This book presents an Ultrafast Low-Energy Electron Diffraction (ULEED) system that reveals ultrafast structural changes on the atomic scale. The achievable temporal resolution in the low-energy regime is improved by several orders of magnitude and has enabled the melting of a highly-sensitive, molecularly thin layer of a polymer crystal to be resolved for the first time. This new experimental approach permits time-resolved structural investigations of systems that were previously partially or totally inaccessible, including surfaces, interfaces and atomically thin films. It will be of fundamental importance for understanding the properties of nanomaterials so as to tailor their properties.

This monograph forms an interdisciplinary study in atomic, molecular, and quantum information (QI) science. Here a reader will find that applications of the tools developed in QI provide new physical insights into electron optics as well as properties of atoms & molecules which, in turn, are useful in studying QI both at fundamental and applied levels. In particular, this book investigates entanglement properties of flying electronic qubits generated in some of the well known processes capable of taking place in an atom or a molecule following the absorption of a photon. Here, one can generate Coulombic or fine-structure entanglement of electronic qubits. The properties of these entanglements differ not only from each other, but also from those when spin of an inner-shell photoelectron is entangled with the polarization of the subsequent fluorescence. Spins of an outer-shell electron and of a residual photoion can have free or bound entanglement in a laboratory.

This thesis sheds new light on the worldwide first electrical manipulation of a single nuclear spin. Over the last four decades, the size of a bit, the smallest logical unit in a computer, has decreased by more than two orders of magnitude and will soon reach a limit where quantum phenomena become important. Inspired by the power of quantum mechanics, researchers have already identified pure quantum systems, having, analog to a classical bit, two controllable and readable states. In this regard, the inherent spin of electrons or nuclei with its two eigenstates, spin up and spin down, is a promising candidate. Using expertise in the field of single-molecule magnets, the author developed a molecular transistor, which allows quantum information to be written onto a single nuclear spin by means of an electric field only, and, in addition, enables the electronic read-out of this quantum state. This novel approach opens a path to addressing and manipulating individual nuclear spins within a very confined space (a single molecule), at high speed. Thus, the author was able to show that single molecule magnets are promising candidates for quantum information processing, which is triggering a new field of research towards molecular quantum electronics.

This book appears in the year of de Broglie's hundredth birthday (Mr. Wave-Particle Duality, himself). Each chapter is by a different author. Paper titles include: Probability, Pseudoprobability, Mean Values; Local Vacua; Duality of Fluctuations, Fields, and More; The Aharonov-Bohm Effect From the Point of View of Local Realism; Unsharp Particle-Wa

This comprehensive book on Nanoclusters comprises sixteen authoritative chapters written by leading researchers in the field. It provides insight into topics that are currently at the cutting edge of cluster science, with the main focus on metal and metal compound systems that are of particular interest in materials science, and also on aspects related to biology and medicine. While there are numerous books on clusters, the focus on clusters as a bridge across disciplines sets this book apart from others.

Delivers cutting edge coverage of cluster science

Covers a broad range of topics in physics, chemistry, and materials science Written by leading researchers in the field

In the first years after the discovery of radioactivity it became clear that nuclear physics was, by excellence, the science of small quantum systems. Between the fifties and the eighties nuclear physics and elementary particles physics lived their own lives, without much interaction. During this period the basic concepts were defined. Recently, contrary to the specialization law often observed in science, the overlap between nuclear and elementary particle physics has become somewhat blurred.

This Les Houches Summer School was set up with the aim of fighting off the excessive specialization evident in many international meetings, and return to the roots. The twofold challenge of setting up a fruitful exchange between experimentalists and theorists in the first place, and between nuclear and hadronic matter physicists in the second place was successfully met.

The volume presents high quality, up-to-date reviews starting with an account of the birth and first developments of nuclear physics. Further chapters discuss the description of the nuclear structure, the physics of nuclei at very high spin, the existence of super-heavy nuclei as a consequence of shell structure, liquid-gas transition, including both a description and a review of the experimental situation.

