As Cavendish Professor of Experimental Physics at Cambridge University, Lord Rayleigh focussed his considerable energies on the study of electricity - building on the work of his illustrious predecessor, James Clerk Maxwell. This second volume of his papers, covering 1881-7, includes a series of four major contributions from 1881 and 1883 concerning the absolute determination of the ohm. Related reports include the measurement of current, and the electrical properties of various materials. A note from 1884 pessimistically predicts an absolute practical limit of less than 50 miles for a working telephone cable. In 1884, Rayleigh stepped down from his post as Cavendish Professor but continued his research work from his private laboratory. He proposed the existence of surface waves in a paper of 1885. These 'Rayleigh waves' roll along the surface of the earth and are responsible for producing most of the shaking experienced in an earthquake.

This volume of Lord Rayleigh's collected papers begins with a brief 1892 piece in which the author addresses the troubling discrepancies between the apparent density of nitrogen derived from different sources. Intrigued by this anomaly and by earlier observations by Cavendish, Rayleigh investigated whether it might be due to a previously undiscovered atmospheric constituent. This led to Rayleigh's discovery of the chemically inert element, argon, to his 1904 Nobel Prize in physics, and to the discovery of all the 'rare' gases. Debate over the nature of Roentgen rays, is reflected in a short 1898 paper, written in the wake of their discovery. 1900 saw a key contribution, the elegant description of the distribution of longer wavelengths in blackbody radiation. Now known as the Rayleigh Jeans' Law, this complemented Wien's equation describing the shorter wavelengths. Planck's law combined these, in a crucial step toward the eventual development of quantum mechanics.

Lord Rayleigh served as President of Royal Society from 1905 to 1908, when he became Chancellor of the University of Cambridge. In 1904 he was awarded a Nobel Prize. He received the physics award while Ramsey, with whom he had conducted the research and announced the discovery of argon, received the Nobel Prize for chemistry. In 1906 he published his electron fluid model of the atom, a modification of Thomson's 'plum pudding' proposal. This was superseded by a series of other (also invalid) models, until Bohr's atomic theory of 1913. In 1907 Rayleigh published a detailed observational study on how humans can perceive sound and distinguish the directions of pure and complex tones. His interest in optics also continued, with a 1907 analysis of the theoretical basis for unusual banding patterns arising when polarised light was shone on diffraction gratings. This volume includes his papers from 1902 to 1910.

This book can be described as a student's edition of the author's Dynamical Theory of Gases. It is written, however, with the needs of the student of physics and physical chemistry in mind, and those parts of which the interest was mainly mathematical have been discarded. This does not mean that the book contains no serious mathematical discussion; the discussion in particular of the distribution law is quite detailed; but in the main the mathematics is concerned with the discussion of particular phenomena rather than with the discussion of fundamentals.

Lord Rayleigh (1842-1919) won the Nobel Prize for physics in 1904. His early research was in optics and acoustics but his first published paper, from 1869, was an explanation of Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. In 1871, he related the degree of light scattering to wavelength (part of the explanation for why the sky is blue), and in 1872 he wrote his classic Theory of Sound (not included here). He became a Fellow of the Royal Society and inherited his father's peerage in 1873. Rayleigh nevertheless continued groundbreaking research, including the first description of Moire interference (1874). In 1881, while president of the London Mathematical Society (1878-1880) and successor to Maxwell as Cavendish Professor of Experimental Physics at Cambridge (1879-1884), Rayleigh published a paper on diffraction gratings which led to improvements in the spectroscope and future developments in high-resolution spectroscopy. This volume contains papers from 1869 to 1881.

This volume includes papers from 1887, when Lord Rayleigh became Professor of Natural Philosophy at the Royal Institution in London, to 1892. An 1888 contribution on the densities of hydrogen and oxygen led to a series of experiments on the densities of the atmospheric gases. This resulted in the unsettling discovery that the density of atmospheric nitrogen seemed very slightly to exceed the density of nitrogen derived from its chemical compounds. A substantial 1888 paper, on the wave theory of light, was written for the Encyclopaedia Britannica in the immediate aftermath of the crucial Michelson Morley experiment in which the speed of light had been measured. In addition, this wide-ranging volume shows Rayleigh's developing interest in the properties of liquid surfaces, with a discourse on foams (1890), and a paper on surface films (1892). It also includes a charming brief appreciation (1890) of James Clerk Maxwell's legacy to science.

