For the first time in human history, developments in many branches of science provide us with an opportunity of formula ting a comprehensive picture of the universe from its beginning to the present time. It is an awesome reflection that the carbon in our bodies is the very carbon which was generated during the birth of a star. There is a perceptible continuum through the billions of years which can be revealed by the study of chemistry. Studies in nucleosynthesis have related the origin of the elements to the life history of the stars. The chemical elements we find on earth, HYdrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, and Nitrogen, were created in astronomical processes that took place in the past, and these elements are not spread throughout space in the form of stars and galaxies. Radioastronomers have discovered a vast array of organic molecules in the interstellar medium which have a bearing on prebiological chemical processes. Many of the molecules found so far contain the four elements, C, N, 0, H. Except for the chem ically unreactive He, these four elements are the most abundant in the galaxy. The origin of polyatomic interstellar molecules is an unresolved problem. While we can explain the formation of some diatomic molecules as due to two atom collisions, it is much more difficult to form polyatomic molecules by collisions between diatomic molecules and atoms. There may be other produc tion mechanisms at work such as reactions taking place on the surface of interstellar dust grains."

Dimensional scaling offers a new approach to quantum dynamical correlations. This is the first book dealing with dimensional scaling methods in the quantum theory of atoms and molecules. Appropriately, it is a multiauthor production, derived chiefly from papers presented at a workshop held in June 1991 at the A~rsted Institute in Copenhagen. Although focused on dimensional scaling, the volume includes contributions on other unorthodox methods for treating nonseparable dynamical problems and electronic correlation. In shaping the book, the editors serve three needs: an introductory tutorial for this still fledgling field; a guide to the literature; and an inventory of current research results and prospects. Part I treats basic aspects of dimensional scaling. Addressed to readers entirely unfamiliar with the subject, it provides both a qualitative overview, and a tour of elementary quantum mechanics. Part II surveys the research frontier. The eight chapters exemplify current techniques and outline results. Part III presents other methods, including nonseparable dynamics, and electron correlation in pseudomolecular excited states of atoms. Although procrustean conformity was not imposed, unifying and complementary themes are emphasized throughout the book.

This book describes the forcefields/interatomic potentials that are used in the atomistic-scale and molecular dynamics simulations. It covers mechanisms, salient features, formulations, important aspects and case studies of various forcefields utilized for characterizing various materials (such as nuclear materials and nanomaterials) and applications. This book gives many help to students and researchers who are studying the forcefield potentials and introduces various applications of atomistic-scale simulations to professors who are researching molecular dynamics.

The work focuses on recent developments of the rapidly evolving field of Non-conventional Liquid Crystals. After a concise introduction it discusses the most promising research such as biosensing, elastomers, polymer films , photoresponsive properties and energy harvesting. Besides future applications it discusses as well potential frontiers in LC science and technology.

This volume presents articles on the developing field of molecular interactions, molecular recognition, crystal engineering, and structural determination of complex molecular systems. The approaches described are interdisciplinary in nature, reflecting the concept of the ISMRI series of symposia.

The Proceedings of the tenth Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on Tech niques and Concepts of High Energy Physics are dedicated to Jane and Bob Wilson. Jane joined Bob at St. Croix for the first session of this Institute, after Bob had stepped down as director of Fermilab, and was scheming to build a modest charm factory in the parking lot of Columbia University's Nevis Laboratory. Through the years, Bob has been a great friend of the School, and much of its success and flavor can be attributed to his guidance and support. The 1998 meeting was held once again at the Hotel on the Cay, and, as before, the work and the fun went on very enjoyably. We had a to tal of 76 participants from 23 countries, with the main financial support for the meeting provided by the Scientific Affairs Division of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The ASI was co-sponsored by the U. S. Department of Energy, by the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), by the U.S. National Science Foundation, and by the University of Rochester. As in the case of the previous ASIs, the scientific program was designed for advanced graduate students and recent PhD recipients in experimental particle physics. The present volume of lectures should complement and update the material published (by Plenum) for the first nine ASIs and prove to be of value to a wider audience of physicists."

