledge in the field of wood biomass pressing technology and contains a thorough and detailed theoretical analysis of the pressing chamber of pressing machines and the influence they have on the resulting quality of extrusions. Coverage includes the proposal and evaluation of experimental research dealing with the definition of different pressing chamber parameters in pressing machines and their effects on the quality of extrusions; definition and specification of the dependencies of chamber parameters based on the resulting quality of extrusion, given by the mechanical indicators of quality, are also explored. Furthermore, the work describes the design and manufacture of an experimental pressing stand, which allows for experiments to be performed determining the effects that some technological, material, and construction parameters have on the resulting quality of extrusions. The desired pressing method, length, and conicity of the pressing chamber are experimentally determined through the uniaxial compaction of wood biomass where results and dependencies are expressed graphically. Biomass Compaction: The Effects of Pressing Chamber Design Parameters on Extrusion Quality will be a welcomed resource for researchers and engineers working for producers of solid biofuels from biomass, densification (briquetting, pelleting), or compacting machines producers, as well as technology plant operators and those working in the biomass treatment area.

This book is based on recent trends for the research in emerging environmental contaminants in different compartment of the environment. It provides a recent understanding for the fate, transport, and degradation of emerging contaminants in different environmental sectors, including water, air, and soil. The contents discuss the fate and transport of microplastics, PPCPs, along with the method of detection and degradation. It includes removal of variety of pollutants including microplastics, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products from the water using adsorption technique, electrooxidation, membrane technology and other advance oxidation methods. This volume will be of great value to those in academia and industry involved in environmental science and engineering research.