A series of seminal technological revolutions has led to a new generation of electronic devices miniaturized to such tiny scales where the strange laws of quantum physics come into play. There is no doubt that, unlike scientists and engineers of the past, technology leaders of the future will have to rely on quantum mechanics in their everyday work. This makes teaching and learning the subject of paramount importance for further progress. Mastering quantum physics is a very non-trivial task and its deep understanding can only be achieved through working out real-life problems and examples. It is notoriously difficult to come up with new quantum-mechanical problems that would be solvable with a pencil and paper, and within a finite amount of time. This book remarkably presents some 700+ original problems in quantum mechanics together with detailed solutions covering nearly 1000 pages on all aspects of quantum science. The material is largely new to the English-speaking audience. The problems have been collected over about 60 years, first by the lead author, the late Prof. Victor Galitski, Sr. Over the years, new problems were added and the material polished by Prof. Boris Karnakov. Finally, Prof. Victor Galitski, Jr., has extended the material with new problems particularly relevant to modern science.

All living matter is comprised of cells, which are small compartments isolated from the environment by a cell membrane and filled with concentrated solutions of various organic and inorganic compounds. Some organisms are single-cell, where all life functions are performed by that cell. Others have groups of cells, or organs, specializing in one particular function. The survival of the entire organism depends on all of its cells and organs fulfilling their roles. Cells are seen differently by biologists, chemists, or physicists. Biologists concentrate their attention on cell structure and function. What the cells consist of? Where are its organelles? What function each organelle fulfils? From a chemists' point of view, a cell is a complex chemical reaction chamber where various molecules are synthesized or degraded. From a physics standpoint, however, some of the fundamental questions involve the physical movement of all these molecules between organelles within the cell, their exchange with the extracellular medium, as well as electrical phenomena resulting from such transport. The aim of this book is to look into the basic physical phenomena occurring in cells. These physical transport processes facilitate chemical reactions in the cell and various electrical effects, and that, in turn, leads to the biological functions necessary for the cell to satisfy its role in the mother organism. Ultimately, the goals of every cell are to stay alive and to fulfil its function as a part of a larger organ or organism. The first volume of this book is an inventory of physical transport processes occurring in cells, and this volume provides a closer look at how complex biological and physiological cell phenomena result from these very basic physical processes.

Volume 3 of this three-part series presents more advanced topics and applications of relativistic quantum field theory. The application of quantum chromodynamics to high-energy particle scattering is discussed with concrete examples for how to compute QCD scattering cross sections. Experimental evidence for the existence of quarks and gluons is then presented within the context of the naive quark model and beyond. In addition the text reviews our current understanding of the weak interaction, unified electroweak theory and the Brout-Higgs-Englert mechanism for the generation of gauge boson masses. The last two chapters contain a self-contained introduction to finite temperature quantum field theory with concrete examples focusing on the high-temperature thermodynamics of scalar field theories, QED and QCD.

Volume 1 of this three-part series introduces the fundamental concepts of quantum field theory using the formalism of canonical quantization. This volume is intended for use as a text for an introductory quantum field theory course that can include both particle and condensed matter physics students. Starting with a brief review of classical field theory as a jumping off point for the quantization of classical fields, thereby promoting them to proper quantum fields, formalism for real and complex scalar field theories is then presented, followed by fermion field quantization, gauge field quantization, toy models of the nuclear interaction, and finally the full Lagrangian for QED and its renormalization.

Volume 2 of this three-part series presents the quantization of classical field theory using the path integral formalism. For students who wish to learn about relativistic quantum field theory applied to particle physics, this accessible text is also useful for students of condensed matter. Beginning with an introduction of the path integral formalism for non-relativistic quantum mechanics, the formalism is extended to quantum fields with an infinite number of degrees of freedom. How to quantize gauge fields using the Fadeev-Popov method, and fermionic fields using Grassman algebra, is also explored before the path integral formulation of quantum chromodynamics and its renormalization is presented. Finally, the role played by topological solutions in non-abelian gauge theories is discussed.

Practically every display technology in use today relies on the flat, energy-efficient construction made possible by liquid crystals. These displays provide visually-crisp, vibrantly-colored images that a short time ago were thought only possible in science fiction. Liquid crystals are known mainly for their use in display technologies, but they also provide many diverse and useful applications: adaptive optics, electro-optical devices, films, lasers, photovoltaics, privacy windows, skin cleansers and soaps, and thermometers. The striking images of liquid crystals changing color under polarized lighting conditions are even on display in many museums and art galleries - true examples of science meeting art. Yet, although liquid crystals provide us with visually stunning displays, fascinating applications, and are a rich and fruitful source of interdisciplinary research, their full potential may remain untapped.