Other topics dealt with include the interactions between moderately relativistic heavy ions, the concept of a nucleon dressed by a cloud of pions, the presence of pions in the nucleus, the subnucleonic phenomena in nuclei and quark-gluons deconfinement transition, both theoretical and experimental aspects. Nuclear physics continues to influence many other fields, such as astrophysics, and is also inspired by these same fields. This cross-fertilisation is illustrated by the treatment of neutron stars in one of the final chapters. The last chapter provides an overview of a recent development in which particle and nuclear physicists have cooperated to revitalize an alternative method for nuclear energy production associating high energy production accelerators and sub-critical neutron multiplying assemblies.

The second edition of "The Chemistry of the Superheavy Elements" provides a complete coverage of the chemistry of a series of elements beginning with atomic number 104 - the transactinides or superheavy elements - including their nuclear properties and production in nuclear reactions at heavy-ion accelerators. The contributors to this work include many renowned scientists who, during the last decades, have made vast contributions towards understanding the physics and chemistry of these elusive elements, both experimentally and theoretically. The main emphasis here is on demonstrating the fascinating studies involved in probing the architecture of the Periodic Table at its uppermost end, where relativistic effects drastically influence chemical properties. All known chemical properties of these elements are described together with the experimental techniques applied to study these short-lived man-made elements one atom-at-a-time. The status of theoretical chemistry and of empirical models is presented as well as aspects of nuclear physics. In addition, one chapter outlines the meanderings in this field from a historical perspective and the search for superheavy elements in Nature.

This book presents an overview of the physics of radiation detection and its applications. It covers the origins and properties of different kinds of ionizing radiation, their detection and measurement, and the procedures used to protect people and the environment from their potentially harmful effects. It details the experimental techniques and instrumentation used in different detection systems in a very practical way without sacrificing the physics content. It provides useful formulae and explains methodologies to solve problems related to radiation measurements. With abundance of worked-out examples and end-of-chapter problems, this book enables the reader to understand the underlying physical principles and their applications. Detailed discussions on different detection media, such as gases, liquids, liquefied gases, semiconductors, and scintillators make this book an excellent source of information for students as well as professionals working in related fields. Chapters on statistics, data analysis techniques, software for data analysis, and data acquisition systems provide the reader with necessary skills to design and build practical systems and perform data analysis.
* Covers the modern techniques involved in detection and measurement of radiation and the underlying physical principles
* Illustrates theoretical and practical details with an abundance of practical, worked-out examples
* Provides practice problems at the end of each chapter

The NATO ARW "Molecular Self-Organization in Micro-, Nano-, and Macro- Dimensions: From Molecules to Water, to Nanoparticles, DNA and Proteins" to commemorate Professor Alexander S. Davydov was held in Kiev, Ukraine, on 8-12 June, 2008, at the Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Theobjective ofthisNATOARWistounveilandformulatetheprincipalfeatures that govern myriads of the molecular self-organization processes in micro-, nano-, and macro-dimensions from the following key representatives such as liquid - ter and aqueous solutions, and molecular liquids, nanodots, nanoparticles including gold, solitons, biomolecules such as DNA and proteins, biopolymers and bios- sors, catalysis, molecular modeling, molecular devices, and thin ?lms, and to offer another, more advanced directions in computational, experimental, and technolo- cal areas of nano- and bioscience towards engineering novel and powerful molecular self-organized assemblies with tailored properties. Nanoscience is indeed one of the most important research and development fr- tiers in modern science. Simplistically, nanoscience is the science of small particles of materials of a size of nanometre. Molecular nanoscience and nanotechnology have brought to us the unprecedented experimental control of the structure of matter with novel extraordinary properties that open new horizons and new opportunities, and new ways to make things, particularly in our everyday life, to heal our bodies, and to care of the environment. Unfortunately, they have also brought unwelcome advances in weaponry and opened yet more ways to foul up the world on an en- mous scale.