During the last two decades the explorations of di?erent processes accom- nyingion-atom collisions athigh-impactenergieshavebeenasubjectofmuch interest. This interest was generated not only by the advent of accelerators of relativistic heavy ions which enabled one to investigate these collisions in an experiment and possible applications of obtained results in other ?elds of physics, but also by the variety of physical mechanisms underlying the atomic collisional phenomena at high impact energies. Often highly charged projectiles produced at accelerators of heavy ions are not fully stripped ions but carry one or more very tightly bound el- trons. In collisions with atomic targets, these electrons can be excited or lost and this may occur simultaneously with electronic transitions in the target. The present book concentrates on, and may serve as an introduction to, th- retical methods which are used to describe the projectile-electron transitions occurringinhigh-energycollisionsbetweenionsandneutralatoms.Special- tention is given to relativistic impact energies and highly charged projectiles. Experimental results are used merely as illustrations and tests for theory. This book will be useful to graduate students and professional scientists who are interested in studying atomic collisions occurring at high-impact - ergies. It assumes that the reader possesses the basic knowledge in classical electrodynamics and nonrelativistic and relativistic quantum mechanics.

This book describes a simple yet innovative method for performing Raman spectroscopy of samples submerged under liquid nitrogen. While Raman spectroscopy has proven to be a powerful tool for the characterization of the structure of matter in the gaseous, liquid, and solid phases, one major difficulty in its application has been laser damage to the material under investigation, especially for biological samples. This book demonstrates how immersion of the sample in liquid nitrogen protects the sample from thermal degradation and oxidation at high incident laser power and allows improvements in sensitivity and spectral resolution over room-temperature Raman spectroscopy, leading to the so-called RUN (Raman Spectroscopy Under liquid Nitrogen) technique. Cooling to liquid nitrogen temperature also allows the selection of the lowest energy molecular conformation for molecules which may have many low energy conformers. In addition, the presence of liquid nitrogen over a roughened surface improves the sensitivity of Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS), enabling the closely related SERSUN (Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Under liquid Nitrogen) technique. This book starts with the theoretical and experimental basics of Raman and polarized Raman spectroscopy, before moving on to detailed descriptions of RUN and SERSUN. Room temperature and RUN spectra are provided for over fifty molecules.

The Role of Parton Distributions in 200 TeV pp Collisions (W.J. Stirling). Multiparticle Production in Hadronic Interactions at Superhigh Energies (A.B. Kaidalov). Jet Topology and New Jet Counting Algorithms (S. Catani). Chromodynamics of Jets Today and the Day after Tomorrow (V.A. Khoze). High Energy Factorization and Heavy Flavor Production (M. Ciafaloni). Heavy Quark Production in Nucleon Collisions (Yu. Shabelski). Results from the L3 Experiment at LEP (P. Lecomte). Structure Functions at Small x and the Regge Limit in QCD (J. Bartels). Exploring Higgs Bosons/Electroweak Symmetry Breaking Physics at 200 TeV (J.F. Gunion). Baryon Number Violation and Instantons in the Standard Model (V.V. Khoze). Pattern Recognition in High Energy Physics with Neural Networks (C. Peterson). Final States in Small x Processes at Very High Energies (B.R. Webber). Structure Function for Large and Small x (G. Marchesini). 6 additional articles. Index.

The present volume is a continuation ofthe EL.B.A. Forum Series which was initiated in the spring of 1992 in Marciana Marina (Italy), with the first volume entitled From Neural Networks and Biomolecu/ar Engineering to Bioelectronics published by Plenum Press in 1995. Bioelectronics-miginally introduced in April, 1987, at a symposium hosted by CIREF, a research consortium among leading high tech industries in Novara (Italy)---was later defined in two successive consensus reports at the first (Bruxelles, 1991) and second (Frankfurt, 1994) European Union Workshops on this widely interdisciplinary field, as "the use ofbiological materials and biological architectures for information processing and sens- ing systems and devices down to molecular Ievel." lt is worth noting that these workshops gave birth to the first European research program on "lnterfacing Biology with Electronics" during 1996-1999, following the !arge Programma Nazionale Ricerca on "Technologies for Bioelectronics" launched by the ltalian Ministry ofUniversities and Research in 1990. In autumn, 1996, with the second volume, entitledMolecular Manufacturing, the em- phasis was placed on the ernerging parallel area of nanotechnology, independently initiated in Palo Alto, Zurich, Genova, Mainz, and Tokyo by various groups (i.e., IBM, Xerox, Polo Nazionale Bioelettronica, Max Planck Institutes), universities (i.e., Stanford, Genova, Rice, Tokyo), and organizations (i.e., Foresight, Erato, Fondazione EL.B.A., Frontiers Research, MITI) of different sizes, scopes, and latitudes.

