Advanced Oxidation Processes for Waste Water Treatment: Emerging Green Chemical Technology is a complete resource covering the fundamentals and applications of all Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs). This book presents the most up-to-date research on AOPs and makes the argument that AOPs offer an eco-friendly method of wastewater treatment. In addition to an overview of the fundamentals and applications, it details the reactive species involved, along with sections on reactor designs, thus helping readers understand and implement these methods.

Bioremediation is one of the most promising technological approaches to the problem of hazardous waste, which relies on microorganisms such as bacteria or fungi to transform hazardous chemicals into less toxic or nontoxic substances. Such biological transformation is more attractive than direct chemical or physical treatment. Microorganisms directly degrade contaminants rather than merely transferring them from one medium to another, employ metabolic degradation pathways and can be used in situ to minimize disturbance of the cleanup site. Hence, microorganisms can be effective, economical and non-disruptive tools for eliminating hazardous chemicals. There is no doubt that bioremediation is in the process of paving a way to greater pastures. The book aims to provide relevant theoretical and practical frameworks and the latest empirical research findings in this area, along with case studies. It is written for students, academicians and industry professionals who want to improve their understanding of the strategic role of bioremediation at different levels of the bioremediation research and knowledge, that is, heavy metal pollution, toxicity, remediation methods and strategies to manage the waste in industries, which are a global concern. The book contains 19 chapters, presented under 4 themes -- Bioremediation of Inorganic Contaminants, Bioremediation of Organic Contaminants, Bioremediation of Textile and Tannery Effluents, and Environmental Sustainability. It presents the most recent theoretical and practical information on the use of various bioremediation techniques for the removal of many of the world's most serious and common environmental contaminants. The case studies presented in the book will enhance the understanding of real-world applications of bioremediation.

AWWA Compensation Survey of Water and Wastewater Utilities provides data and analyses of salaries, salary ranges, and compensation practices in the water and wastewater utility industry. Make sound salary decisions with the support of comprehensive and relevant data from the latest compensation surveys.

AWWA Compensation Survey of Water and Wastewater Utilities provides data and analyses of salaries, salary ranges, and compensation practices in the water and wastewater utility industry. Make sound salary decisions with the support of comprehensive and relevant data from the latest compensation surveys.

Water is becoming a progressively scarce resource on our planet. Although we have vast amount of water on our planet, but fresh water makes up only about 1% of all the planet's water bodies. It is reasonable to say at this point, that any sources of water which might be used economically and effectively be promoted and further developed in the overall benefit of human kind. A large proportion of fresh water is used for human consumption, followed by irrigation use, and whenever fresh water is scarce, marginally good quality or water treated after wastewater treatment should be used for agricultural purposes. Domestic wastewater is comprised of 99.9% water and the 0.1% remaining part consists or organic/inorganic suspended and dissolved solids, making it unfit for human use and placing it in the wastewater category, which may be made suitable for agricultural use. So, the composition of wastewater is dependent upon the functions to which the water was subjected and its treatment is also dependent upon the initial use of water. This book deals with the various treatments to which the waste water is subjected to make reuse of water a possibility.

The deterioration of an environment due to industrial effluents is a worldwide challenge. There are several different types of toxic inorganic and organic pollutants, namely pesticides, heavy metals, petroleum hydrocarbons, lubricants, chlorophenols, plastic, drugs, phenol, and radionuclides. These pollutants have deleterious effects on human beings and animals. The monumental benefits obtained from the use of pesticides, herbicides, and chemical fertilizers in agriculture and forestry sectors come with environmental costs. These man-made chemicals destroy soil fertility and drain into the waterways thus polluting rivers, ponds, lakes and coastal areas. Similarly, the industrial waste containing several hazardous chemicals is detrimental to an environment. Therefore, the remediation of such toxic pollutants is imperative for the benefits of human health and environment. Bioremediation is the process of using organisms to nullify or degrade the environmental pollutants in contaminated soil and water. Microorganisms can be used to cure several types of pollution including wastewater problems, oil spillage, and soil pollution. Naturally occurring microbes eat and digest organic substances for nutrients and energy. However, microorganisms cannot remediate all types of contaminants with ease. Under such circumstances, phytoremediation- a process that uses plants to accumulate toxic substances is taken into consideration. This book gathers the recent published works related to biodegradation and bioremediation of wastewater and polluted soil with the hope that it will help students in understanding the basics and applied effects of bioremediation. The first Chapter highlights the bioremediation of pesticides. The second Chapter features the beneficial use of microbial biofilms in bioremediation. In Chapters 3-7, discussion is on the bioremediation of heavy metals. Biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbon is described in Chapter 8. Cleaning up oil spills through bioremediation is discussed in Chapters 9-11. In Chapters 12 and 13, degradation of chlorophenols is described. Managing waste plastic materials with no adverse impacts through bioremediation is discussed in Chapter 14. Removal of phenol, a toxic substance, from an industrial effluent is illustrated in Chapter 15. Remediation of radionuclides is described in Chapters 16 and 17. Exploiting bioremediation process for degrading anti-inflammatory drugs is discussed in the last three Chapters of the book. I hope that this book will be advantageous for students, researchers, teachers, and industrial experts.

