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Books > Social sciences > Psychology > Cognition & cognitive psychology
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Reasons from Within - Desires and Values (Paperback)
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Reasons from Within - Desires and Values (Paperback)
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Do the reasons we have for acting as we do derive from our concerns
and desires, or are there objective values in the world that we are
rationally required to pursue and protect? Alan Goldman argues for
the internalist or subjectivist view of practical reasons on the
grounds that it is simpler, more unified, and more comprehensible
than the rival objectivist position. He provides a naturalistic
account of practical rationality in terms of coherence within sets
of desires or motivational states, and between motivations,
intentions, and actions. Coherence is defined as the avoidance of
self-defeat, the defeat of one's own deepest concerns. The demand
for coherence underlies both practical and theoretical reason and
derives from the natural aims of belief and action. In clarifying
which desires create reasons, drawing on the literature of
cognitive psychology, Goldman offers conceptual analyses of
desires, emotions, and attitudes. Reasons are seen to derive
ultimately from our deepest occurrent concerns. These concerns
require no reasons themselves but provide reasons for many more
superficial desires.
In defense of this theory, Goldman argues that rational agents need
not be morally motivated or concerned for their narrow
self-interest. Objective values would demand such concern. They
would be independent of our desires but would provide reasons for
us to pursue and protect them. They would require rational agents
to be motivated by them. But, Goldman argues, we are not motivated
in that way, and it makes no sense to demand that our informed and
coherent desires be generally other than they are. We need not
appeal to such objective values in order to explain how our lives
can be good and meaningful.
Reasons from Within will appeal to anyone interested in the nature
of values and reasons, particularly students of philosophy,
psychology, and decision theory.
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