Bio-Based Materials and Wastes for Energy Generation and Resource Management is the fifth and final volume in the series, Advanced Zero Waste Tools: Present and Emerging Waste Management Practices. It addresses processes and practices for utilizing bio-based materials and wastes to support efforts to promote a more sustainable society and provide readers with a better understanding of the major mechanisms required to achieve zero waste in different fields. This book covers numerous mechanisms supported by scientific evidence and case studies, as well as in-depth flowcharts and process diagrams to allow for readers to adopt these processes. Summarizing present and emerging zero waste tools on the scale of both experimental and theoretical models, Advanced Zero Waste Tools is the first step toward understanding the state-of-the-art practices in making the zero waste goal a reality. In addition to environmental and engineering principles, it also covers economic, toxicologic, and regulatory issues, making it an important resource for researchers, engineers, and policymakers working toward environmental sustainability.

The principle of the conventional activated sludge (CAS) for municipal wastewater treatment is primarily based on biological oxidation by which organic matters are converted to biomass and carbon dioxide. After more than 100 years' successful application, the CAS process is receiving increasing critiques on its high energy consumption and excessive sludge generation. Currently, almost all municipal wastewater treatment plants with the CAS as a core process are being operated in an energy-negative fashion. To tackle such challenging situations, there is a need to re-examine the present wastewater treatment philosophy by developing and adopting novel process configurations and emerging technologies. The solutions going forward should rely on the ways to improve direct energy recovery from wastewater, while minimizing in-plant energy consumption. This book begins with a critical overview of the energy situation and challenges in current municipal wastewater treatment plants, showing the necessity of the paradigm shift from removal to recovery in terms of energy and resource. As such, the concept of A-B process is discussed in detail in the book. It appears that various A-B process configurations are able to provide possible engineering solutions in which A-stage is primarily designed for COD capture with the aim for direct anaerobic treatment without producing excessive biosludge, while B-stage is designated for nitrogen removal. Making the wastewater treatment energy self-sustainable is obviously of global significance and eventually may become a game changer for the global market of the municipal wastewater reclamation technology. The principal audiences include practitioners, professionals, university researchers, undergraduate and post-graduate students who are interested and specialized in municipal wastewater treatment and process design, environmental engineering, and environmental biotechnology.

This book documents a special collection of articles from a select group of invited prominent scientists from academia, national laboratories and industry who presented their work at the symposia on Environmental and Energy Issues at the 2008 Materials Science and Technology (MS&T'08) conference held in Pittsburgh, PA. These articles represent a summary of the presentations focusing on topics in nuclear, environmental, and green engineering were held, including a discussion of Waste Glass Leach Testing and Modeling.

This Safety Guide provides recommendations on the establishment of an appropriate regulatory framework for the management of naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) residues in an integrated manner and using a graded approach. It also elaborates on roles and responsibilities, options for management of NORM residues, long term safety of NORM residues, and exemption and clearance. The publication is targeted at regulatory bodies, operating organizations, technical support organizations and other parties who are interested and involved in management of NORM residues.

This book provides chemical concepts as well as crucial steps for inorganic water and wastewater treatment. Examples and tools help to understand and to guide through industrial and natural water process engineering. Chemical and environmental engineers, researchers and professionals, as well as students benefit from this concise and explanatory book.

As well as producing commercially valuable biogas, anaerobic farm digesters have many other benefits. They enable the livestock farmer to recycle fertilizer from organic waste, to produce saleable compost as a byproduct, and reduce the environmental impact on water and atmosphere at the same time. Digesters let us run farms more economically, and make our energy supplies and our food production more sustainable. This straight forward book provides a wealth of useful information, including the benefits of using a digester, and how to go about installing one: * Why we need farm digesters, and their benefits * How digesters work * Commercial products from digester * How to set up a farm digester programme

An updated edition of an underground classic This is the 4th edition of a self-published book that no respectable publisher would touch with a ten-foot shovel. The 1st edition was published in 1994 with a print run of 600 copies, which the author expected to watch decompose in his garage for the rest of his life. Now, 24 years later, the book has sold over 65,000 print copies in the U.S. alone, been translated in whole or in part into 19 languages and been published in foreign editions on four continents. The previous editions won numerous awards, including the Independent Publisher Outstanding Book of the Year Award, deeming the book "Most Likely to Save the Planet." The book has been mentioned on such diverse media outlets as: Mother Earth News, Whole Earth Review, Countryside Journal, The Journal of Environmental Quality, Natural Health, NPR, BBC, CBC, Howard Stern, The Wall Street Journal, Playboy Magazine, Organic Gardening Magazine, the History Channel, Tree House Masters, and many other national and international venues. The 4th edition is a completely revised, expanded, and updated version of what has become an underground classic bestseller. The author draws from 40 years of research, experience, and travel, to expand and clarify your knowledge and understanding of... your poop! Not only does the book address what to do with human turds, but it is also a priceless manual for anyone involved in composting or gardening, or looking for basic survival skills. There is no other book like this in print!

