Neuroimmunology is one of the most rapidly developing branches of
Neurobiology, prompted by novel neurochemical,
neuroendocrinological and neurophysiological investigations of the
central and peripheral nervous system including neuro-endocrine
systems. Neuroimmunology can be considered an interdisciplinary
science that covers relevant aspects of how the peripheral immune
system can influence brain physiology and elicit neuro-endocrine
immuno-regulatory responses and also how local interactions between
immune and neuronal mediators of the brain influence the occurrence
and course of neuropathologic diseases. That explains the reason
why we have in this volume chapters that focus on
immune-neuro-endocrine interactions underlying the control and
regulation of processes involved in both immune and brain
physiology and in the pathogenesis of different nervous diseases.
Among such diseases are: schizophrenia, HIV, associated dementia,
rheumatoid arthritis, several experimental pathologies, multiple
sclerosis, autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Theilers virus infection,
nervous system demyelination diseases, the primary degenerative
disorders such as Alzheimera (TM)s and Parkinsona (TM)s as well as
brain injuries resulting from stroke and trauma, the
neuroimmunology of gene therapy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,
prion disease and all theoretical questions covering these
pathologies. All of the above mentioned involve autoimmune
processes.
It is difficult, indeed, to imagine fundamental neurobiological
processes, autoimmune, neuroendocrine and infectious diseases,
where immune factors are not of prime importance. The elucidation
of the intimate molecular-biological problems ofimmunopathologies
requires deep knowledge of the intricate connection between
immunomodulators, immune competent cells of blood, brain, and other
organs.
This volume contains data on multiple immunomodulators, many of
which are also the products of hypothalamic brain cell
neurosecretion. Interleukins (IL-1a, IL-1A, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6,
TNFa), immunophylin and ubiquitin as well as proline rich peptides,
comprised of 10-15 amino acids are being produced in N.
Supraopticus and N. Paraventricularis and then secreted into
neurohypophysis. Along the neurosecretion of the mentioned
cytokines, there are other immunomodulators, the primary structure
of which had been completely deciphered such as: Immunophyllins,
intracellular receptors of immunosuppressors FK506, cyclosporine
A., rapamicin. They are peptidyl-prolyl-cis-trans-isomerases. There
are novel immunological hypothalamic factors such as ubiquitin,
macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), as well as Thymosin A
4(1-39). This data allowed us to propose the concept of
neuroendocrine immune system of the brain.
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