This third edition of Peter Bernath's successful Spectra of Atoms and Molecules is designed to provide advanced undergraduates and graduate students a working knowledge of the vast field of spectroscopy. Also of interest to chemists, physicists, astronomers, atmospheric scientists, and engineers, this volume emphasizes the fundamental principles of spectroscopy with the primary goal of teaching the interpretation of spectra. Features include a presentation of group theory needed to understand spectroscopy, detailed worked examples and a large number of excellent problems at the end of each chapter. Prof. Bernath provides a large number of diagrams and spectra which have been specifically recorded for this book. Molecular symmetry, matrix representation of groups, quantum mechanics, and group theory are among the topics covered; atomic, rotational, vibrational, electronic and Raman spectra are analyzed. Bernath's clear treatment of the confusing topic of line strengths as needed for quantitative applications is featured. This much-needed new edition has been updated to include the 2010 CODATA revision of physical constants, and a large number of corrections and clarifications. Responding to student requests, the main new feature is the addition of detailed worked examples in each chapter. Spectra of Atoms and Molecules, 3e will help demystify spectroscopy by showing readers the necessary steps in a derivation, as well as the final result.

Nanomaterials and nanostructures are the original product of nanotechnology, and they are the key building blocks for enabling technologies. In this context, this book presents a concise overview of the synthesis and characterization methods of nanomaterials and nanostructures, while integrating facets of physics, chemistry, and engineering. The book summarizes the fundamentals and technical approaches in synthesis, and processing of nanostructures and nanomaterials, giving the reader a systematic and quick picture of the field. The text focuses on functional aspects of nanomaterials that have a high relevance to immediate applications, such as catalysis, energy harvesting, biosensing, and surface functionalization. There are chapters addressing nanostructured materials and composites, and covering basic properties and requirements of this new class of engineered materials.

Elements of Photoionization Quantum Dynamics Methods focuses on the RMT approach for multiphoton quantum dynamics, which is employed to tackle the problem of laser-induced atomic dynamics. This recently developed formulation has shown the potential to become one of the mainstream ab initio theoretical approaches capable of describing the quantum dynamics of multielectron quantum systems exposed in ultrashort intense laser pulses lasting at the femtosecond timescale ( 10-15 sec). The method itself builds on the division-of-space concept and has evolved as an extension of the well-established atomic R-matrix method to incorporate time in its formulation. It is this way that its name was inherited, R-matrix with time incorporation (RMT), although no R-matrix appears anywhere in the formulation.

Electrostatic accelerators have been at the forefront of modern technology since 1932, when Sir John Cockroft and Ernest Walton developed the first accelerator. Although the electrostatic accelerator field is more than 90 years old, the field and the number of accelerators is growing more rapidly than ever. This book provides an overview of the basic science and technology that underlies the electrostatic accelerator field so it can serve as a reference guide and textbook for accelerator engineers as well as students and researchers who work with electrostatic accelerators.

Our understanding of subatomic particles developed over many years, although a clear picture of the different particles, their interactions and their inter-relationships only emerged in the latter part of the twentieth century. The first subatomic particles to be investigated were those which exhibit readily observable macroscopic behavior, specifically these are the photon, which we observe as light and the electron, which is manifested as electricity. The true nature of these particles, however, only became clear within the last century or so. The development of the Standard Model provided clarification of the way in which various particles, specifically the hadrons, relate to one another and the way in which their properties are determined by their structure. The final piece, perhaps, of the final model, that is the means by which some particles acquire mass, has just recently been clarified with the observation of the Higgs boson. Since the 1970s it has been known that the measured solar neutrino flux was inconsistent with the flux predicted by solar models. The existence of neutrinos with mass would allow for neutrino flavor oscillations and would provide an explanation for this discrepancy. Only in the past few years, has there been clear experimental evidence that neutrinos have mass. The description of particle structure on the basis of the Standard Model, along with recent discoveries concerning neutrino properties, provides us with a comprehensive picture of the properties of subatomic particles. Part I of the present book provides an overview of the Standard Model of particle physics including an overview of the discovery and properties of the Higgs boson. Part II of the book summarizes the important investigations into the physics of neutrinos and provides an overview of the interpretation of these studies.

Dalton's theory of the atom is generally considered to be what made the atom a scientifically fruitful concept in chemistry. To be sure, by Dalton's time the atom had already had a two-millenium history as a philosophical idea, and corpuscular thought had long been viable in natural philosophy (that is, in what we would today call physics).
Atoms in Chemistry will examine episodes in the evolution of the concept of the atom, particularly in chemistry, from Dalton's day to our own. It begins with an overview of scientific atomic theories from the 17th through 20th centuries that analyzes corpuscular theories of matter proposed or entertained by natural philosophers in the 17th century. Chapters will focus on philosophical and religious conceptions of matter, 19th-century organic structural theories, the debate surrounding the truth of the atomic-molecular theory, and physical evidence accumulated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that suggested that atoms were actually real, even if they were not exactly as Dalton envisioned them. The final chapter of this book takes the reader beyond the atom itself to some of the places associated with the history of scientific atomism. As a whole, this volume will serve as a passport to important episodes from the more than 200-year history of atoms in chemistry.