Biodegradable waste is a type of waste, typically originating from plant or animal sources, which may be degraded by other living organisms. Waste that cannot be broken down by other living organisms are called non-biodegradable. Biodegradable waste can be commonly found in municipal solid waste (sometimes called biodegradable municipal waste, or BMW) as green waste, food waste, paper waste, and biodegradable plastics. Other biodegradable wastes include human waste, manure, sewage, slaughterhouse waste. In the absence of oxygen much of this waste will decay to methane by anaerobic digestion. The main environmental threat from biodegradable waste is the production of methane in landfills. Unquestionably, landfilling is the worst waste management option for bio-waste. However, for the management of biodegradable waste diverted from landfills, there seems to be several environmentally favorable options. While the waste management hierarchy also applies to the management of bio-waste, in specific cases it may be justified to depart from it as the environmental balance of the various options available for the management of this waste depends on a number of local factors, inter alia collection systems, waste composition and quality, climatic conditions, the potential of use of various waste-derived products such as electricity, heat, methane-rich gas or compost. Therefore, national strategies for the management of this waste should be determined in a transparent manner and be based on a structured and comprehensive approach such as Life Cycle Thinking (LCT). Biodegradable waste can often be used for composting which turns the waste into humus. It can also be used as a resource for heat, electricity and fuel in future, by using anaerobic digestion. This produces additional Biogas and still delivers usable nutrients that can be implemented to the soil. Especially animal-based kitchen scraps are best disposed this way. The leftover human food can also be used as fodder to flightless birds, goats, pigs, sheep, or alternatively can be fed to birds, and other wildlife.

Industrial waste is the waste produced by industrial activity which includes any material that is rendered useless during a manufacturing process such as that of factories, industries, mills, and mining operations. It has existed since the start of the Industrial Revolution. Toxic waste, chemical waste, industrial solid waste and municipal solid waste are designations of industrial wastes. Sewage treatment plants can treat some industrial wastes, i.e. those consisting of conventional pollutants such as Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). Industrial wastes containing toxic pollutants require specialized treatment systems. Waste Management has extensive experience in industrial and hazardous waste management. Thousands of small scale and bigger industrial units simply dump their waste, more often toxic and hazardous, in open spaces and nearby water sources. Over the last three decades, many cases of serious and permanent damage to environment by these industries have come to the fore. Rapid industrialization has resulted in the generation of huge quantity of wastes, both solid and liquid, in industrial sectors such as sugar, pulp and paper, fruit and food processing, sago/starch, distilleries, dairies, tanneries, slaughterhouses, poultries, etc. Despite requirements for pollution control measures, these wastes are generally dumped on land or discharged into water bodies, without adequate treatment, and thus become a large source of environmental pollution and health hazard. Industrial waste management or waste disposal is concerned with all the activities and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes amongst other things, collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste together with monitoring and regulation. It also encompasses the legal and regulatory framework that relates to waste management encompassing guidance on recycling etc.

