This Tutorial Text provides a comprehensive introduction to the subject of contamination control, with specific applications to the aerospace industry. The author draws upon his many years as a practicing contamination control engineer, researcher, and teacher. The book examines methods to quantify the cleanliness level required by various contamination-sensitive surfaces and to predict the end-of-life contamination level for those surfaces, and it identifies contamination control techniques required to ensure mission success.

Drinking water quality can degrade as the water travels through the distribution system. This book describes causes of water-quality degradation in the distribution system and provides solutions to all common water quality problems.Information is organized into nine sections: 1. Introduction -- Five critical steps to achieving and maintaining distribution system water quality 2. Microbiological Issues -- Control of biofilm growth and eliminating pathogens in the distribution system 3. Chemical & Physical Issues -- Maintain disinfectant residuals and reduce disinfectant by-products. 4. Chloramine Conversion Issues -- Gain the benefits of chloramines as a residual disinfectant, while controlling nitrification and taste-and-odor problems. 5. Corrosion Control -- Minimize or eliminate the effects of pipeline corrosion on water quality. 6. Rapid or Real-Time Monitoring -- Optimize distribution system operation and water quality, even as conditions change. 7. Operational Practices -- Distribution system operation strategies that will assure pristine water quality all the way to customers' taps. 8. Flushing to Maintain Water Quality -- Flushing practices to preserve water quality. 9. Water Quality Computer Modeling (Computer-Aided Network Analysis) -- Accuratly predict changes in delivered water quality caused by changes in treatment or distribution operations.

This volume provides in-depth coverage of environmental pollution sources, waste characteristics, control technologies, management strategies, facility innovations, process alternatives, costs, case histories, effluent standards, and future trends in waste treatment processes. It delineates methodologies, technologies, and the regional and global effects of important pollution control practices. The book also focuses on toxic heavy metals in the environment, various heavy metal decontamination technologies, brownfield restoration, and industrial, agricultural, and radioactive waste management. It discusses the importance of metals such as lead, chromium, cadmium, zinc, copper, nickel, iron, and mercury.

A guide to the extraction, isolation and purification of bioactive compounds from agricultural wastes, and their applications Recovering Bioactive Compounds from Agricultural Wastes offers a guide to the many uses of agricultural wastes from the production of major food types including tea, coffee, cacao, cashew, fruit and vegetables, wine, edible oils, sugar, starch and more. Written by a noted expert in the field, the text explores the various methods for extraction, isolation and purification of bioactive compounds from agricultural wastes. The author also makes recommendations concerning the most effective applications of bioactive compounds and discusses the economics and market for recovered bioactive compounds. Recent studies reveal that bioactive compounds have been directly linked to biological activity such as antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-cardiovascular capacities, etc. In particular, agricultural wastes are considered as potential and inexpensive sources of bioactive compounds. Recovering Bioactive Compounds from Agricultural Wastes fills a gap in the literature by providing a text that explores this important topic and examines the: * Sustainability of waste management and shows how to extract, isolate and purify bioactive compounds from agricultural wastes, and their most effective application * Wide range of agricultural food produce that can be processed and the special techniques used for recovering the bioactive compounds from these sources * Health applications of bioactive compounds that have been directly linked to pharmacological activities including antioxidant, anticancer, and more Designed for use by researchers and producers in the agriculture, pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals, Recovering Bioactive Compounds from Agricultural Wastes contains the knowledge, history and definition, classification and synthesis, and extraction techniques of bioactive compounds.

The most common activated sludge operating problems causing poor plant performance are related to solids separation. Especially common are bulking and foaming. Without a proper scientific foundation to support the efforts of wastewater treatment plant management, many attempts to thwart bulking and foaming have failed.

Manual on Solving Activated Sludge Bulking, Foaming, and Other Solids Separation Problems provides the critical scientific and practical underpinnings needed to understand and combat these problems. The third edition of this flagship text is a comprehensive, concise guide to the microbiological and technical aspects of controlling all types of solid separation problems.

The scientific theory is applied to real-world scenarios, greatly increasing the number of real-world examples of successful control methods. New information is also included on filamentous organism growth and its application in the control of sludge bulking and foaming. Now plant operators, regulators and wastewater engineers have a complete guide for battling these formidable design and operating problems.

