Micro/nanotribology as a field is concerned with experimental and theoretical investigations of processes ranging from atomic and molecular scales to the microscale, occurring during adhesion, friction, wear, and thin-film lubrication at sliding surfaces. As a field it is truly interdisciplinary, but this confronts the would-be entrant with the difficulty of becoming familiar with the basic theories and applications: the area is not covered in any undergraduate or graduate scientific curriculum. The present work commences with a history of tribology and micro/nanotribology, followed by discussions of instrumentation, basic theories of friction, wear and lubrication on nano- to microscales, and their industrial applications. A variety of research instruments are covered, including a variety of scanning probe microscopes and surface force apparatus. Experimental research and modelling are expertly dealt with, the emphasis throughout being applied aspects.

The physics of highly charged ions continues to be one of the most active and interesting fields of atomic physics. A large fraction of the characteristic radiation of such ions lies in the x-ray region and its spectroscopy represents an important experimental tool. The field of x-ray spectroscopy grew directly from the discovery of x radiation by Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen in 1895. The early contributions to atomic physics that arose out of x-ray spectroscopy are well documented and are the subject of many centennial events. In the past, the gross features of most x-ray spectra in the hard x-ray region have been accounted for on a hydrogenic model. In many instances the gross spectral features recorded in the early days of x-ray physics match those observed with state-of-the-art techniques today and many of the early qualitative - terpretations have remained unchanged. It is in the details of the spectra that today's results are superior to those obtained many years ago, and it is in the quantitative and accurate - scriptions that today's predictions are better. A rejuvenation of the field has occurred after the great achievements in the development of new ion sources for production of heavy ions with only one or few electrons. The new tools available to the experimenter allow the exploration of new states of m- ter and allow us to challenge new frontiers in our theoretical understanding of atoms and their interactions with other particles.

"Blurb & Contents" This collection of articles covers the "quiet revolution" that took place in quantum optics in the 1980s. Explores far-reaching repercussions in methods of light field generation, propagation, and detection in the quantum rather than in the classical regime. Throughout, theory is discussed with supporting experimental data. Newcomers and experienced researchers will find this a useful introduction and an excellent reference. Contents: Introduction. The early years. Photon antibunching and sub- Poissonian photon statistics. Squeezed states of light. Quantum non- demolition. Quantum effects in photon interference. Cavity quantum electrodynamics. Quantum noise reduction in lasers.

Electron EM reviews the theoretical and experimental work of the last 30 years on continuous electron emission in energetic ion-atom collisions. High incident energies for which the projectile is faster than the mean orbital velocity of the active electron are considered. Emphasis is placed on the interpretation of ionization mechanisms. They are interpreted in terms of Coulomb centers associated with the projectile and target nuclear fields which strongly interact with the outgoing electron. General properties of the two-center electron emission are analyzed. Particular attention is given to screening effects. A brief overview of multiple ionization processes is also presented. The survey concludes with a complete compilation of experimental studies of ionization cross sections.

This volume presents two reviews from the cutting-edge of Russian plasma physics research. Plasma Models of Atom and Radiative-Collisional Processes, by V.A. Astapenko, L.A. Bureyeva, V.S. Lisitsa, is devoted to a unified description of the atomic core polarization effects in the free-free, free-bound and bound-bound transitions of the charged particles in the field of multielectron atom. These effects were treated independently in various applications for more than 40 years. The universal description is based on statistical plasma models of atomic processes with complex ions and atoms. This description makes it possible to extract general scaling laws for the processes above. This review is the first attempt to give the universal approach to the problem. All types of transitions are considered in the frame of both classical and quantum models for the energy scattering of the particle interacting with the atomic core. of atoms and highly charged ions, polarization phenomena in photoeffect, new polarization channel in recombination and for Bremsstrahlung of electrons, relativistic and heavy particles on complex atoms and ions. Asymptotic Theory of Charge Exchange And Mobility Processes for Atomic Ions by B.M. Smirnov reviews the process of resonant charge exchange, and also the transport processes (mobility and diffusion coefficients) for ions in parent gases which are determined by resonant electron transfer. The basis is the asymptotic theory of resonant charge exchange that allows us to evaluate cross sections for all the elements and estimate their accuracy. A simple version of the asymptotic theory is used as follows: a parameter is the ratio between an atom cross section, and the cross section of resonant charge exchange. The cross section of this process is expressed through asymptotic parameters of a transferring electron it the atom. Experimental results are also used, but their accuracy is usually lower than can be obtained by the asymptotic theory

Nuclear Fusion by Inertial Confinement provides a comprehensive analysis of directly driven inertial confinement fusion. All important aspects of the process are covered, including scientific considerations that support the concept, lasers and particle beams as drivers, target fabrication, analytical and numerical calculations, and materials and engineering considerations. Authors from Australia, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, Spain, and the U.S. have contributed to the volume, making it an internationally significant work for all scientists working in the Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) field, as well as for graduate students in engineering and physics with interest in ICF.