Many environmental problems of current concern are due to the high production and local accumulations of organic wastes that are too great for the basic degradation processes inherent in nature. With adequate application rates, animal manure constitutes a valuable resource as a soil fertilizer, as it provides a high content of macro- and micronutrients for crop growth and represents a low-cost, environmental-friendly alternative to mineral fertilizers. Improper disposal of animal manure poses a threat to the environment. Recycling manure cannot only protect the local environment but can also save you money. Spreading animal manure can contribute to harmful urban run-off that contains bacteria and nutrients that pollute our local groundwater. Throwing it away in the trash takes up valuable landfill space and wastes natural resources. A rapidly changing and expanding livestock and poultry production sector, in addition to increasing human waste, due to ever increasing human population, means there is also an increase in livestock manure, which if not utilized and managed can lead to a range of environmental problems. Historically, manure was used as a fertilizer, but after overuse of chemical fertilizers for decades, manure is again being used for organic farming for crop fertilization and soil amelioration, and biofuel production. This book, Animal Manure Recycling Treatment and Management presents an overview of environment friendly principles and practices used for managing animal manure more efficiently and in a sustainable manner for creating a consistent fertilizer product. In addition to the manure management, this book also describes technologies for converting manure to biogas and management of gaseous emissions and run off of manure derived greenhouse gases. Livestock production is experiencing dynamic growth and specialisation, and is facing the challenge of ensuring that changes in production systems include the development of environmentally friendly manure management systems. This book provides an overview of manure management systems and technologies for removing solid and liquid manure from animal houses, storage, transport and application in the field. The overview includes specific descriptions and applicability of potential technologies in terms of capability, costs, environmental impact and so on. Methods needed to manage the manure are also presented. The introduction of appropriate management technologies could thus mitigate the health and environmental risks associated with the overproduction of organic wastes derived from the livestock industry by stabilizing them before their use or disposal. Stabilisation involves the decomposition of an organic material to the extent of eliminating the hazards and is normally reflected by decreases in microbial biomass and its activity and in concentrations.

Despite significant progress having been achieved in recent years, much remains to be done in terms of addressing the legacies from the early development of nuclear energy, including the dismantling of redundant research and fuel cycle facilities, research reactors and power plants, and the remediation of sites affected by past uranium mining and processing operations. Some countries are moving forward with dealing with these legacies, and accordingly have built up appropriate technical resources and expertise, but many national programmes still face very significant challenges. This publication discusses the barriers that prevent the implementation of decommissioning and environmental remediation (D&ER) projects and provides potential solutions to overcome the identified barriers and thereby facilitates a better implementation of D&ER programmes.

Electrical and electronic waste is a growing problem as volumes are increasing fast. Rapid product innovation and replacement, especially in information and communication technologies (ICT), combined with the migration from analog to digital technologies and to flat-screen televisions and monitors has resulted in some electronic products quickly reaching the end of their life. The EU directive on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) aims to minimise WEEE by putting organizational and financial responsibility on producers and distributors for collection, treatment, recycling and recovery of WEEE. Therefore all stakeholders need to be well-informed about their WEEE responsibilities and options. While focussing on the EU, this book draws lessons for policy and practice from all over the world. Part one introduces the reader to legislation and initiatives to manage WEEE. Part two discusses technologies for the refurbishment, treatment and recycling of waste electronics. Part three focuses on electronic products that present particular challenges for recyclers. Part four explores sustainable design of electronics and supply chains. Part five discusses national and regional WEEE management schemes and part six looks at corporate WEEE management strategies. With an authoritative collection of chapters from an international team of authors, Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) handbook is designed to be used as a reference by policy-makers, producers and treatment operators in both the developed and developing world.

Environmental protection and resource recovery are two crucial issues facing our society in the 21st century. Anaerobic biotechnology has become widely accepted by the wastewater industry as the better alternative to the more conventional but costly aerobic process and tens of thousands of full-scale facilities using this technology have been installed worldwide in the past two decades. Anaerobic Biotechnology is the sequel to the well-received Environmental Anaerobic Technology: Applications and New Developments (2010) and compiles developments over the past five years. This volume contains contributions from 48 renowned experts from across the world, including Gatze Lettinga, laureate of the 2007 Tyler Prize and the 2009 Lee Kuan Yew Water Prize, and Perry McCarty, whose pioneering work laid the foundations for today's anaerobic biotechnology. This book is ideal for engineers and scientists working in the field, as well as decision-makers on energy and environmental policies.