Valorization of Microalgal Biomass and Wastewater Treatment provides tools, techniques, data and case studies to demonstrate the use of algal biomass in the production of valuable products like biofuels, food and fertilizers, etc. Valorization has several advantages over conventional bioremediation processes as it helps reduce the costs of bioprocesses. Examples of several successfully commercialized technologies are provided throughout the book, giving insights into developing potential processes for valorization of different biomasses. Wastewater treatment by microalgae generates the biomass, which could be utilized for developing various other products, such as fertilizers and biofuels. This book will equip researchers and policymakers in the energy sector with the scientific methodology and metrics needed to develop strategies for a viable transition in the energy sector. It will be a key resource for students, researchers and practitioners seeking to deepen their knowledge on energy planning, wastewater treatment and current and future trends.

Water, energy, and food are basic requirements for life, and this book presents solutions for obtaining these from sewage wastewater treatment plants. It describes the optimal recovery of value-added products from municipal sewage plants in developing countries, and explains how the plants' operations can become both economical and sustainable. Further, it shows how the clean effluent that is obtained is then suitable for agricultural use in the production of bio-fertilizers, and graywater for irrigation, and how the recovered biogas could be used for energy and heating needs. Practical case studies from three separate sewage plants are presented to illustrate the processes involved.

This third edition updates and expands the material presented in the best-selling first and second editions of Basic Hazardous Waste Management. It covers health and safety issues affecting hazardous waste workers, management and regulation of radioactive and biomedical/infectious wastes, as well as current trends in technologies. While the topics have been completely revised, the author employs the same practical approach that made the previous editions so popular. Chapters are structured to first outline the issue, subject, or technology, then to describe generic practice, and then to conclude with a summary of the statutory or regulatory approach.

Blackman introduces fundamental issues such as human health hazards; the environmental impacts of toxic, reactive, and ignitable materials; the mobility, pathways and fates of released hazardous materials; and the roles of science, technology, and risk assessment in the standards-setting process. He explores hazardous waste site remediation technology, and the application of federal statutes, regulations, programs, and policies to the cleanup of contaminated sites.

This text provides an introductory framework-which can serve as the foundation for a program of study in traditional as well as modern hazardous waste management-or a component of a related program. Its overview format provides numerous references to more detailed materials to assist the student or instructor in expansion on specific topics.

Reliable methods for estimating the cost of a radioactive waste disposal programme are crucial to ensure that the necessary funding for completing the disposal programme is available. Estimating the cost for disposal is however a challenging and complex task. Disposal programmes themselves are complex and long-term undertakings and conditions can be expected to change significantly over the time-span during which a disposal programme is developed and implemented. This publication provides Member States with guidance on how to develop cost estimates for a disposal programme and on how to establish funding mechanisms. It will help readers in becoming informed clients by familiarizing themselves with the approaches and complexities in cost estimates and funding mechanisms for disposal. The publication is applicable to all waste categories and both near surface and geological disposal. It contains relevant examples and case studies from national programmes. The cost figures are intended to give an indication of the possible cost of certain parts or aspects of the disposal programme rather than to compare different disposal programmes' costs.

Activated Sludge Separation Problems: Theory, Control Measures, Practical Experiences, Second Edition, describes the most common activated sludge separation problems and explains the main reasons for the growth of the different filamentous microorganisms in activated sludge. The book summarizes the identification techniques for important groups of activated sludge microorganisms both based on conventional microscopic analysis and using the biological molecular tools available today (FISH and PCR). This new edition, with 70% new and updated material, also provides explanation of basic activated sludge process principles and of parameters necessary for process control and operation. The theory of secondary clarifies is described to the extent necessary for understanding the construction and operation of secondary clarifiers. The activated sludge reactor and secondary clarifies are treated as one system and the interactions are explained. The wide range of experiences around the world is documented and the methods to avoid the proliferation of these organisms are presented and critically reviewed. Activated Sludge Separation Problems consists of six chapters, presenting up-to-date technical and scientific aspects of these processes. The new edition also features an extended list of literature references for further reading. The book will be a valuable help for students of environmental engineering, wastewater specialists, plant operators and designers of activated sludge plants. It is also useful for specialists in wastewater operation laboratories, especially for those studying activated sludge separation properties.