This book takes the reader for a short journey over the structures of matter showing that their main properties can be obtained even at a quantitative level with a minimum background knowledge including, besides first year calculus and physics, the extensive use of dimensional analysis and the three cornerstones of science, namely the atomic idea, the wave-particle duality and the minimization of energy as the condition for equilibrium. Dimensional analysis employing the universal physical constants and combined with "a little imagination and thinking", to quote Feynman, allow an amazing short-cut derivation of several quantitative results concerning the structures of matter. In the current 2nd edition, new material and more explanations with more detailed derivations were added to make the book more student-friendly. Many multiple-choice questions with the correct answers at the end of the book, solved and unsolved problems make the book also suitable as a textbook. This book is of interest to students of physics, engineering and other science and to researchers in physics, material science, chemistry and engineering who may find stimulating the alternative derivation of several real world results which sometimes seem to pop out the magician's hat.

The Spectroscopy of H₃⁺ (I. McNab).

Supercooled Liquids (U. Mohanty).

Ternary Systems Containing Surfactants (M. Laradji, et al.).

Colored Noise in Dynamical Systems (P. Hänggi & P. Jung).

Formulation of Oscillatory Reaction Mechanisms by Deduction from Experiments (J. Stemwedel, et al.).

Indexes.

This book describes the benefits of using a new type of solid-state multichannel detector, i.e., the charge-transfer device, as it is used for chemical imaging and analysis.
About the authors: M. Bonner Denton, co-editor, is the czar of charge- transfer devices. He is currently President of the Society for Applied Spectroscopy. Jonathan Sweedler, co-editor, is the recipient of many awards recognizing his excellent contributions (publications and patents) in the field of charge-transfer device detectors The publishing of this book coincides with the introduction by numerous commercial vendors of complete spectroscopy systems which include charge-transfer devices (CTD).
This book points to the potential uses of CTD. Essentially CTDs allow chemists to get a great deal more out of their instruments; they allow chemists to avoid false positive (and false negative) results.
CTDs are the future way in all kinds of spectroscopic instrumentation, including Raman, atomic emission and luminescence spectroscopy, atomic source diagnostics, and planar chromatography.

Klaus von Klitzing Max-Planck-Institut fur ] Festk] orperforschung, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany Already many Cassandras have prematurely announced the end of the silicon roadmap and yet, conventional semiconductor-based transistors have been continuously shrinking at a pace which has brought us to nowadays cheap and powerful microelectronics. However it is clear that the traditional scaling laws cannot be applied if unwanted tunnel phenomena or ballistic transport dominate the device properties. It is generally expected, that a combination of silicon CMOS devices with molecular structure will dominate the ?eld of nanoelectronics in 20 years. The visionary ideas of atomic- or molecular-scale electronics already date back thirty years but only recently advanced nanotechnology, including e.g. scanning tunneling methods and mechanically controllable break junctions, have enabled to make distinct progress in this direction. On the level of f- damentalresearch, stateofthearttechniquesallowtomanipulate, imageand probechargetransportthroughuni-molecularsystemsinanincreasinglyc- trolled way. Hence, molecular electronics is reaching a stage of trustable and reproducible experiments. This has lead to a variety of physical and chemical phenomena recently observed for charge currents owing through molecular junctions, posing new challenges to theory. As a result a still increasing n- ber of open questions determines the future agenda in this ?eld."

This text provides the reader with a comprehensive understanding of the key ideas behind the physics of particle accelerators. Supported by a clear mathematical treatment and a range of calculations which develop a genuine feeling for the subject, it is a thorough introduction to the many aspects of accelerator physics.