This final volume of papers by Lord Rayleigh covers the period from 1911 to his death in 1919. The first of the Solvay Conferences in 1911 played a key role in the foundation of quantum theory. Although invited, Rayleigh did not attend. His principal achievements lay in development and consolidation across classical physics, in which he continued to work. In a 1917 paper, he used electromagnetic theory to derive a formula for expressing the reflection properties from a regularly stratified medium. In 1919, he investigated the iridescent colours of birds and insects. Rayleigh continued his long-standing participation in the Society for Psychical Research, founded in 1882 for the study of 'debatable phenomena'. One of his last publications was his presidential address to that society, which considers several highly unorthodox views and practices. He concludes by asserting the importance to scientists of maintaining open minds in the pursuit of truth.

Our understanding of nature, and in particular of physics and the laws governing it, has changed radically since the days of the ancient Greek natural philosophers. This book explains how and why these changes occurred, through landmark experiments as well as theories that - for their time - were revolutionary. The presentation covers Mechanics, Optics, Electromagnetism, Thermodynamics, Relativity Theory, Atomic Physics and Quantum Physics. The book places emphasis on ideas and on a qualitative presentation, rather than on mathematics and equations. Thus, although primarily addressed to those who are studying or have studied science, it can also be read by non-specialists. The author concludes with a discussion of the evolution and organization of universities, from ancient times until today, and of the organization and dissemination of knowledge through scientific publications and conferences.

''The review articles in this series are invariably of a high standard, and those contained in the most recent volumes to appear (Volumes 14-16), are no exception.'' --- Journal of Plasma Physics, from a review of previous volumes The current volume includes chapters on the generation of noninductive current in a tokamak and resonance effects in oscillations of uneven flows of continuous media.

This third open access volume of the handbook series deals with accelerator physics, design, technology and operations, as well as with beam optics, dynamics and diagnostics. A joint CERN-Springer initiative, the "Particle Physics Reference Library" provides revised and updated contributions based on previously published material in the well-known Landolt-Boernstein series on particle physics, accelerators and detectors (volumes 21A,B1,B2,C), which took stock of the field approximately one decade ago. Central to this new initiative is publication under full open access

Key features: Supported by the latest research and based on the state-of-the-art computational methods in high-accuracy computational spectroscopy of molecules Authored by an authority in the field Accessible to both experts and non-experts working in the area of computational and experimental spectroscopy, in addition to graduate students

This book is designed for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in high energy heavy-ion physics. It is relevant for students who will work on topics being explored at RHIC and the LHC.
In the first part, the basic principles of these studies are covered including kinematics, cross sections (including the quark model and parton distribution functions), the geometry of nuclear collisions, thermodynamics, hydrodynamics and relevant aspects of lattice gauge theory at finite temperature.
The second part covers some more specific probes of heavy-ion collisions at these energies: high mass thermal dileptons, quarkonium and hadronization. The second part also serves as extended examples of concepts learned in the previous part. Both parts contain examples in the text as well as exercises at the end of each chapter.
- Designed for students and newcomers to the field
- Focuses on hard probes and QCD
- Covers all aspects of high energy heavy-ion physics
- Includes worked example problems and exercises

From the pocket dosemeter and the photographic emulsion to the superheated drop detector and the single particle calorimeter - such is the wide range of detectors for nuclear radiation in this textbook. Emphasis is placed on simple but thorough explanations of the underlying physics for each detector and on the applications to which these detectors can be put. Introductions to the types of radiations concerned and their interaction with matter lead to descriptions of well-established devices such as ionization chambers, proportional and Geiger counters, scintillation counters and semiconductor detectors, and other more recent types such as semiconductor drift chambers and dark matter detectors. A separate chapter discusses sources of noise and their influence on the energy resolution achievable with detector systems, and another the electronics used with radiation detectors. This book has been written by two university physicists who have worked and taught in the field for many years. It is intended for final-year students and new postgraduates as well as all established workers who use sources of ionizing radiation.