One of the physical costs of our society's breakneck consumption, sprawl, and technological innovation and production is the increasing amount of terrain relegated to accommodating the resulting waste and wasted space. These "marginal landscapes" can be divided into four distinct categories: sinks; ruins or abandoned land; toxic or damaged land; and waste landscapes. Although Professor Engler discusses all four types, she is concerned mostly with waste landscapes - "landfills, recycling and waste transfer centers, and sewage treatment plants," as she addresses two distinct aspects of waste landscapes: 1) the historic and cultural context of waste, and 2) the professional planning practices and aesthetic concerns of those who deal with waste and its landscapes. Ultimately, Professor Engler seeks to change our ideas about waste places through her discussion of how landscape design can function within the scientific and technological parameters of safety and environmental concerns to make waste places more central to our thinking and perception. In so doing, she reviews the physical evolution of waste sites, and scrutinizes perceptions and representations of these landscapes, and grounds her ideas in critiques of what environmental designers and artists have done recently with waste places to change public perceptions. Designing America's Waste Landscapes is a pioneering and original work that will appeal to professional planners and landscape designers, and students and scholars in landscape design and planning, environmental studies, urban studies, cultural geography, and even the history of technology.

The first comprehensive guide to managing the entire solid waste cycle.

Combining integrated solid waste management (ISWM) with the traditional coverage of landfill design, construction, and monitoring, this new edition of Amalendu Bagchi's classic guide is in response to the growing need for a comprehensive approach toward managing solid waste--from collection to recycling to eventual disposal.

This far-reaching guide provides professionals of various disciplines with fast, easy access to authoritative information on source reduction, reuse, recycling, composting, contaminated soil remediation, incineration, and medical waste management. It also presents the latest developments on bioreactor landfills, wetland mitigation, remediation of landfills, waste management-related health and safety, and financial issues affecting the industry.

Topics covered in this "Third Edition" include: The role of geotechnical engineering in a variety of environmental issues Planning, marketing, and quality con trol for reuse and recycling facilities Health, safety, and economic issues related to composting Risk assessment of contaminated lands Leachate and gas generation in landfills Microbiology of landfills And much more

Supplemented with hundreds of helpful drawing, tables, and photos, "Design of Landfills and Integrated Solid Waste Management, Third Edition" is an indispensable resource for environmental engineers, hydrogeologists, and landfill operators and owners. It is also an excellent text for environmental science and engineering courses related to waste management.

This book provides an overview of biodegradation. The first chapter provides a detailed description on the ability of Rhodococcus UKMP-5M to act as a biological tool to remediate phenol, chlorinated compounds, nitrile, oil spillage and cyanide which selection was primarily based on their large-scale presence in industrial wastewater. Chapter Two presents advances made in recent decades on the understanding of the metabolic capabilities of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) from marine and other types of sediment (i.e., freshwater, estuarine) for the biotransformation of carbon compounds and sulfate that are present as pollutants in several types of waters and soils. Chapter Three concentrates on the different parameters that influence biodegradation speed and energy release potential. Chapter Four reports and discusses several examples on biodegradation with bacteria and fungi of organochlorides, organophosphates, and more recently of pyrethroid pesticides. Chapter Five discusses heavy metals as biodegradation inhibitors of the forest litter in contaminated areas. Chapter Six introduces ecologically feasible ways of treating environments contaminated by BTEX (a mixture of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene) based on efficient microbial metabolism.

A practical guide to wastewater treatment for plant technicians and operators

This book, the first in a series on the microbiology of wastewater treatment, comprises the critical topics of cost-effective operation, permit compliance, process control, and troubleshooting in wastewater treatment plants. Avoiding the technical jargon, chemical equations, and kinetics that typically accompany such texts, Nitrification and Denitrification in the Activated Sludge Process directly addresses plant operators and technicians, providing necessary information for understanding the microbiology and biological conditions that occur in the treatment process.