This book highlights advances in sustainable wastewater treatment technologies, particularly biological wastewater treatment, cavitation-based treatment, hybrid water treatment, membrane technologies, advance oxidation processes, and adsorption. The book focuses on a variety of advanced treatment techniques that are useful for the degradation of organic components, dyes, heavy metals effluent, etc. in wastewater. Industrial wastewater consists of variety of discharges based on the type of industry, such as the dairy/food industries, which generate more fats and high BOD value with variation in the pH value, while the electroplating industry may expel more inorganic matter and dissolved solids. The oil extraction industries will have more solvents contained in the effluent, and dyes and textiles industry create a higher organic load with high TDS. Hence, every type of manufacturing industry needs a different method for the treatment of its effluents. Looking at the use of intensified chemical processes in order to make cleaner environment, Innovative Technologies for the Treatment of Industrial Wastewater explores the new and innovative methods for pollutant removal that will prove useful for a variety of industries. Conventional wastewater treatment processes require a significant amount of energy and involve expensive equipment and maintenance. Sustainable wastewater treatment technologies, however, involve less generation of energy and employ more economically feasible treatment methods, requiring less equipment and fewer maintenance costs. Looking at the use of intensified chemical processes in order to make a cleaner environment, this volume explores new and innovative methods for pollutant removal that will prove useful for a variety of industries. This book highlights advances in sustainable wastewater treatment technologies, particularly biological wastewater treatment, cavitation-based treatment, hybrid water treatment, membrane technologies, advanced oxidation processes, and adsorption.

This fourth edition of Organic Waste Recycling is fully updated with new material to create a comprehensive and accessible textbook: - New chapter on constructed wetlands for wastewater and faecal sludge stabilization. - New sections on: waste recycling vs. climate change and water; faecal sludge and its characteristics; hydrothermal carbonization technology; up-to-date environmental criteria and legislation and environmental risk assessment. - New case studies with emphasis on practices in both developed and developing countries have been included, along with more exercises at the end of chapters to help the readers understand the technical principles and their application. - Novel concepts and strategies of waste management are presented. - Up-to-date research findings and innovative technologies of waste recycling program are provided. This textbook is intended for undergraduate and graduate students majoring in environmental sciences and engineering as well as researchers, professionals and policy makers who conduct research and practices in the related fields. It is essential reading for experts in environmental science and engineering and sustainable waste reuse and recycling in both developed and developing countries.

This brief summarizes the role of certain catalysts and associated processes that are involved in the reduction or elimination of hazardous substances from wastewater and the exploitation of renewable raw materials. The authors begin by providing a summary of the most recent developments in catalysts used in the advanced oxidation of organic pollutants in aqueous phase. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPS) are described in terms of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. Some emphasis is placed on the role nanocatalysts, perovskite-type catalysts, and green catalysts play in several AOPs such as Fenton Chemistry, photocatalytic oxidation, and the hybrid technologies that combine different processes. Catalyst preparation, characterization, reaction chemistry, and process technology are described. Specific wastewater case studies which illustrate the role of these catalysts in AOPs completes the brief.

Smart materials are used to develop more cost-effective and high-performance water treatment systems as well as instant and continuous ways to monitor water quality. Smart materials in water research have been extensively utilized for the treatment, remediation, and pollution prevention. Smart materials can maintain the long term water quality, availability and viability of water resource. Thus, water via smart materials can be reused, recycled, desalinized and also it can detect the biological and chemical contamination whether the source is from municipal, industrial or man-made waste. The 15 state-of-the-art review chapters contained in this book cover the recent advancements in the area of waste water, as well as the prospects about the future research and development of smart materials for the waste water applications in the municipal, industrial and manmade waste areas. Treatment techniques (nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, adsorption and nano-reactive membranes) are also covered in-depth. The chapters are divided into three groups: The first section includes the various carbon nanomaterials (such as carbon nanotubes, mixed oxides) with a focus on use of carbon at nanoscale applied for waste water research. The second section focuses on synthetic nanomaterials for pollutants removal. The third section highlights the bio-polymeric nanomaterials where the authors have used the natural polymers matrices in a composite and nanocomposite material for waste treatment. The large number of researchers working in the area will benefit from the fundamental concepts, advanced approaches and application of the various smart materials towards waste water treatment that are described in the book. It will also provide a platform for the researchers and graduate students to carry out advanced research and understand the building blocks.

