Into the short compass of this book Professor Graetz has succeeded in compressing an eminently readable survey of the directions in which the atomic theory, as accepted in the nineteenth century, has been extended by the remarkable and almost revolutionary physical investigations and discoveries of the two decades preceding the book's original publication in 1923.

This book deals with the reflection of electromagnetic and particle waves by interfaces. The interfaces can be sharp or diffuse. The topics of the book contain absorption, inverse problems, anisotropy, pulses and finite beams, rough surfaces, matrix methods, numerical methods, reflection of particle waves and neutron reflection. Exact general results are presented, followed by long wave reflection, variational theory, reflection amplitude equations of the Riccati type, and reflection of short waves. The Second Edition of the Theory of Reflection is an updated and much enlarged revision of the 1987 monograph. There are new chapters on periodically stratified media, ellipsometry, chiral media, neutron reflection and reflection of acoustic waves. The chapter on anisotropy is much extended, with a complete treatment of the reflection and transmission properties of arbitrarily oriented uniaxial crystals. The book gives a systematic and unified treatment reflection and transmission of electromagnetic and particle waves at interfaces. It is intended for physicists, chemists, applied mathematicians and engineers, and is written in a simple direct style, with all necessary mathematics explained in the text.

Theory of Ionization and Electron Emission: Theory of Electron Ejection from Matter by Highly Charged Ion Impact; J.H. Macek. Auger Processes at Metallic Surfaces: Auger Processes at Surfaces; A. Niehaus. Kinetic Auger Processes and Shell Effects: Electron Emission from Silicon Induced by Bombardment with Oxygen Ions; E.A. Maydell. Kinetic Electron Emission from Thin Foils: Electron Ejection Induced by Fast Projectiles; G. Schiwietz. Surface Effects in Kinetic Electron Emission: Electron Emission Phenomena in Grazing Collisions of Fast Ions with Surfaces; H. Winter, et al. Spin Polarized Electron Emission: IonInduced Electron Emission from Magnetic and Nonmagnetic Surfaces; C. Rau, et al. Electron Emission and Charging of Insulators: Secondary Electron Emission from Insulators; J. Schou. Ionization Effects in Semiconductors and Insulators: Ionization Tracks; R.E. Johnson. 23 additional articles. Index.

From 1960 until 1990 theoretical physicists and experimentalists worked together to probe deeper and deeper into the basic structure of matter, moving closer to an understanding of the ultimate building blocks of the universe. Gerard 't Hooft was closely involved in many of the advances in modern theoretical physics that led to improved understanding of elementary particles, and this is a first-hand account of one of the most creative and exciting periods of discovery in the history of physics. Using language a layperson can understand, this narrative touches on many central topics and ideas, such as quarks and quantum physics; supergravity, superstrings and superconductivity; the Standard Model and grand unification; eleven-dimensional space time and black holes. This fascinating personal account of the past thirty years in one of the most dramatic areas in twentieth-century physics will be of interest to professional physicists and physics students, as well as the educated general reader with an interest in one of the most exciting scientific detective stories ever.

Get First-Hand Insight from a Contributor to the Standard Model of Particle Physics Written by an award-winning former director-general of CERN and one of the world's leading experts on particle physics, Electroweak Interactions explores the concepts that led to unification of the weak and electromagnetic interactions. It provides the fundamental elements of the theory of compact Lie groups and their representations, enabling a basic understanding of the role of flavor symmetry in particle physics. Understand Conceptual Elements of the Theory of Elementary Particles The book begins with the identification of the weak hadronic current with the isotopic spin current, Yang-Mills theory, and the first electroweak theory of Glashow. It discusses spontaneous breaking of a global symmetry and a local symmetry, covering the Goldstone theorem, Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism, and the theory of Weinberg and Salam. The author then describes the theory of quarks, quark mixing, the Cabibbo angle, the Glashow-Iliopoulos-Maiani (GIM) mechanism, the theory of Kobayashi and Maskawa, six quark flavors, and CP violation. Delve into Experimental Tests and Unresolved Problems The author goes on to explore some phenomenological topics, such as neutral current interactions of neutrinos and CP violation in the neutral K-meson system. He also highlights how flavor-changing neutral current processes have emerged as probes to reveal the presence of new phenomena at energies not yet accessible with particle accelerators. The book concludes with an explanation of the expected properties of the Higgs boson and the methods adopted for its search. The predictions are also compared with relevant experimental results. View the author's first book in this collection: Relativistic Quantum Mechanics: An Introduction to Relativistic Quantum Fields.

