Short Historical Overview In the 1940s, two phenomena in the ?eld of cosmic rays (CR) forced scientists to think that the Sun is a powerful source of high-energy particles. One of these was discovered because of the daily solar variation of CR, which the maximum number of CR observed near noon (referring to the existence of continuous ?ux of CR from the direction of the Sun); this became the experimental basis of the theory that CR's originate from the Sun (or, for that matter, from within the solar system) (Alfven 1954). The second phenomenon was discovered when large ?uxes of high energy particles were detected from several solar ?ares, or solar CR. These are the - called ground level events (GLE), and were ?rst observed by ionization chambers shielded by 10 cm Pb (and detected mainly from the secondary muon-component CR that they caused) during the events of the 28th of February 1942, the 7th of March 1942, the 25th of July 1946, and the 19th of November 1949. The biggest such event was detected on the 23rd of February 1956 (see the detailed description in Chapters X and XI of Dorman, M1957). The ?rst phenomenon was investigated in detail in Dorman (M1957), by ?rst correcting experimental data on muon temperature effects and then by using coupling functions to determine the change in particle energy caused by the solar-diurnal CR variation."

This corrected and updated second edition of "Scattering Theory" presents a concise and modern coverage of the subject. In the present treatment, special attention is given to the role played by the long-range behaviour of the projectile-target interaction, and a theory is developed, which is well suited to describe near-threshold bound and continuum states in realistic binary systems such as diatomic molecules or molecular ions. It is motivated by the fact that experimental advances have shifted and broadened the scope of applications where concepts from scattering theory are used, e.g. to the field of ultracold atoms and molecules, which has been experiencing enormous growth in recent years, largely triggered by the successful realization of Bose-Einstein condensates of dilute atomic gases in 1995. The book contains sections on special topics such as near-threshold quantization, quantum reflection, Feshbach resonances and the quantum description of scattering in two dimensions. The level of abstraction is kept as low as at all possible and deeper questions related to the mathematical foundations of scattering theory are passed by. It should be understandable for anyone with a basic knowledge of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. The book is intended for advanced students and researchers, and it is hoped that it will be useful for theorists and experimentalists alike.

This volume is the outgrowth of a workshop held in October, 2000 at the Institute for Theoretical Atomic and Molecular Physics at the Harvard- Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, MA. The aim of this book (similar in theme to the workshop) is to present an overview of new directions in antimatter physics and chemistry research. The emphasis is on positron and positronium interactions both with themselves and with ordinary matter. The timeliness of this subject comes from several considerations. New concepts for intense positron sources and the development of positron accumulators and trap-based positron beams provide qualitatively new experimental capabilities. On the theoretical side, the ability to model complex systems and complex processes has increased dramatically in recent years, due in part to progress in computational physics. There are presently an intriguing variety of phenomena that await theoretical explanation. It is virtually assured that the new experimental capabilities in this area will lead to a rapid expansion of this list. This book is organized into four sections: The first section discusses potential new experimental capabilities and the uses and the progress that might be made with them. The second section discusses topics involving antihydrogen and many-body phenomena, including Bose condensation of positronium atoms and positron interactions with materials. The final two sections treat a range of topics involving positron and positronium interactions with atoms and molecules.

Intended for advanced students of physics, chemistry, and related disciplines, this text treats the quantum theory of atoms and ions within the framework of self-consistent fields. It treats the structure and spectra of atoms and ions, their behavior in external fields, and their interactions, including collisions. Data needed for the analysis of collisions and other atomic processes are also included, making the book useful as a reference for researchers as well as students. In the main text, simple and convincing methods are used to explain the fundamental properties of atoms, molecules, and clusters; details and more advanced aspects of these topics are treated in the problems at the end of each chapter. The first part of the book is devoted to properties of atoms and ions considered as quantum systems of electrons orbiting a heavy Coulomb center. Self-consistent fields and the shell model give a logical and consistent picture, and provide reliable models for the analysis of atomic properties. The second part deals with interactions and collisions of particles -- including bound systems, such as molecules, clusters, and solids. The aim here is to relate the internal structure of the atoms to the interactions between them, providing useful insights for applications; the accompanying data in tables, charts, and spectra complement the theoretical discussion.