Progress in Optics, Volume 68 highlights new advances in the field of optics, with this updated volume presenting interesting chapters on a variety of timely topics in the field. Chapters in this release include Nonlinear Optical Polarimetry with application in biomicroscopy, Single-photon Sources, Introduction to Tensor Networks and Matrix Product States with Applications in Cavity and Waveguide Quantum Electrodynamics, Rotated frames, Phase retrieval, and more. Each chapter is written by an international board of authors who review the latest developments in optics.

Written by world-leading experts in particle physics, this new book from Luciano Maiani and Omar Benhar, with contributions from the late Nicola Cabibbo, is based on Feynman's path integrals. Key elements of gauge theories are described-Feynman diagrams, gauge-fixing, Faddeev-Popov ghosts-as well as renormalization in Quantum Electrodynamics. Quarks and QCD interactions are introduced. Renormalization group and high momentum behaviour of the coupling constants is discussed in QED and QCD, with asymptotic freedom derived at one-loop. These concepts are related to the Higgs boson and models of grand unification. "... an excellent introduction to the quantum theory of gauge fields and their applications to particle physics. ... It will be an excellent book for the serious student and a good reference for the professional practitioner. Let me add that, scattered through the pages, we can find occasional traces of Nicola Cabibbo's style." -John Iliopoulos, CNRS-Ecole Normale Superieure " ... The volume ends with an illuminating description of the expectation generated by the recent discovery of the Higgs boson, combined with the lack of evidence for super-symmetric particles in the mass range 0.6-1 TeV." -Arturo Menchaca-Rocha, FinstP, Professor of Physics, Mexico's National Autonomous University, Former President of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Presidential Advisor "...The reader is masterfully guided through the subtleties of the quantum field theory and elementary particle physics from simple examples in Quantum Mechanics to salient details of modern theory." -Mikhail Voloshin, Professor of Physics, University of Minnesota

Structure of Crystals describes the ideal and real atomic structure of crystals as well as the electronic structures. The fundamentals of chemical bonding between atoms are given, and the geometric representations in the theory of crystal structure and crystal chemistry, as well as the lattice energy, are considered. The important classes of crystal structures in inorganic compounds as well as the structures of polymers, liquid crystals, biological crystals, and macromolecules are treated. This edition is complemented with recent data on many types of crystal structures - e.g., the structure of fullerenes, high-temperature superconductors, minerals, and liquid crystals.

This is the first comprehensive treatment of the interactions of atoms and molecules with charged particles, photons and laser fields. Addressing the subject from a unified viewpoint, the volume reflects our present understanding of many-particle dynamics in rearrangement and fragmentation reactions such as electron capture, target and projectile ionisation, photoabsorption and Compton scattering, collisional breakup in Coulomb systems, and dissociative ionisation. The individual chapters, each written by leading experts, give a concise picture of the advanced experimental and theoretical methods. The book also describes experimental methods such as recoil-ion momentum spectroscopy (RIMS), electron microscopy (REMI), and many-particle time-of-flight and imaging techniques. Theoretical approaches treated include the three-body Coulomb problem, R- and S-matrix as well as classical approaches, close-coupling methods, and density-functional theory.

"This book contains overviews on technologically important classes of glasses, their treatment to achieve desired properties, theoretical approaches for the description of structure-property relationships, and new concepts in the theoretical treatment of crystallization in glass-forming systems. It contains overviews about the state of the art and about specific features for the analysis and application of important classes of glass-forming systems, and describes new developments in theoretical interpretation by well-known glass scientists. Thus, the book offers comprehensive and abundant information that is difficult to come by or has not yet been made public." Edgar Dutra Zanotto (Center for Research, Technology and Education in Vitreous Materials, Brazil) Glass, written by a team of renowned researchers and experienced book authors in the field, presents general features of glasses and glass transitions. Different classes of glassforming systems, such as silicate glasses, metallic glasses, and polymers, are exemplified. In addition, the wide field of phase formation processes and their effect on glasses and their properties is studied both from a theoretical and experimental point of view.