This book presents the state of the art on thermophysical and thermochemical properties, fabrication methodologies, irradiation behaviours, fuel reprocessing procedures, and aspects of waste management for oxide fuels in general and for thoria-based fuels in particular.The book covers all the essential features involved in the development of and working with nuclear technology. With the help of key databases, many of which were created by the authors, information is presented in the form of tables, figures, schematic diagrams and flow sheets, and photographs. This information will be useful for scientists and engineers working in the nuclear field, particularly for design and simulation, and for establishing the technology. One special feature is the inclusion of the latest information on thoria-based fuels, especially on the use of thorium in power generation, as it has less proliferation potential for nuclear weapons. Given its natural abundance, thorium offers a future alternative to uranium fuels in nuclear technology. In closing, the latest information on conventional uranium and plutonium fuels is also provided."

In this volume, contributions covering the theoretical and practical aspects of multicomponent crystals provide a timely and contemporary overview of the state-of-the art of this vital aspect of crystal engineering/materials science. With a solid foundation in fundamentals, multi-component crystals can be formed, for example, to enhance pharmaceutical properties of drugs, for the specific control of optical responses to external stimuli and to assemble molecules to allow chemical reactions that are generally intractable following conventional methods. Contents Pharmaceutical co-crystals: crystal engineering and applications Pharmaceutical multi-component crystals: improving the efficacy of anti-tuberculous agents Qualitative and quantitative crystal engineering of multi-functional co-crystals Control of photochromism in N-salicylideneaniline by crystal engineering Quinoline derivatives for multi-component crystals: principles and applications N-oxides in multi-component crystals and in bottom-up synthesis and applications Multi-component crystals and non-ambient conditions Co-crystals for solid-state reactivity and thermal expansion Solution co-crystallisation and its applications The salt-co-crystal continuum in halogen-bonded systems Large horizontal displacements of benzene-benzene stacking interactions in co-crystals Simultaneous halogen and hydrogen bonding to carbonyl and thiocarbonylfunctionality Crystal chemistry of the isomeric N,N'-bis(pyridin-n-ylmethyl)-ethanediamides, n = 2, 3 or 4 Solute solvent interactions mediated by main group element (lone-pair) (aryl) interactions

When a projectile and a target nucleus interact, creating a composite nucleus, the energy initially concentrated on a few nucleons spreads through the composite nucleus, which evolves towards a state of statistical equilibrium. During this equilibration process, nucleons, or aggregates of nucleons, having considerable energy, may be ejected. This book gives a comprehensive and up-to-date account of the experimental and theoretical research that has been devoted, during the past 25 years, to the study of these pre-equilibrium reactions. After a historical introduction, the theories of the reactions are described in detail, beginning with the phenomenological exciton and master equation theories and going on to the fully quantum-mechanical theories of Feshbach, Kerman and Koonin, Tamura and Udagawa, and Weidenmuller and colleagues. The multistep compound and multistep direct theories are considered separately, and all the theories are extensively compared with experimental data. A detailed account of compound nucleus reactions is also included, together with a review of the theories of the nuclear-level densities that are needed to evaluate pre-equilibrium cross-sections. The main emphasis of the book is on nucleon-induced reactions, but those due to composite particles and heavy ions are also considered.

The Progress in Optics series contains more than 300 review articles by distinguished research workers, which have become permanent records for many important developments, helping optical scientists and optical engineers stay abreast of their fields.

Proceedings of the International Conference on Exotic Atoms and Related Topics (EXA 2011) held in Vienna, Austria, September 5-9, 2011
E.Widmann and O. Hartmann (Eds)
Now the research in exotic atoms has a remarkable history of more than 50 years. Enormous success in the understanding of fundamental interactions and symmetries resulted from the research on these tiny objects at the femtoscale. This volume contains research papers on recent achievements and future opportunities of this highly interdisciplinary field of atomic, nuclear, and particle physics. The Proceedings are structured according to the conference session topics: Kaon-Nucleus and Kaon-Nucleon Interactions, Antihydrogen and Fundamental Symmetries, Hadronphysics with Antiprotons, Future Facilities and Instrumentation, Low energy QCD.

Reprint from Hyperfine Interactions vol. 209, 210 and 211.