In the present work, the target station of the accelerator-driven neutron source HBS is optimized in comprehensive parameter studies using the Monto-Carlo method. The dependence of the most important performance characteristics of such a system on the external parameters is investigated neglecting technical and mechanical limitations. In this way, qualitative and quantitative statements for all possible configurations and envisaged applications can be derived and should be considered in the detailed planning of such facilities. For this purpose, different scenarios are considered that place completely different requirements on the design of the target station. The central statements derived in this thesis can be transferred to any framework conditions, such as different accelerator energies, so that these results can be used in the development of other neutron sources, which together with the HBS form a European network and provide a prosperous community in neutron science.

This second edition is a thoroughly revised, updated and expanded version of a classic text, with lots of new material on electronic signal creation, amplification and shaping. It 's still a thorough general introduction, too, to the theory and operation of drift chambers. The topics discussed include the basics of gas ionization, electronic drift and signal creation and discuss in depth the fundamental limits of accuracy and the issue of particle identification.

The book is a comprehensive edition which considers the interactions of atoms, ions and molecules with charged particles, photons and laser fields and reflects the present understanding of atomic processes such as electron capture, target and projectile ionisation, photoabsorption and others occurring in most of laboratory and astrophysical plasma sources including many-photon and many-electron processes. The material consists of selected papers written by leading scientists in various fields.

The emission of electrons from solid surfaces bombarded by slow neutral and ionized heavy particles (atoms, molecules) is reviewed both theoretically and in the light of recent experimental studies by leading groups in the field. The book integrates physics of ion beams, surfaces and chemical physics, and serves both as a reference work for researchers and a textbook for graduate students.

Benjamin Bederson contributed to the world of physics in many areas: in atomic physics, where he achieved renown by his scattering and polarizability experiments, as the Editor-in-Chief for the American Physical Society, where he saw the introduction of electronic publishing and a remarkable growth of the APS journals, with ever increasing world-wide contributions to these highly esteemed journals, and as the originator of a number of international physics conferences in the fields of atomic and collision physics, which are continuing to this day. Bederson was also a great teacher and university administrator.
The first part of this volume of Advances in Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics (AAMOP), entitled Benjamin Bederson: Works, Comments and Legacies, contains articles written from a personal perspective. His days at Los Alamos during World War II, working on the A bomb, are recounted by V. Fitch. H. Walther writes on the time when both were editors of AAMOP. H. Lustig, E. Merzbacher and B. Crasemann, with whom Bederson had a long-term association at the American Physical Society, contribute their experiences, one of them in the style of a poem. C.D. Rice recalls his days when he was Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Science at NYU, and the education in physics that he received from Bederson, then Dean of the Graduate School. The contribution by R. Stuewer is on Bederson as physicist historian (his latest interest). N. Lane draws some parallels between "two civic scientists, Benjamin Bederson and the other Benjamin." The papers are introduced by H.H. Stroke, in an overview of Bederson's career. A biography and bibliography are included.
The second part of the volume contains scientific articles on the Casimir effects (L. Spruch), dipole polarizabilities (X. Chu, A. Dalgarno), two-electron molecular bonds revisited (G. Chen, S.A. Chin, Y. Dou, K.T. Kapale, M. Kim, A.A. Svidzinsky, K. Uretkin, H. Xiong, M.O. Scully, and resonance fluorescence of two-level atoms (H. Walther). J. Pinard and H.H. Stroke review spectroscopy with radioactive atoms. T. Miller writes on electron attachment and detachment in gases, and, with H. Gould, on recent developments in the measurement of static electric dipole polarizabilities. R. Celotta and J.A. Stroscio's most recent work on trapping and moving atoms on surfaces is contributed here. C.C. Lin and J.B. Borrard's article is on electron-impact excitation cross sections. The late Edward Pollack wrote his last paper for this volume, Atomic and Ionic Collisions. L. Vuskovic and S. Popovic write on atomic interactions in a weakly ionized gas and ionizing shock waves. The last scientific article is by H. Kleinpoppen, B. Lohmann, A. Grum-Grzhimailo and U. Becker on approaches to perfect/complete scattering in atomic and molecular physics. The book ends with an essay on teaching by R.E. Collins.
* Benjamin Bederson - Atomic Physicist, Civil Scientist.
* The Physical Review and Its Editor.
* Los Alamos in World War II - View from Below.
* Physics in Poetry.
* Casimir Effects - Pedagogical Notes.
* Atomic Physics in Collisions, Polarizabilities, Gases, Atomic Physics and Radioactive Atoms.
* Molecular Bond Revisited.
* Resonance Fluorescence in 2-Level Atoms.
* Trapping and Moving Atoms on Surfaces."