This book completes the physical foundations and experimental techniques described in volume 1 with an updated review of the accessory equipment indispensable in molecular beam experiments. It extends the subject to cluster beams and beams of hyperthermal and subthermal energies. As in volume 1, a special effort is made to outline the physical foundations of the various experimental techniques. Hence this book is intended not only as a reference standard for researchers in the field, but also to bring the flavor of current molecular beam research to advanced undergraduates and graduate students and to enable them to gain a solid background in the field and its technique.

Overview: Recombination of Atomic Ions; D. Bates. Applications of Recombination; H. Summers, W.J. Dickson. Theoretical Aspects of Recombination: Dielectronic Recombination Theory; K.J. LaGuttuta. Beyond the Standard Computational Method for Dielectronic Recombination of Atomic Ions; M.S. Pindzola, et al. Experimental Measurements 1. ElectronIon Recombination: Early Measurements of Dielectronic Recombination; P.F. Dittner, S. Datz. Dielectronic Recombination Measurements Using the Electron Beam Ion Trap; D.A. Knapp. Laser-Stimulated Radiative Recombination; A. Wolf. Experimental Measurements 2. Ion-Atom Recombination: Resonant Transfer Excitation Associated with Single X-Ray Emission; J.A. Tanis. Dielectronic Excitation and Recombination in Crystal Channels; S. Datz, et al. Resonant Transfer and Excitation in Ion Channelling; M.W. Clark, et al. 17 additional articles. Index.

It is arguable that most of chemistry and a large portion of atomic physics is concemed with the behaviour of the 92 naturally occurring elements in each of 3 charge states (+1, 0, -1); 276 distinct species. The world of multiply and highly charged ions provides a further 4186 species for us to study. Over 15 times as many It is the nature of human beings to explore the unknown. This nature is par ticularly strong in physicists although this may not be readily apparent because theses explorations are undertaken in somewhat abstract 'spaces'. It is, then, no surprise that we have begun to explore the realm of multiply and highly charged ions. Over the past few decades, a consistent1y high quality body of work has emerged as the fruits of this exploration. This intemationally based subject, pursued in universities and research laboratories worldwide, has ex panded beyond its roots in atomic physics. We now see it embracing elements of surface science, nuclear physics and plasma physics as well as drawing on a wide range of technologies. This speciality offers new tests of some of our most fundamental ideas in physics and simultaneously new medical cures, new ways of fabricating electronic gadgets, a major hope for clean sustainable energy and explanations for astrophysical phenomena. It is both a deeply fundamental and a widely applicable area of investigation."

It has been widely recognized that the "new physics" results from a high energy collider are related to the detector capabilities, and that future detec tors must solve the problems presented by the new environment. Vertex detectors, in particular, will have to sustain enormous rates, have a great resistance to radiation damage, while retaining good spatial accuracy. Promising technologies are emerging, and gaseous detectors are improving: this workshop was intended as a point of reference towards future detectors, with particular emphasis on experimental results achieved so far. We wish to thank the Ettore Majorana Center for the splendid hospitality in Erice; and the secretaries of the conference, R. Nania and G. Anzivino for their hard work in collecting and organizing these proceedings. F. Villa Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Stanford University v CONTENTS Tracking at 1 Te V A. Seiden ..... 1 B Physics at PEP and SLC A. Seiden ........ . 19 The MARK II Vertex Detectors: Status and Prospects J. Jaros 37 The Mark-J Vertex Detector H. Anderhub et al., presented by M. Bourquin 71 A Modified Time Expansion Chamber as a Vertex Detector et al., presented by C. Del Papa . . . . . . . . . 95 G. Bari Operation of Multidrift Tubes with Dimethyl Ether R. BoucHer et al., Presented by F. SauH . . ...... 101 Results From the MACI Vertex Chamber H. N. Nelson . . . . . . . . . . . ........... . 115 Wire Chamber Aging and Wire Material M. Atac ............. ."