The EPSRC (Engineering and Physical Science Research Committee of the U. K. ) suggested two Workshops (York University, 22-23 September, 1993 and 15-16 April, 1994) for possible development of polarized electron/photon physics as targeted areas of research. The remit of these meetings included identifying research groups and their activities in polarized electron/polarized photon physics, listing relevant existing facilities (particularly electron spin sources and polarimeters), possible joint projects between research groups in the U. K. , recognizing future needs of projects for research of the highest scientific merit and referring to international comparisons of these research activities. Although very diverse but interconnected, the areas of research presented at the Workshops embrace atomic, molecular, surface, and solid state physics. In more detail these areas covered: electron spin correlations and photon polarization correlations in atomic and molecular collisions and photoionization, electron spin effects in scanning tunneling microscopy, surface and interface magnetism from X-ray scattering and polarized Auger electrons (including analysis of domain structures in solids and surfaces), polarized electrons from multiphoton ionization, quasi-atomic effects in solid state physics, dichroism in molecular and surface processes, Faraday rotation and high-field magneto-optics and polarization effects in simultaneous higher order electron-photon excitations. It is obvious from the spectrum of research fields presented at the Workshops that physicists of primarily two communities, namely those studying electron and photon spin interactions with gaseous atomic and molecular targets and those using condensed matter targets for their studies, interacted very closely with each other.

It was just over ten years ago, at Aspeniisgarden near Gothenburg, Sweden, that Pro- fessor Alexandr Sergeevich Davydov presented his soliton theory for the storage and transport of biological energy in protein to scientists from Europe, North America and Japan. Since then, his ideas have been vigorously studied and investigated throughout the world. Many feel that Davydov's theory is an important contribution to biomolecu- lar dynamics, but others caution that neglected dispersive effects may destroy the energy localization that arises ill his theory. It was to discuss these differences of opinion that we organized a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on "Self-trapping of Vibrational Energy in Protein" from July 30 to August 5, 1989 at Hanstholm, Denmark. In addition to substantial financial support from the Special Programme on "Chaos; Order and Patterns" of the NATO Scientific Affairs Division, we received it generous grant from the Danish Natural Science Research Council. We also acknowledge invalu- able assistance provided by the interdepartmental center of nonlinear studies ("MIDIT" is the Danish acronym) as well as the Laboratory of Applied Mathematical Physics, both at the Technical University of Denmark. It is a particular pleasure to thank Lise Gudmandsen and Dorthe Th[cent]gersen for many forms of assistance before, during, and after the workshop.

In response to the explosion of theories and experiments since the appearance of the first edition, the author has revised and expanded his basic text. New sections include up-to-date discussions of multiphoton ionization, and electron-atom and atom-atom scattering in laser fields, reaffirming the work's position as the standard introduction to the field.

Intended as a reference handbook of quantities used in dosimetry of ionizing radiations. Fields of application are radiological protection, environmental radiation, health physics, nuclear medicine and radiotherapy, radiobiology, radiopharmacy and radiation chemistry. The book is in three parts. The first part deals with electrons, X-rays and gamma-rays. The second part contains data for heavy charged particles ranging from protons to uranium ions, and the final part is concerned with neutrons. Quantities tabulated include quality paramenters recommended by the International Commissions of Radiological Protection and of radiation quantities units and measurements.

This book provides detailed and current information on using fullerenes (bucky-balls) in photodynamic therapy (PDT), one of the most actively studied applications of photonic science in healthcare. This will serve as a useful source for researchers working in photomedicine and nanomedicine, especially those who are investigating PDT for cancer treatment and infectious disease treatment. The book runs the gamut from an introduction to the history and chemistry of fullerenes and some basic photochemistry, to the application of fullerenes as photosensitizers for cancer and antimicrobial inactivation.