This book is on inertial confinement fusion, an alternative way to produce electrical power from hydrogen fuel by using powerful lasers or particle beams. Two huge laser facilities are presently under construction to show that this method works. It involves the compression of tiny amounts (micrograms) of fuel to thousand times solid density and pressures otherwise existing only in the centre of stars. Thanks to advances in laser technology, it is now possible to produce such extreme states of matter in the laboratory. Recent developments have boosted laser intensities again with new possibilities for laser particle accelerators, laser nuclear physics, and fast ignition of fusion targets. This is a reference book for those working on beam plasma physics, be it in the context of fundamental research or applications to fusion energy or novel ultra-bright laser sources. The book combines quite different areas of physics: beam target interaction, dense plasmas, hydrodynamic implosion and instabilities, radiative energy transfer as well as fusion reactions. Particular attention is given to simple and useful modeling, including dimensional analysis and similarity solutions. Both authors have worked in this field for more than 20 years. They want to address in particular those teaching this topic to students and all those interested in understanding the technical basis.

This textbook describes the physics of semiconductor nanostructures with emphasis on their electronic transport properties. At its heart are five fundamental transport phenomena: quantized conductance, tunnelling transport, the Aharonov-Bohm effect, the quantum Hall effect, and the Coulomb blockade effect.
The book starts out with the basics of solid state and semiconductor physics, such as crystal structure, band structure, and effective mass approximation, including spin-orbit interaction effects important for research in semiconductor spintronics. It contains material aspects such as band engineering, doping, gating, and a selection of nanostructure fabrication techniques. The book discusses the Drude-Boltzmann-Sommerfeld transport theory as well as conductance quantization and the Landauer-Buttiker theory. These concepts are extended to mesoscopic interference phenomena and decoherence, magnetotransport, and interaction effects in quantum-confined systems, guiding the reader from fundamental effects to specialized state-of-the-art experiments.
The book will provide a thorough introduction into the topic for graduate and PhD students, and will be a useful reference for lecturers and researchers working in the field.

This book is a long-term history of optics, from early Greek theories of vision to the nineteenth-century victory of the wave theory of light. It shows how light gradually became the central entity of a domain of physics that no longer referred to the functioning of the eye; it retraces the subsequent competition between medium-based and corpuscular concepts of light; and it details the nineteenth-century flourishing of mechanical ether theories. The author critically exploits and sometimes completes the more specialized histories that have flourished in the past few years. The resulting synthesis brings out the actors' long-term memory, their dependence on broad cultural shifts, and the evolution of disciplinary divisions and connections. Conceptual precision, textual concision, and abundant illustration make the book accessible to a broad variety of readers interested in the origins of modern optics.

The neutron is an elementary particle that has been extensively studied, both theoretically and experimentally. This book reviews and analyses the results of the mainly experimental research on the neutron and rationalizes what is known so far about its intrinsic properties. The book covers topics that have not previously been dealt with in detail, including the gravitational properties of the neutron, precise determination of its mass, beta-decay, and its electromagnetic properties. This translation is an updated version of the original Russian text and also covers the more recent advances made during the past 7-8 years, including the application of methods based on the storage of ultra-cold neutrons to the study of beta-decay, new precise measurement of the mass of the neutron, and confirmation of modern theories of the internal structure of the neutron.

Advances in Quantum Chemistry, Volume 86 highlights new advances in the field, with this new volume presenting topics covering Can orbital basis sets compete with explicitly correlated ones for few-electron systems?, Converging high-level equation-of-motion coupled-cluster energetics with the help of Monte Carlo and selected configuration interaction, Coupled cluster downfolding techniques: a review of existing applications in classical and quantum computing for chemical systems, Multi-reference methods for the description of dynamic and nondynamic electron correlation effects in atoms and molecules, Exploring the attosecond laser-driven electron dynamics in the hydrogen molecule with different TD-CI approaches, and much more. Additional sections cover Molecular systems in spatial confinement: variation of linear and nonlinear electrical response of molecules in the bond dissociation processes, Relativistic Infinite-order two-component methods for heavy elements, Second quantized approach to exchange energy revised - beyond the S^2 approximation, Calculating atomic states without the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, Convergence of the Correlated Optimized Effective Potential Method, and more.