The Seventh International Symposium on Gaseous Dielectrics was held in Knoxville, Tennessee, U. S. A. , on April 24-28, 1994. The symposium continued the interdisciplinary character and comprehensive approach of the preceding six symposia. Gaseous DielecIries VII is a detailed record of the symposium proceedings. It covers recent advances and developments in a wide range of basic, applied and industrial areas of gaseous dielectrics. It is hoped that Gaseous DielecIries VII will aid future research and development in, and encourage wider industrial use of, gaseous dielectrics. The Organizing Committee of the Seventh International Symposium on Gaseous Dielectrics consisted of G. Addis (U. S. A. ), L. G. Christophorou (U. S. A. ), F. Y. Chu (Canada), A. H. Cookson (U. S. A. ), O. Farish (U. K. ), I. Gallimberti (Italy) , A. Garscadden (U. S. A. ), D. R. James (U. S. A. ), E. Marode (France), T. Nitta (Japan), W. Pfeiffer (Germany), Y. Qiu (China), I. Sauers (U. S. A. ), R. J. Van Brunt (U. S. A. ), and W. Zaengl (Switzerland). The local arrangements committee consisted of members of the Health Sciences Research Division and personnel of the Conference Office of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and staff of the University of Tennessee (UTK). The contributions of each member of these committees, the work of the Session Chairmen, the interest of the participants, and the advice of innumerable colleagues are gratefully acknowledged. I am especially indebted to Dr. Isidor Sauers, Dr. David R. James, Mrs.

This book is devoted to one of the most active domains of atomic physic- atomic physics of heavy positive ions. During the last 30 years, this terrain has attracted enormous attention from both experimentalists and theoreti cians. On the one hand, this interest is stimulated by rapid progress in the development of laboratory ion sources, storage rings, ion traps and methods for ion cooling. In many laboratories, a considerable number of complex and accurate experiments have been initiated, challenging new frontiers. Highly charged ions are used for investigations related to fundamental research and to more applied fields such as controlled nuclear fusion driven by heavy ions and its diagnostics, ion-surface interaction, physics of hollow atoms, x-ray lasers, x-ray spectroscopy, spectrometry of ions in storage rings and ion traps, biology, and medical therapy. On the other hand, the new technologies have stimulated elaborate theo retical investigations, especially in developing QED theory, relativistic many body techniques, plasma-kinetic modeling based on the Coulomb interactions of highly charged ions with photons and various atomic particles - electrons, atoms, molecules and ions. The idea of assembling this book matured while the editors were writ ing another book, X-Ray Radiation of Highly Charged Ions by H. F. Beyer, H. -J. Kluge and V. P. Shevelko (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1997) covering a broad range of x-ray and other radiative phenomena central to atomic physics with heavy ions."

In dissociative recombination, a molecular ion captures an electron and fragments into atoms, molecules or ions. Dissociative recombination plays an important and often dominant role in many low to moderate temperature plasmas found in planetary ionospheres, the interstellar medium, fusion devices, laboratory experiments, and the region near reentry vehicle heat shields. The process has been studied for over 50 years but many of its mechanisms and those of competing processes have only been elucidated recently. Indeed, the study of dissociative recombination has been a challenge for both experimentalists and theoreticians and many areas of modern chemical physics have been employed to unlock its secrets.

Dissociative Recombination of Molecular Ions with Electrons is a comprehensive collection of refereed papers describing the latest developments in dissociative recombination research. The papers are written by the leading researchers in the field. The topics covered include the use of microwave afterglows, merged beams and storage rings to measure rate coefficients and to identify the products and their yields. The molecules studied range in size from the smallest, H2+, to bovine insulin ions. The theoretical papers cover the important role of Rydberg states and the use of wave packets and quantum defect theory to deduce cross sections, rate constants and quantum yields. Several theoretical and experimental papers address the controversial topic of H3+ dissociative recombination and its importance in the interstellar medium. Dissociative recombination studies of other molecular ions in the interstellar medium and in cometary and planetary atmospheres are covered. Ionization is animportant competitive process to dissociative recombination and its competition with predissociation and its role in the reverse process of the association of neutral species is presented. Dissociative attachment, in which an electron attaches to a neutral molecule, has many similarities to dissociative recombination. The topics covered include the accurate calculation of electron affinities, attachment to molecules, clusters, and to species absorbed on solid surfaces and electron scattering by a molecular anion.

This volume, as does Volume 176, provides a general background of modern NMR techniques, with a specific focus on NMR techniques that pertain to proteins and enzymology, and a "snapshot" of the current state-of-the-art in NMR experimental techniques. These books enable the reader to understand a given technique, to evaluate its strengths and limitations, to decide which is the best approach, and, finally, to design an experiment using the chosen technique to solve a problem.