This book presents an overview of the technology that allows millions and millions of tons of municipal solid waste generated globally to be perceived as an asset which, after materials recovery for recycling, can be used to generate clean power, transport fuels that can substitute fossil fuels, and value-based chemicals with minimal environmental impact. It also explains how hazardous wastes and sewage sludge can be treated and disposed of without affecting human and environmental health. It does so by providing a full discussion of established thermal conversion technologies generating heat, electricity, liquid fuels and useful chemicals from solid waste. Featuring case studies describing worldwide waste-to-energy plants in successful operation, it offers highly suited supporting material for an introductory course on waste thermal conversion processes.

This brief gives a summary of the soluble bio-based substances (SBO) field. Urban bio-wastes of differing compositions and ageing conditions represent a promising source of soluble bio-based substances (SBO), potentially able to perform as chemical auxiliaries for applications in the chemical industry and in environmental remediation. In particular, SBO process development, characterization and scale-up is described and bioassay studies discussed. This brief also discusses the use of SBOs in wastewater treatment in the context of 'green' processes, their role as humic-like substances, and their potential use as photocatalysts for the degradation of pollutants present in aqueous solutions (dyes, pharmaceuticals, chlorophenols). Furthermore, the role of SBOs as complexing agents for iron ions in the implementation of the photo-Fenton processes under mild pH conditions is also explored. Finally, SBOs are showcased in their capacity as organic component alternatives to petrochemical products for the synthesis of new materials.

First published in 1925 as an extended second edition of a 1915 original and as part of the Cambridge Public Health Series, this book discusses the various forms of sewage treatment, with a particular eye to cost efficiency. Kershaw includes a suggested bibliography at the end of every chapter, and the text is illustrated with diagrams and photographs of machines and buildings related to sewage purification and effective disposal. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in public health and the history of public health education.

Waste Management Practices: Municipal, Hazardous, and Industrial, Second Edition addresses the three main categories of wastes (hazardous, municipal, and "special" wastes) covered under federal regulation outlined in the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), an established framework for managing the generation, transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal of several forms of waste. Focusing on integrating the technical and regulatory complexities of waste management, this book covers the historical and regulatory development of waste management and the management of municipal solid wastes. It also addresses hazardous wastes and their management, from the perspectives of identification, transportation, and requirements for generators as well as the treatment, storage, and disposal facilities. Features: Covers the three main categories of wastes under regulation in the United States Incorporates an extensive set of problems, presented at the end of several chapters as appendices Includes numerous review/homework questions at the end of each chapter Highlights special categories of waste that may not fit precisely into either RCRA Subtitle D (Solid Wastes) or Subtitle C (Hazardous Wastes) In addition to the end-of-chapter problems provided in all chapters of this book, the text also contains practical exercises using data from field situations. Waste Management Practices: Municipal, Hazardous, and Industrial, Second Edition is an ideal textbook or reference guide for students and professionals involved in the management of all three categories of wastes.

Nuclear Decommissioning Case Studies: Characterization, Waste Management, Reuse and Recycle, Author’s Statement on the Sustainability of Nuclear Decommissioning, Volume Six presents a selection of global case studies that focus on a range of technologies for the decontamination, dismantling, spent fuel treatment and recycling of nuclear decommissioning. The book presents best practices by analyzing errors and inadequacies, leading the reader to sound decision-making. The events covered in this publication range from national and local legislation, to regulatory positions, statements or recommendations, licensing steps and transition phases. Decommissioning experts, including regulators, operators, waste managers, researchers and academics will find this book to be suitable supplementary material to Michele Laraia’s reference works on the theory and applications of nuclear decommissioning. Alongside the other case studies books in this series, readers will obtain an understanding of various key case studies-what happened and what we can learn from them, to help supplement, solidify and strengthen their understanding of the topic.

The European Community's research programme 'Management and Disposal of Radioactive Waste' has the prime objective of finding effective means for ensuring the safety of man and his environment against the potential hazards arising from such wastes. In 1980, the Commission of the European Communities held its first major meeting on the subject, and published the proceedings, discussions and results. This volume presents the proceedings of the second such conference, following the completion of a research and development programme in the five intervening years. The main topics discussed are: treatment and conditioning technology, testing and evaluation of waste forms and packages, geologic disposal, migration, and performance analysis of geologic isolation systems; representing an analysis of the latest results achieved by sustained collaboration of leading laboratories in Europe. Thus, all of the contributions are of a high standard from the major exponents in the field throughout the European Community.