Of special interest to wastewater treatment plant operators are the bacteria that degrade nitrogenous wastes–the nitrifying bacteria–and the bacteria that degrade carbonaceous wastes–the cBOD-removing bacteria. Both groups of bacteria need to be routinely monitored and operational conditions favorably adjusted to ensure desired nitrification. Each chapter in this groundbreaking study offers a better understanding of the importance of nitrification and denitrification and the bacteria involved in these crucial processes. Chapters include:

• Organotrophs
• The Wastewater Nitrogen Cycle
• Nitrite Ion Accumulation
• Dissolved Oxygen
• Denitrifying Bacteria
• Gaseous End Products
• Free Molecular Oxygen
• The Occurrence of Denitrification

Nitrification and Denitrification in the Activated Sludge Process is an ideal companion for operators and technicians of wastewater treatment plants as they study to receive certification in their field, now required in more than thirty states. Sanitary engineers, chemists, microbiologists, and educators will benefit from this comprehensive guide.

Water pollution occurs when toxic pollutants of varying kinds (organic, inorganic, radioactive and so on) are directly or indirectly discharged into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove such potential pollutants. Today's sources of these potential pollutants, which cause high deterioration of freshwater quality, are city sewage and industrial waste discharge, human agricultural practices, industrial waste disposal practices, mining activities, civil and structural work activities and obviously natural contamination with climate change. When our water is polluted, it is not only devastating to the environment but also to human health. Therefore, development of water and wastewater treatment processes to alleviate water pollution has been a challenging and demanding task for engineers, scientists and researchers. Perhaps this is even more challenging for underdeveloped and developing countries, where water and wastewater treatment facilities, knowledge and infrastructure are limited. Water and wastewater treatment processes are broad and often multidisciplinary in nature, comprising a mixture of research areas including physical, chemical and biological methods to remove or transform various potential pollutants. This is in hopes to achieve acceptable water quality and satisfy governmental and environmental protection agencies' laws and regulations. With these objectives, this book has been written in order to provide various research results and compilation and up-to-date development on the current states of knowledge and techniques in the broad field of water and wastewater treatment processes. Basically, this book will give a comprehensive understanding and advancement and application of various physical, chemical and biological treatment methods in the reduction of potential pollutants (inorganics/organics) from water and wastewater. There are a total 18 book chapters contributed by large number of expert authors around the world, covering the following main research areas: Physical, chemical and biological water treatment processes such as adsorption, biosorption, coagulation/flocculation, electrocoagulation, denitration, membrane filtration/separation, photo-catalytic reduction, advanced oxidation, nutrients removal by struvite crystallisation and nanotechnology; Physical, chemical and biological methods for municipal wastewater and industrial wastewater treatment plants such as primary-secondary sludge treatments, anaerobic digestions, aerobic treatment, activated sludge processes, dewaterability by flocculants, pre-treatments of sludge and rheology of sludge in wastewater treatment; Various operational units/equipment and process control of wastewater treatment plant.

A sustainable feedstock supply is one of the primordial issues for the transition towards the bio-based economy. Therefore, the resource base needs to be identified from the perspective of supply and demand. The exploitable biomass is of a highly heterogeneous origin, either derived from specially grown crops or from crop residues of food and feed production, forestry residues and marine flora. Municipal waste, manure and animal products and industrial wastes also need to be considered as potential resources for bio-based products and services. In this regard, enzymes are known to play a pivotal role not only at the stage of production of these value-added products, but also as an important component of value-added products from different alternative biomasses. Therefore, enzymes become an important factor as value-added products and for value-added products. The use of enzymes holds great potential value for industries in many sectors, including energy, organic chemicals, polymers, fabrics and healthcare products. In general, an enzyme based bio-economy offers many benefits and opportunities. For completed book description, please visit our link below.

In this book, the authors gather and present current research in the study of the technological systems, management practices and environmental impact of recycling. Topics discussed in this compilation include road pavement recycling technologies; polymer-base waste materials for recycling; cheese whey recovery technologies; environmental indicators for the plastic recycling industry; glass fibre replacement with banana tree fibre in high density polyethylene composites; recycling of different spent earth from filtration in the production of ceramic materials; recycling and reusing fibre-reinforced composites; recycling of regenerated wastewater using water cascade analysis in pulp and paper mills; disaster waste generated after the Great East Japan Earthquake; the social and environmental responsibilities of recycling; thermal degradation of polymers during their mechanical recycling; and recycling of petroleum oily sludge to produce sustainable clay ceramics.