In this book, we have attempted to produce a reference on high resolution focused ion beams (FIBs) that will be useful for both the user and the designer of FIB instrumentation. We have included a mix of theory and applications that seemed most useful to us.
The field of FIBs has advanced rapidly since the application of the first field emission ion sources in the early 1970s. The development of the liquid metal ion source (LMIS) in the late 1960s and early 1970s and its application for FIBs in the late 1970s have resulted in a powerful tool for research and for industry. There have been hundreds of papers written on many aspects of LMIS and FIBs, and a useful and informative book on these subjects was published in 1991 by Phil Prewett and Grame Mair. Because there have been so many new applications and uses found for FIBs in the last ten years we felt that it was time for another book on the subject.

This book is a comprehensive exposition of the thermodynamic properties of the van der Waals fluid, which evolved out of a course on thermodynamics and statistical mechanics at Iowa State University in the US.

This book presents, for the first time in a single volume, highlights of the recent work in the exciting new field of atomic and nanometer-scale modification and manipulation of materials. Atomic manipulation techniques ranging from scanning tunneling microscopy to light-pressure lithography, and fabrication approaches ranging from molecular-beam epitaxy to molecular self-assembly are discussed. The book includes extensive discussions of the fundamental physical mechanisms underlying the modification and manipulation processes, as well as discussions of new phenomena observed in nanostructures. This book would be of interest to physicists, chemists and other scientists interested in atomic scale phenomena and nanostructures.

This book contains the transcripts of the lectures presented at the NATO Advanced study Institute on "Computational Techniques in Quantum Chemistry and Molecular Physics," held at Ramsau, Germany, 4th - 21st Sept. 1974. Quantum theory was developed in the early decades of this century and was first applied to problems in chemistry and molecular physics as early as 1927. It soon emerged however, that it was impossible to con sider any but the simplest systems in any quantita tive detail because of the complexity of Schrodinger's equation which is the basic equation for chemical and molecular physics applications. This remained the si tuation until the development, after 1950, of elec tronic digital computers. It then became possible to attempt approximate solutions of Schrodinger's equa tion for fairly complicated systems, to yield results which were sufficiently accurate to make comparison with experiment meaningful. Starting in the early nineteen sixties in the United States at a few centres with access to good computers an enormous amount of work went into the development and implementation of schemes for approximate solu tions of Schrodinger's equation, particularly the de velopment of the Hartree-Fock self-consistent-field scheme. But it was soon found that the integrals needed for application of the methods to molecular problems are far from trivial to evaluate and cannot be easily approximated."

The three articles of the present volume pertain to very different subjects, all ofconsiderable current interest. The first reviews the fascinating history ofthe search for nucleon substructure in the nucleus using the strength ofGamow- Teller excitations. The second deals with deep inelastic lepton scattering as a probe ofthe non-perturbative structure of the nucleon. The third describes the present state ofaffairs for muon catalyzed fusion, an application of nuclear physics which many new experiments have helped to elucidate. This volume certainly illustrates the broad range ofphysics within our field. The article on Nucleon Charge-Exchange Reactions at Intermediate Energy, by Parker Alford and Brian Spicer, reviews recent data which has clarified one of the greatest puzzles of nuclear physics during the past two decades, namely, the "missing strength" in Gamow-Teller (GT) transitions. The nucleon-nucleon interaction contains a GT component which has a low-lying giant resonance. The integrated GT strength is subject to a GT sum rule. Early experiments with (n, p) charge exchange reactions found only about half of the strength, required by the sum rule, in the vicinity of the giant resonance. At the time, new theoretical ideas suggested that the GT strength was especially sensitive to renormalization from effects pertaining to nucleon substructure, particularly the delta excitation of the nucleon in the nucleus.

Stars are born and die in clouds of gas and dust, opaque to most types of radiation, but transparent in the infrared. Requiring complex detectors, space missions and cooled telescopes, infrared astronomy is the last branch of this discipline to come of age. After a very successful sky survey performed in the eighties by the IRAS satellite, the Infrared Space Observatory, in the nineties, brought spectacular advances in the understanding of the processes giving rise to powerful infrared emission by a great variety of celestial sources.

Outstanding results have been obtained on the bright comet Hale-Bopp, and in particular of its water spectrum, as well as on the formation, chemistry and dynamics of planetary objects in the solar system. Ideas on the early stages of stellar formation and on the stellar initial mass function have been clarified.