This book provides an overview of biodegradation. The first chapter provides a detailed description on the ability of Rhodococcus UKMP-5M to act as a biological tool to remediate phenol, chlorinated compounds, nitrile, oil spillage and cyanide which selection was primarily based on their large-scale presence in industrial wastewater. Chapter Two presents advances made in recent decades on the understanding of the metabolic capabilities of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) from marine and other types of sediment (i.e., freshwater, estuarine) for the biotransformation of carbon compounds and sulfate that are present as pollutants in several types of waters and soils. Chapter Three concentrates on the different parameters that influence biodegradation speed and energy release potential. Chapter Four reports and discusses several examples on biodegradation with bacteria and fungi of organochlorides, organophosphates, and more recently of pyrethroid pesticides. Chapter Five discusses heavy metals as biodegradation inhibitors of the forest litter in contaminated areas. Chapter Six introduces ecologically feasible ways of treating environments contaminated by BTEX (a mixture of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene) based on efficient microbial metabolism.

The Department of Energy (DOE) faces significant technical challenges in successfully constructing and operating the Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP) project that is to treat millions of gallons of highly radioactive liquid waste resulting from the production of nuclear weapons. In December 2000, DOE awarded Bechtel a contract to design and construct the WTP project at DOE's Hanford Site in Washington State. This projectone of the largest nuclear waste cleanup facilities in the worldwas originally scheduled for completion in 2011 at an estimated cost of $4.3 billion. Technical challenges and other issues, however, have contributed to cost increases and schedule delays. This book examines remaining technical challenges, if any, the WTP faces; the cost and schedule estimates for the WTP; and steps DOE is taking, if any, to improve the management and oversight of the WTP project. Moreover, DOE recently reported that nuclear waste is leaking from two of its underground storage tanks. DOE has been experiencing delays in the construction of the WTP, a collection of facilities that are to treat the tank waste for disposal. These recently reported leaks and intrusions, combined with construction delays, have raised questions among regulators, the public, and Congress about the risks posed by continuing to store waste in the aging tanks. The book examines the condition of the tanks; actions DOE has taken or planned to respond to the recent tank leaks and water intrusions; and the extent to which DOE's tank management plans consider the condition of the tanks and the delays in completing construction of the WTP.

Water pollution occurs when toxic pollutants of varying kinds (organic, inorganic, radioactive and so on) are directly or indirectly discharged into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove such potential pollutants. Today's sources of these potential pollutants, which cause high deterioration of freshwater quality, are city sewage and industrial waste discharge, human agricultural practices, industrial waste disposal practices, mining activities, civil and structural work activities and obviously natural contamination with climate change. When our water is polluted, it is not only devastating to the environment but also to human health. Therefore, development of water and wastewater treatment processes to alleviate water pollution has been a challenging and demanding task for engineers, scientists and researchers. Perhaps this is even more challenging for underdeveloped and developing countries, where water and wastewater treatment facilities, knowledge and infrastructure are limited. Water and wastewater treatment processes are broad and often multidisciplinary in nature, comprising a mixture of research areas including physical, chemical and biological methods to remove or transform various potential pollutants. This is in hopes to achieve acceptable water quality and satisfy governmental and environmental protection agencies' laws and regulations. With these objectives, this book has been written in order to provide various research results and compilation and up-to-date development on the current states of knowledge and techniques in the broad field of water and wastewater treatment processes. Basically, this book will give a comprehensive understanding and advancement and application of various physical, chemical and biological treatment methods in the reduction of potential pollutants (inorganics/organics) from water and wastewater. There are a total 18 book chapters contributed by large number of expert authors around the world, covering the following main research areas: Physical, chemical and biological water treatment processes such as adsorption, biosorption, coagulation/flocculation, electrocoagulation, denitration, membrane filtration/separation, photo-catalytic reduction, advanced oxidation, nutrients removal by struvite crystallisation and nanotechnology; Physical, chemical and biological methods for municipal wastewater and industrial wastewater treatment plants such as primary-secondary sludge treatments, anaerobic digestions, aerobic treatment, activated sludge processes, dewaterability by flocculants, pre-treatments of sludge and rheology of sludge in wastewater treatment; Various operational units/equipment and process control of wastewater treatment plant.