Each year, consumers purchase millions of electronic devices, such as televisions, computers, and cell phones, and are faced with what to do with their used electronics. Recycling can recover a variety of materials, including precious metals, and many electronics can be reused or contain reusable components. Yet, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and industry data show that tens of millions of used electronics are thrown away each year. Moreover, because used electronics often contain toxic substances, such as lead and mercury, their end-of-life management raises concerns about the potential adverse impacts on human health and the environment, particularly when used electronics are exported to countries that lack a safe recycling and disposal capacity. This book examines the EPA's current efforts to facilitate the environmentally sound management of used electronics, with a focus on the view of manufacturers, retailers, recyclers, state and local governments, and other stakeholders.

Currently, the management of solid waste represents a major economic and environmental issue throughout the world. Trends in waste generation show an increase in the volumes of waste produced in most countries and it is clear that the trend will continue. The treatment and disposal of solid waste involves a range of processes including landfill, incineration and composting, all of which may result in emissions to the environment. Municipal investments are said to be highly capital-intensive. As a result, every investment needs to be preceded by the economic analysis which allows for the estimation of the effectiveness of the investment. Investments are made to make profits and to increase savings. This book presents current research in the study of municipal solid waste, with a particular focus on recycling and cost effectiveness.

Residues containing Cr (VI) are classified as toxic and hazardous residues by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Cr (VI) could easily leach into the environment due to rain water passing through the Cr (VI), containing residues which could lead to ground water contamination if these residues are land filled without prior treatment. This book synthesises and provides an overview of past, state-of-art research across the field of minimisation, recovery, recycling and inertization of residues containing Cr (VI) and where the field is headed.

Immobilisation of high level toxic wastes by vitrification is a well established process that has been studied extensively over last 40 years. A suitable glass host is used to dissolve the high level nuclear waste to form a glassy (vitreous) homogeneous product that can be cast into suitable forms, including large glass blocks. The main advantages of the vitrification route include the fact glass is a good solvent for waste, glasses can be processed at reasonably low temperatures, glass is very tolerant of variations in waste composition, glass exhibits reasonable chemical durability, glass is radiation resistant and can accommodate changes occurring during decay of high level nuclear waste constituents. This book analyses the immobilisation of high level toxic wastes through the use of an appropriate glass host.

Sewage is mainly a liquid waste containing some solids, produced by humans. It typically consists of washing water, faeces, urine, laundry waste and other material which goes down drains and toilets from households and industry. Sewage sludge is an end product of the wastewater treatment process. This material can be a wonderful source of nutrients for the soil. This book provides current studies and research on the treatment and use of sewage. Using this material as a fertiliser can benefit the environment by turning wastes into valuable resources. These sludges would otherwise have to be disposed of by landfilling, lagooning, incineration, or ocean dumping. On the other hand, heavy metals sometimes found in sewage sludge may present environmental problems as there is filtration of metals towards the aquifers which get contaminated. This book addresses these concerns as well as benefits.

Uganda's capital, Kampala, is undergoing dramatic urban transformations as its new technocratic government seeks to clean and green the city. Waste Worlds tracks the dynamics of development and disposability unfolding amid struggles over who and what belong in the new Kampala. Garbage materializes these struggles. In the densely inhabited social infrastructures in and around the city's waste streams, people, places, and things become disposable but conditions of disposability are also challenged and undone. Drawing on years of ethnographic research, Jacob Doherty illustrates how waste makes worlds, offering the key intervention that disposability is best understood not existentially, as a condition of social exclusion, but infrastructurally, as a form of injurious social inclusion.

Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, aesthetics or amenity. Waste management is also carried out to reduce the materials' effect on the environment and to recover resources from them. Waste management can involve solid, liquid or gaseous substances, with different methods and fields of expertise for each. Waste management practices differ for developed and developing nations, for urban and rural areas, and for residential and industrial, producers. Management for non-hazardous residential and institutional waste in metropolitan areas is usually the responsibility of local government authorities, while management for non-hazardous commercial and industrial waste is usually the responsibility of the generator. This book concentrates on the newest research in the field.