ISO is the first facility in space able to provide a systematic diagnosis of the physical phenomena and the chemistry in the close environment of pre-main sequence stars, in the interstellar medium, and in the final stages of stellar life, using, among other indicators, molecular hydrogen, ubiquitous crystalline silicates, water and ices.

ISO has dramatically increased our ability to investigate the power production, excitation and fuelling mechanism of galaxies of every type, and has discovered a new very cold dust component in galaxies.

ISO has demonstrated that luminous infrared galaxies were brighter and much more numerous in the past, and that they played a dominant role in shaping present day galaxies and in producing the cosmic infrared background.

Molecular behaviour, which is no less than magical, holds the key to the understanding, not only of chemistry, but of all biology and of life itself. It is a mystery why molecular behaviour should remain poorly understood and why the authoritative theories of physics have produced no more than superficial models to elucidate this vital issue. An interdisciplinary international team of experts came together to document and to probe various aspects of these fundamental questions and their startling conclusions confirm the need for a fresh look at the physical sciences with a view to better understand the mysteries and magic of molecules. This book explores the common ground to guide chemists, biologists, crystallographers, spectroscopists and theorists into a deeper recognition of their individual relevance towards painting a holistic picture of scientific endeavour. This effort to stimulate interest in multidisciplinary research is rare, if not unique.

Key features: Complete introductory overview of cosmic ray physics Covers the origins, acceleration, transport mechanisms and detection of these particles Mathematical and technical detail is kept separate from the main text

Key features: Supported by the latest research and based on the state-of-the-art computational methods in high-accuracy computational spectroscopy of molecules Authored by an authority in the field Accessible to both experts and non-experts working in the area of computational and experimental spectroscopy, in addition to graduate students

Flux quantization experiments indicate that the carriers, Cooper pairs (pairons), in the supercurrent have charge magnitude 2e, and that they move independently. Josephson interference in a Superconducting Quantum Int- ference Device (SQUID) shows that the centers of masses (CM) of pairons move as bosons with a linear dispersion relation. Based on this evidence we develop a theory of superconductivity in conventional and mate- als from a unified point of view. Following Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer (BCS) we regard the phonon exchange attraction as the cause of superc- ductivity. For cuprate superconductors, however, we take account of both optical- and acoustic-phonon exchange. BCS started with a Hamiltonian containing "electron" and "hole" kinetic energies and a pairing interaction with the phonon variables eliminated. These "electrons" and "holes" were introduced formally in terms of a free-electron model, which we consider unsatisfactory. We define "electrons" and "holes" in terms of the cur- tures of the Fermi surface. "Electrons" (1) and "holes" (2) are different and so they are assigned with different effective masses: Blatt, Schafroth and Butler proposed to explain superconductivity in terms of a Bose-Einstein Condensation (BEC) of electron pairs, each having mass M and a size. The system of free massive bosons, having a quadratic dispersion relation: and moving in three dimensions (3D) undergoes a BEC transition at where is the pair density.

Super Light Water Reactors and Super Fast Reactors provides an overview of the design and analysis of nuclear power reactors. Readers will gain the understanding of the conceptual design elements and specific analysis methods of supercritical-pressure light water cooled reactors. Nuclear fuel, reactor core, plant control, plant stand-up and stability are among the topics discussed, in addition to safety system and safety analysis parameters.

Providing the fundamentals of reactor design criteria and analysis, this volume is a useful reference to engineers, industry professionals, and graduate students involved with nuclear engineering and energy technology.

This volume presents five pedagogical articles spanning frontier developments in contemporary nuclear physics ranging from the physics of a single nucleon to nucleosynthesis in the Big Bang. Although the objectives of Advances in Nuclear Physics have been and will continue to be quite distinct from those of conventional conference proceedings, the articles in this volume are carefully edited and expanded manuscripts based on an outstanding series of lectures delivered at the VI J. A. Swieca Summer School in Brazil. Starting at the smallest scale, the first article by Dan Olof Riska addresses realistic chiral symmetric models of the nucleon. Since the analytic tools are not yet developed to solve nonperturbative QCD directly, significant effort has been devoted in recent years to the development of models which incorporate and are constrained by the approximate chiral symmetry manifested in QCD. This article provides a clear introduction to chiral symmetry and the Skyrme model, and discusses the Skyrme model's relation to the chiral bag model, its extensions, and its application to nucleons and hyperons.