This book covers the role of water in global atmospheric phenomena, focussing on the physical processes involving water molecules and water microparticles. It presents the reader with a detailed look at some of the most important types of global atmospheric phenomena involving water, such as water circulation, atmospheric electricity and the greenhouse effect. Beginning with the cycle of water evaporation and condensation, and the important roles played by the nucleation and growth processes of water microdroplets, the book discusses atmospheric electricity as a secondary phenomenon of water circulation in the atmosphere, comprising a chain of processes involving water molecules and water microdroplets. Finally, the book discusses aspects of the molecular spectroscopy of greenhouse atmospheric components, showing how water molecules and water microdroplets give the main contribution to atmospheric emission in the infrared spectrum range. Featuring numerous didactic schematics and appendices detailing all necessary unit conversion factors, this book is useful to both active researchers and doctoral students working in the fields of atmospheric physics, climate science and molecular spectroscopy.

Neutrons provide an important tool for investigations in physics. Ultracold neutrons (UCN) belong to the extremely low energy range (10] -7 eV to 10]-8 eV), have velocities in the range 1-10 m s]-1 and wavelengths of 100-1000 A. Ultracold neutrons can be kept in hermetically sealed vessels for up to 15 minutes until they decay. This time is sufficient to observe the action of very weak fields and gives an insight into the properties of neutrons and their environment. Capture and heating by wall nuclei reduce the storage time of neutrons to below 15 minutes. Present research areas include attempts to understand and prevent the large losses of UCN, improve storage time, and to obtain fundamental results such as an upper limit to the electric dipole moment of neutrons and improved measurements of decay time. These studies have also led to a new approach to diffraction and diffusion theory, which is applicable to any radiation: waves or corpuscles. The book explains how physicists should cope with the problems of UCN research, how UCN can be used for fundamental and applied research, and summarizes the results which have been published.

This book is a wide-ranging survey of the physics of out-of-equilibrium systems of correlated electrons, ranging from the theoretical, to the numerical, computational and experimental aspects. It starts from basic approaches to non-equilibrium physics, such as the mean-field approach, then proceeds to more advanced methods, such as dynamical mean-field theory and master equation approaches. Lastly, it offers a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in experimental investigations of complex quantum materials by means of ultrafast spectroscopy.

The counter-intuitive aspects of quantum physics have been for long illustrated by thought experiments, from Einstein's photon box to Schroedinger's cat. These experiments have now become real, with single particles - electrons, atoms or photons - directly unveiling the weird features of the quantum. State superpositions, entanglement and complementarity define a novel quantum logic which can be harnessed for information processing, raising great hopes for applications. This book describes a class of such thought experiments made real. Juggling with atoms and photons confined in cavities, ions or cold atoms in traps, is here an incentive to shed a new light on the basic concepts of quantum physics. Measurement processes and decoherence at the quantum-classical boundary are highlighted. This volume, which combines theory and experiments, will be of interest to students in quantum physics, teachers seeking illustrations for their lectures and new problem sets, researchers in quantum optics and quantum information.

This volume contains the invited papers and selected contributed papers presented at the biennial International Symposium on ELECTRON COLLISIONS WITH MOLECULES, CLUSTERS AND SURF ACES held at Royal Holloway, University of London from 29th to 30th July, 1993. This Symposium was a Satellite Meeting of the XVIII International Conference on the Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions (ICPEAC) and follows a 16 year tradition of Satellite Conferences in related areas of collisions held in association with previous ICPEAC's. In the past each of these electron -molecule symposia covered the broad field of electron-molecule scattering at rather low energies, but also included hot topics. This time as well as covering the whole field, well defined electron collisions with clusters and with particles in the complex potential of a surface were emphasized. Not many details are known about such collisions, although they become more and more important in surface characterisation, plasma-wall interactions, electron induced desorption and reorganisation of adsorbed particles. Recently, much work, theoretical and experimental, has been devoted to electron collisions with rather large carbon, silicon and halogen containing molecules. These problems are of relevance in plasma assisted thin film formation and etching of surfaces and can now be approached with advanced theoretical methods and experimental equipment.

This 10th volume in the DPER series is intended to show how stable isotopes can be applied to understanding the palaeoenvironment. There are chapters on the interpretation of isotopes in water, tree rings, bones and teeth, lake sediments, speleothems and marine sediments. Isotopes can be extremely powerful palaeoenvironmental tools, however, as with all archives it is desirable to carry out a calibration exercise to investigate the basic systematics of isotope variation in the modern environment to establish the relationship between the measured signal and the isotope composition of the host. A robust calibration is seldom easy so isotope methods should be used in conjunction with a multi-proxy approach, using isotope signals from different materials or combined with other palaeoenvironmental techniques.