The main goal of this book is to elucidate what kind of experiment must be performed in order to determine the full set of independent parameters which can be extracted and calculated from theory, where electrons, photons, atoms, ions, molecules, or molecular ions may serve as the interacting constituents of matter. The feasibility of such perfect' and-or `complete' experiments, providing the complete quantum mechanical knowledge of the process, is associated with the enormous potential of modern research techniques, both, in experiment and theory. It is even difficult to overestimate the role of theory in setting of the complete experiment, starting with the fact that an experiment can be complete only within a certain theoretical framework, and ending with the direct prescription of what, and in what conditions should be measured to make the experiment `complete'. The language of the related theory is the language of quantum mechanical amplitudes and their relative phases. This book captures the spirit of research in the direction of the complete experiment in atomic and molecular physics, considering some of the basic quantum processes: scattering, Auger decay and photo-ionization. It includes a description of the experimental methods used to realize, step by step, the complete experiment up to the level of the amplitudes and phases. The corresponding arsenal includes, beyond determining the total cross section, the observation of angle and spin resolved quantities, photon polarization and correlation parameters, measurements applying coincidence techniques, preparing initially polarized targets, and even more sophisticated methods. The `complete' experiment is, until today, hardly to perform. Therefore, much attention is paid to the results of state-of-the-art experiments providing detailed information on the process, and their comparison to the related theoretical approaches, just to mention relativistic multi-configurational Dirac-Fock, convergent close-coupling, Breit-Pauli R-matrix, or relativistic distorted wave approaches, as well as Green's operator methods. This book has been written in honor of Herbert Walther and his major contribution to the field but even to stimulate advanced Bachelor and Master students by demonstrating that obviously nowadays atomic and molecular scattering physics yields and gives a much exciting appreciation for further advancing the field.

This NATO Advanced Study Institute was concerned with modern ab initio methods for the determination of the electronic structure of molecules. Recent years have seen considerable progress in computer technology and computer science and these developments have had a very significant influence on computational molecular physics. Progress in computer technology has led to increasingly larger and faster systems as well as powerful minicomputers. Simultaneous research in computer science has explored new methods for the optimal use of these resources. To a large extent develop ments in computer technology, computer science and computational molecular physics have been mutually dependent. The availability of new computational resources, particularly minicomputers and, more recently, vector processors, has stimulat'ed a great deal of research in molecular physics. Well established techniques have been reformulated to make more efficient use of the new computer technology and algorithms which were previously computationally intractable have now been successfully implemented. This research has given a new and exciting insight into molecular structure and molecular processes by enabling smaller systems to be studied in greater detail and larger systems to be studied for the first time."

This theses reports on an experimental search for an exotic hadron, +(1540) pentaquark, which is a genuine exotic hadron with a five-quark system of uuddsbar. The results of this book support that the existence of + was strongly constrained. The + pentaquark was searched for via the - p K- X reaction using a beam momentum of 2.01 GeV/c at the J-PARC hadron experimental facility, taking advantage of high-statistics and high-resolution compared with previous experiments, some of which claimed the evidence of +. In order to realize a good missing-mass resolution of 2 MeV, the beam spectrometer and superconducting kaon spectrometer were constructed. No clear peak was observed in the missing mass spectrum of the - p K- X reaction, and the upper limit of the production cross section was found to be less than 0.28 b/sr at the 90% confidence level in a mass region of 1500-1560 MeV/c2. This upper limit is an order of magnitude smaller than that of the previous KEK experiment. Compared with a theoretical calculation using the effective Lagrangian approach, the decay width of + was evaluated. The upper limits on the decay width were estimated to be 0.36 and 1.9 MeV for the + spin-parity of 1/2+ and 1/2-, respectively. These are quite small for a width of ordinary hadron resonances, and the existence of + was strongly constrained and is doubtful.

The rapid growth of the subject since the first edition ten years ago has made it necessary to rewrite the greater part of the book. Except for the introductory portion and the section on Mott scattering, the book has been completely revised. In Chap. 3, sections on polarization violating reflection symmetry, on resonance scattering, and on inelastic processes have been added. Chapter 4 has been rewritten, taking account of the numerous novel results obtained in exchange scattering. Chapter 5 includes the recent discoveries on photoelectron polarization produced by unpolarized radiation with unpolarized targets and on Auger-electron polarization. In Chap. 6, a further discussion of relativistic polarization phenomena has been added to the book. The immense growth of polarization studies with solids and surfaces required an extension and new presentation of Chap. 7. All but one section of Chap. 8 has been rewritten and a detailed treatment of polarization analysis has been included. Again, a nearly comprehensive treatment has been attempted. Even so, substantial selectivity among the wide range of available material has been essential in order to accomplish a compact presentation. The reference list, selected along the same lines as in the first edition, is meant to lead the reader through the literature giving a guide for finding further references. I want to express my indebtedness to a number of people whose help has been invaluable.