The focus of the present work is nonrelativistic and relativistic quantum mechanics with standard applications to the hydrogen atom. The author has aimed at presenting quantum mechanics in a comprehensive yet accessible for mathematicians and other non-physicists. The genesis of quantum mechanics, its applications to basic quantum phenomena, and detailed explanations of the corresponding mathematical methods are presented. The exposition is formalized (whenever possible) on the basis of the coupled Schroedinger, Dirac and Maxwell equations. Aimed at upper graduate and graduate students in mathematical and physical science studies.

Acoustic and elastic wave propagation is being investigated in media such as the ocean, the earth, biological tissues and solid materials. In these different areas, many specific imaging techniques have been developed which differ in the wavelength of the sound, its polarisation and the instrumentation used. In this interdisciplinary book, leading experts in underwater acoustics, seismology, acoustic medical imaging and non-destructive testing present basic concepts as well as the recent advances in imaging. The different subjects tackled show significant similarities. This volume gives an up-to-date-overview of the field and is intended for scientists and graduates alike. Also available online in LINK:http://link.springer.de/series/tap/Access to table of contents and abstracts is free. Subscribers have access to the full text in PDF format when asking for a password.

Aimed at senior undergraduate and first-year graduate students in departments of physics and astronomy, this textbook gives a systematic treatment of atomic and molecular structure and spectra, together with the effect of weak and strong external electromagnetic fields.
Topics chosen are those of interest in astronomy, and indeed many were inspired by specific astronomical contexts. Examples include the negative ion of hydrogen and the effects of strong magnetic fields such as those occurring on certain white dwarfs and neutron stars. Adiabatic and non-adiabatic handling of electron correlations and application to processes such as dielectronic recombination are included. Astronomical examples are provided throughout, as well as end-of-the-chapter problems and exercises. Over seventy illustrative diagrams complete this unique and comprehensive volume.

This series, Finite Systems and Multiparticle Dynamics, is intended to provide timely reviews of current research topics, written in a style sufficiently pedagogic so as to allow a nonexpert to grasp the underlying ideas as well as understand technical details. The series is an outgrowth of our involvement with three interdis ciplinary activities, namely, those arising from the American Physical Society's Topical Group on Few Body Systems and Multiparticle Dynam ics, the series of Gordon Research Conferences first known by the title "Few Body Problems in Chemistry and Physics" and later renamed "Dynamics of Simple Systems in Chemistry and Physics," and the series of Sanibel Symposia, sponsored in part by the University of Florida. The vitality of these activities and the enthusiastic response to them by researchers in various subfields of physics and chemistry have convinced us that there is a place--even a need-for a series of timely reviews on topics of interest not only to a narrow band of experts but also to a broader, interdisciplinary readership. It is our hope that the emphasis on pedagogy will permit at least some of the books in the series to be useful in graduate-level courses. Rather than use the adjective "Few-Body" or "Simple" to modify the word "Systems" in the title, we have chosen "Finite. " It better expresses the wide range of systems with which the reviews of the series may deal."

This thesis demonstrates a full Mach-Zehnder interferometer with interacting Bose-Einstein condensates confined on an atom chip. It relies on the coherent manipulation of atoms trapped in a magnetic double-well potential, for which the author developed a novel type of beam splitter. Particle-wave duality enables the construction of interferometers for matter waves, which complement optical interferometers in precision measurement devices, both for technological applications and fundamental tests. This requires the development of atom-optics analogues to beam splitters, phase shifters and recombiners. Particle interactions in the Bose-Einstein condensate lead to a nonlinearity, absent in photon optics. This is exploited to generate a non-classical state with reduced atom-number fluctuations inside the interferometer. This state is then used to study the interaction-induced dephasing of the quantum superposition. The resulting coherence times are found to be a factor of three longer than expected for coherent states, highlighting the potential of entanglement as a resource for quantum-enhanced metrology.

Microcluster Physics provides a lucid account of the fundamental physics of all types of microclusters, outlining the dynamics and static properties of this new phase of matter intermediate between a solid and a molecule. Since originally published in 1991, the field of microclusters has experienced surprising developments, which are reviewed in this new edition: The determination of atomic structure, spontaneous alloying, super-shell, fission, fragmentation, evaporation, magnetism, fullerenes, nanotubes, atomic structure of large silicon clusters, superfluidity of a He cluster, water clusters in liquid, electron correlation and optimizsation of the geometry, and scattering.