Volume 16 marks the beginning of a special topic series devoted to modern techniques in protein NMR, under the Biological Magnetic Resonance series. This volume is being followed by Volume 17 with the subtitle Structure Computation and Dynamics in Protein NMR. Volumes 16 and 17 present some of the recent, significant advances in biomolecular NMR field with emphasis on developments during the last five years. We are honored to have brought together in these volumes some of the world's foremost experts who have provided broad leadership in advancing this field. Volume 16 contains advances in two broad categories: the first, Large Proteins, Complexes, and Membrane Proteins, and second, Pulse Methods. Volume 17, which will follow covers major advances in Computational Methods, and Structure and Dynamics. In the opening chapter of Volume 16, Marius Clore and Angela Gronenborn give a brief review of NMR strategies including the use of long range restraints in the structure determination of large proteins and protein complexes. In the next two chapters, Lewis Kay and Ron Venters and their collaborators describe state-of-t- art advances in the study of perdeuterated large proteins. They are followed by Stanley Opella and co-workers who present recent developments in the study of membrane proteins. (A related topic dealing with magnetic field induced residual dipolar couplings in proteins will appear in the section on Structure and Dynamics in Volume 17).

Present and Future of Nuclear Physics; Introductory Lecture. Cluster Decay, Fission and Fusion: Cluster Radioactivity; P.B. Price. Recent Advances in Cluster Radioactivities; D.N. Poenaru, W. Greiner. Heavy Elements: Multinucleon Transfer Reactions-An Alternative Path to Heavy Element Synthesis; M.T. Magda. Microscopic and Semi-microscopic Approach to the Properties of Transactinide Nuclei; L. Bitaud, et al. Nuclear Structure: On the Origin of Rotations and Vibrations in Atomic Nuclei; J.P. Draayer, et al. Particle-rotor Model Description of Deformed Nuclei; A. Covello, et al. Weak Interaction and Double Beta Decay: Nuclear Aspects of Double Beta Decay; S. Stoica. A New Look to the Nuclear Structure Calculations of the PNC Cases in A=1821 Nuclei; M. Horoi. Nuclear Astrophysics: Recent Topics from Nuclear Reactions in the Energies Ranging from keV to GeV; K. Kubo. Heavy Ion Collisions: Processes in Peripheral Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions; M. Greiner, et al. Miscellaneous Topics: Gamma and Meson Production by Cherenkovlike Effects in Nuclear Media; W. Stocker, D.B. Ion. 58 additional articles. Index.

The Great Veil, Reality, and Louis de Broglie (O. Costa de Beauregard). The Fallacy of the Arguments Against Local Realism in Quantum Phenomena (A.O. Barut). Restoring Locality with FasterThanLight Velocities (P.H. Eberhard). The WaveParticle Duality and the AharonovBohm Effect (M. Ferrero, E. Santos). De Broglie's Waves in Space and Time (A. Garuccio). Interferometry with De Broglie Waves (F. Hasselbach). Quantum Mechanics of Ultracold Neutrons (V.K. Ignatovich). The Physical Interpretation of Special Relativity (S.J. Prokhovnik). Quantum Neutron Optics (H. Rauch). Some Comments on the De BroglieBohm Picture by an Admiring Spectator (E.J. Squires). The Relationship between the Dirac Velocity Operator and the de Broglie Postulate (A.M. Awobode). Optics and Interferometry with Atoms (V.I. Balykin). Louis de Broglie's WaveParticle Dualism (H.P. Boehm). 38 additional articles. Index.

Combining incisive experiments with the latest theoretical advances, this book presents an extensive study of transfer-triggered breakup, the dominant process by which breakup occurs in reactions involving light, weakly bound nuclei. It demonstrates not only that lifetimes of resonant states shorter than a zeptosecond are crucially important for these reactions to suppress complete fusion, but also that such short lifetimes are experimentally accessible. By making quantitative predictions of the effect of breakup from short-lived resonant states on incomplete fusion at above-barrier energies, the book suggests that the extent to which near-target breakup can suppress complete fusion is much more limited than previously thought. With an impressive amount of complex data and state-of-the-art models, which were developed, modified, and tested over course of the Ph.D., it examines all aspects of nuclear reactions - nuclear models, modern detectors and spectrometers, as well as data analysis, and offers a detailed discussion of experimental results and technical developments like new radioactive beams. This excellent and beautifully written book presents outstanding quality experimental work that establishes a cornerstone in our understanding of the reaction dynamics of light weakly bound nuclei at energies around the Coulomb barrier.

