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Books > Science & Mathematics > Physics > Atomic & molecular physics
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Nuclear Isomers - A Primer (Paperback, 1st ed. 2021)
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Nuclear Isomers - A Primer (Paperback, 1st ed. 2021)
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Nuclear isomers are the long-lived excited states of nuclei.
Therefore, they constitute the meta-stable landscape of nuclei. The
first isomer was probably identified as early as 1921. Since then,
the number of isomers has been growing steadily picking up pace in
recent times. Interest in nuclear isomers has grown in recent years
for many reasons. The experimental capabilities to observe isomers
have been expanding to cover a wider time scale. This has opened up
new windows to observe and decipher the underlying nuclear
structure and interactions. Further, the isomers are beginning to
be seen as potential energy storage devices and nuclear clocks with
a host of applications. Possible discovery of a gamma ray laser has
also ignited many researches in this area. Isomers now cover the
full nuclear landscape with structural peculiarities specific to
each region of the nuclear chart. Exploring the nuclear isomers,
therefore, provides a novel insight into the nuclear structure
properties of that region. There could be many different reasons
for the long lives of excited nuclear states, which lead to the
classification of isomers. Isomers are broadly classified in to
four classes: Spin isomers, shape isomers, fission isomers and
K-isomers. Seniority isomers have also been identified which are
often clubbed with the spin isomers. We discuss this classification
and the underlying causes in detail. Many examples are considered
to highlight the large variety of isomers. The range of half-lives
covered by the isomers varies from billions of years to
nano-seconds and even small. To understand this vast variation is a
fascinating endeavor in itself. The angular momentum couplings,
nuclear shapes, pairing etc. conspire together to give this vast
range of half-lives. We go through these aspects in detail,
highlighting the various selection rules at work. It is interesting
that the nuclear shapes play an important role in many types of
isomers. The spin isomers, which occur in spherical or,
near-spherical nuclei, are generally confined to the magic numbers.
Seniority isomers are largely found in semi-magic nuclei and should
be explored in conjunction with the spin isomers. New developments
in seniority and generalized seniority isomers are discussed in
detail. As the nuclei deform; the nature of isomers changes. We
take a close look into the decay properties of isomers in deformed
nuclei, particularly the K isomers, the shape isomers and the
fission isomers. While doing so, the theoretical and experimental
developments of isomers are also addressed. A number of open
questions are posed for possible new experiments and better
understanding of the isomers.
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