This work addresses dynamical aspects of quantum criticality in two space dimensions. It probes two energy scales: the amplitude (Higgs) mode, which describes fluctuations of the order parameter amplitude in the broken symmetry phase and the dual vortex superfluid stiffness. The results demonstrate that the amplitude mode can be probed arbitrarily close to criticality in the universal line shape of the scalar susceptibility and the optical conductivity. The hallmark of quantum criticality is the emergence of softening energy scales near the phase transition. In addition, the author employs the charge-vortex duality to show that the capacitance of the Mott insulator near the superfluid to insulator phase transition serves as a probe for the dual vortex superfluid stiffness. The numerical methods employed are described in detail, in particular a worm algorithm for O(N) relativistic models and methods for numerical analytic continuation of quantum Monte Carlo data. The predictions obtained are particularly relevant to recent experiments in cold atomic systems and disordered superconductors.

This book is a comprehensive source of the fundamentals, process parameters, instrumental components and applications of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The effect of multiple pulses on material ablation, plasma dynamics and plasma emission is presented. A heuristic plasma modeling allows to simulate complex experimental plasma spectra. These methods and findings form the basis for a variety of applications to perform quantitative multi-element analysis with LIBS. These application potentials of LIBS have really boosted in the last years ranging from bulk analysis of metallic alloys and non-conducting materials, via spatially resolved analysis and depth profiling covering measuring objects in all physical states: gaseous, liquid and solid. Dedicated chapters present LIBS investigations for these tasks with special emphasis on the methodical and instrumental concepts as well as the optimization strategies for a quantitative analysis. Requirements, concepts, design and characteristic features of LIBS instruments are described covering laboratory systems, inspections systems for in-line process control, mobile systems and remote systems. State-of-the-art industrial applications of LIBS systems are presented demonstrating the benefits of inline process control for improved process guiding and quality assurance purposes.

Cold atomic gases trapped and manipulated on atom chips allow the realization of seminal one-dimensional (1d) quantum many-body problems in an isolated and well controlled environment. In this context, this thesis presents an extensive experimental study of non-equilibrium dynamics in 1d Bose gases, with a focus on processes that go beyond simple dephasing dynamics. It reports on the observation of recurrences of coherence in the post-quench dynamics of a pair of 1d Bose gases and presents a detailed study of their decay. The latter represents the first observation of phonon-phonon scattering in these systems. Furthermore, the thesis investigates a novel cooling mechanism occurring in Bose gases subjected to a uniform loss of particles. Together, the results presented show a wide range of non-equilibrium phenomena occurring in 1d Bose gases and establish them as an ideal testbed for many-body physics beyond equilibrium.

The mechanism responsible for the generation of the mass of an particle has emerged as one of the most urging questions in fundamental physics. The effective-theory approach provides the theoretical basis for a model-independent description of the effects sensitive to this mechanism and their impact on observables. This book systematically develops this method, relating the predictions of different physics scenarios in a unified treatment. It also contains a detailed discussion of the processes that can actually be observed, the status of calculations, methods to isolate the interesting signals, and expectations for the sensitivity of future collider experiments. The systematic bottom-up approach provides the appropriate framework for interpreting measurements that will be performed to better understand the physics of mass generation in the universe. No knowledge of quantum field theory is required other than familiarity with effective Lagrangians and Feynmann diagrams. This book will be useful for both theorists and experimentalists who are interested in the phenomenology of electroweak interactions.