This book focuses on waste management which is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, aesthetics or amenity. Waste management is also carried out to reduce the materials' effect on the environment and to recover resources from them. Waste management can involve solid, liquid or gaseous substances, with different methods and fields of expertise for each. Waste management practices differ for developed and developing nations, for urban and rural areas, and for residential and industrial, producers. Management for non-hazardous residential and institutional waste in metropolitan areas is usually the responsibility of local government authorities, while management for non-hazardous commercial and industrial waste is usually the responsibility of the generator.

A landfill is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial. Historically, landfills have been the most common methods of organised waste disposal and remain so in many places around the world. Landfills may include internal waste disposal sites as well as sites used by many producers. Many landfills are also used for other waste management purposes, such as the temporary storage, consolidation and transfer, or processing of waste material (sorting, treatment, or recycling). A landfill also may refer to ground that has been filled in with soil and rocks instead of waste materials, so that it can be used for a specific purpose, such as for building houses. Unless they are stabilised, these areas may experience severe shaking or liquefaction of the ground in a large earthquake. This book presents new research in a field which is demanding and beginning to receive society's attention.

Hazardous waste is a waste with properties that make it dangerous or potentially harmful to human health or the environment. Hazardous waste generally exhibits one or more of these characteristics: ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity or toxicity. The universe of hazardous wastes is large and diverse. Hazardous wastes can be liquids, solids, contained gases, or sludges. They can be the by-products of manufacturing processes or simply discarded commercial products, like cleaning fluids or pesticides. One major type is radioactive waste. This book brings together the latest research in this diverse field.

Hazardous waste is a waste with properties that make it dangerous or potentially harmful to human health or the environment. Hazardous waste generally exhibits one or more of these characteristics: ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity or toxicity. The universe of hazardous wastes is large and diverse. Hazardous wastes can be liquids, solids, contained gases, or sludges. They can be the by-products of manufacturing processes or simply discarded commercial products, like cleaning fluids or pesticides. One of its type is radioactive waste. This book brings together the latest research in this diverse field.

Burning coal in electric utility plants produces, in addition to power, residues that contain constituents which may be harmful to the environment. The management of large volumes of coal combustion residues (CCRs) is a challenge for utilities, because they must either place the CCRs in landfills, surface impoundments, or mines, or find alternative uses for the material. This study focuses on the placement of CCRs in active and abandoned coal mines. The committee believes that placement of CCRs in mines as part of the reclamation process may be a viable option for the disposal of this material as long as the placement is properly planned and carried out in a manner that avoids significant adverse environmental and health impacts. This report discusses a variety of steps that are involved in planning and managing the use of CCRs as minefills, including an integrated process of CCR characterization and site characterization, management and engineering design of placement activities, and design and implementation of monitoring to reduce the risk of contamination moving from the mine site to the ambient environment. Enforceable federal standards are needed for the disposal of CCRs in minefills to ensure that states have adequate, explicit authority and that they implement minimum safeguards. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 Coal Combustion Residues 3 Behavior of Coal Combustion Residues in the Environment 4 Potential Impacts from Placement of CCRs in Coal Mines 5 Current Regulatory Framework 6 Characterization for CCR Management 7 Management of CCR in Reclamation Activities 8 Synthesis of Issues for Planning and Regulation of CCR Mine Placement References A Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff B Information Provided to the Committee C Glossary D Acronyms and Abbreviations E Side By Side Comparison RCRA to SMCRA F Regulatory Requirements for Isolation Plate 1

This publication provides essential information on the planning, implementation, and management of improved water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in schools, particularly for small and isolated rural settlements in Mongolia. Many schools in Mongolia face significant challenges in improving WASH due to physical and demographic conditions. The country's harsh winters require sustainable WASH facilities that can withstand extended periods of below-freezing temperatures. Information about WASH standards and norms, design and technology options, operation and maintenance, hygiene education approaches, and cost estimation outlined in this publication are useful for national and local administrators, engineers, field practitioners, and policy makers.