Molecular Physics and Hypersonic Flows bridges the gap between the fluid dynamics and molecular physics communities, emphasizing the role played by elementary processes in hypersonic flows. In particular, the work is primarily dedicated to filling the gap between microscopic and macroscopic treatments of the source terms to be inserted in the fluid dynamics codes. The first part of the book describes the molecular dynamics of elementary processes both in the gas phase and in the interaction with surfaces by using quantum mechanical and phenomenological approaches. A second group of contributions describes thermodynamics and transport properties of air components, with special attention to the transport of internal energy. A series of papers is devoted to the experimental and theoretical study of the flow of partially ionized gases. Subsequent contributions treat modern computational techniques for 3-D hypersonic flow. Non-equilibrium vibrational kinetics are then described, together with the coupling of vibration-dissociation processes as they affect hypersonic flows. Special emphasis is given to the interfacing of non-equilibrium models with computational fluid dynamics methods. Finally, the last part of the book deals with the application of direct Monte Carlo methods in describing rarefied flows.

Strangeness nuclear physics bears a broad impact on contemporary physics. This set of extensive lectures presents a balanced theoretical and experimental introduction to, and survey of, the field. It addresses topics such as the production and spectroscopy of strange nuclear systems, modern approaches to the hyperon-nucleon interaction, and weak decays of hypernuclei. This burgeoning research field is well served by this tutorial primer.

An (e,2e) experiment is the measurement of an electron impact ionization process where both the exiting electrons are detected in coincidence. Such measurements are almost at the limit of what can be known, in quantum mechanical terms, and its description presents a substantial theoretical challenge. There are at least two very good reasons for studying (e,2e) and related processes. In the first place we are now only beginning to understand the dynamics of the collision process. The range and sophistication of present experiments allow us to identify kinematic regimes where delicate and subtle effects can be observed, stretching current theories to their limit. Secondly, the multiple coincident technique offers us the possibility of an analytical tool that could be used to probe the structure of the target, be it atom, molecule, thin film or surface. Measurements are now being performed at threshold on H, on the inner shell levels of Au and Ag using projectiles at relativistic energies, with spin-polarized electrons on Li, on a myriad of molecules in symmetric, noncoplanar kinematics, and on He in a multitude of different geometries. The technique has recently been extended to excitation ionization (e,3e) and (gamma,2e) experiments. Major theoretical advances have also been made, but much still remains to be done. This volume contains the invited papers that were presented at the Workshop on (e,2e) and related processes which took place in September/October 1992 in Cambridge, UK. The three major review papers which it contains together form an excellent introduction to this new and rapidly expanding area of physics and set the scene for the wide range of research contributions, both experimental and theoretical, from the leading scientists in the field.

This book focuses on the latest reactor concepts, single pass core and experimental findings in thermal hydraulics, materials, corrosion, and water chemistry. It highlights research on supercritical-pressure light water cooled reactors (SCWRs), one of the Generation IV reactors that are studied around the world. This book includes cladding material development and experimental findings on heat transfer, corrosion and water chemistry.

The work presented here will help readers to understand the fundamental elements of reactor design and analysis methods, thermal hydraulics, materials and water chemistry of supercritical water used as a coolant in nuclear power reactors. It will also help readers to broaden their understanding of fundamental elements of light water cooled reactor technologies and the evolution of reactor concepts.

This book, devoted to the study of quantum effects in atomic systems, reviews the state of the art in the fields of Bose--Einstein condensation, quantum information processing, and the problems of propagation of matter waves in complex media. The specific topics include: theory and experiments in Bose--Einstein condensation, theory and experiments on decoherence phenomena in simple quantum systems and the connection to quantum measurement, atom interferometry, quantum computing, multiple scattering problems in atomic physics, quantum and nonlinear optics in a photonic band gap and quantum chaos and atomic physics. Pedagogical in style, the articles address PhD students as well as researchers.