Summarising the most novel facts and theories which were coming into prominence at the time, particularly those which had not yet been incorporated into standard textbooks, this important work was first published in 1921. The subjects treated cover a wide range of research that was being conducted into the atom, and include Quantum Theory, the Bohr Theory, the Sommerfield extension of Bohr's work, the Octet Theory and Isotopes, as well as Ionisation Potentials and Solar Phenomena. Because much of the material of Atomic Theories lies on the boundary between experimentally verified fact and speculative theory, it indicates in a unique way how the future of physics was perceived at the time of writing. It thus throws into stark relief not only the immense advances made since the 1920s, but also, perhaps, highlights the importance of not rigidly adhering to a particular program of future discoveries.

The present book provides an introduction to quantum optics, the study of optical effects that cannot be explained by classical theory. Its main concern is the theoretical background to the key experiments in quantum optics. More than half of the material in this third edition is new, the material that has appeared in the previous editions already has been updated. The level of the treatment as a whole is appropriate for postgraduate students and research workers, while earlier chapters are also suitable for final-year undergraduates.

Atoms in Intense Laser Fields: Inhibition of Atomic Ionization in Strong Laser Fields; B. Piraux, E. Huens. Optical Analogs of Model Atoms in Fields; P.W. Milonni. Molecules in Intense Laser Fields: Intense Field Dynamics of Diatomic Molecules; L.F. DiMauro, et al. Excitation of Molecular Hydrogen in Intense Laser Fields; H. Helm, et al. High Intensity Molecular Multiphoton Ionization; G.N. Gibson, et al. Atomic Coherences: Coherence in Strong Field Harmonic Generation; A. L'Huillier, et al. Coherent Interactions within the Atomic Continuum; P. Lambropoulos, et al. Molecular Coherences: Femtosecond Pulse Shaping and Excitation of Molecular Coherences; A.M. Weiner, et al. Coherence in the Control of Molecular Processes; P. Brumer, M. Shapiro. Optimal Control of Molecular Motion; H. Rabitz. 25 additional articles. Index.

Robert Oppenheimer (1904-1967) is one of the few American scientists who have become public and controversial figures in the twentieth century.T his book adds a new dimension to the Oppenheimer story by offering a look at the private man behind the public figure. It consists of letters spanning the period from his Harvard student days in 1922 to his departure from Los Alamos in 1945. The letters are supplemented by recollections of those who knew Oppenheimer and by his own recollections from an interview a few years before his death. 'A beautifully organized collection of letters and reminiscences ...The editors have interviewed those who knew and worked with him, stirred in the necessary explanatory background, and produced an account, both scholarly and highly readable, which throws fresh light on a man who will probably always remain something of an enigma. Amid devotional defense and almost rabid attack, their book is a model of objectivity.' New York Times Book RevieW 'An intimate, carefully documented, and honest book.' Scientific American 'The first scholarly attempt to come to grips with the development of Oppenheimer's elusive personality, it is all the more impressive because its many revealing letters and candid commentary were gathered from those who knew him best.' Science 'A milestone in Oppenheimer scholarship ...The full measure of Oppenheimer the man, the scientist, and the public figure remains to be taken, but the publication of this rich volume will markedly aid the accomplishment of that ultimate and demanding task.'

This book explores the relationship between Dickens's novels and the financial system. Elements of Dickens's work form a critique of financial capitalism. This critique is rooted in the difference between use-value and exchange-value, and in the difference between productive circulations and mere accumulation. In a money-based society, exchange-value and accumulation dominate to the point where they infect even the most important and sacred relationships between parts of society and individuals. This study explores Dickens's critique from two very different points of view. The first is philosophical, from Aristotle's distinction between "chrematistic" accumulation and "economic" use on money through Marx's focus on the teleology of capitalism as death. The second view is that of nineteenth-century financial journalism, of "City" writers like David Morier Evans and M. L. Meason,, who, while functioning as "cheerleaders" for financial capitalism, also reflected some of the very real "dis-ease" associated with capital formation and accumulation. The core concepts of this critique are constant in the novels, but the critique broadens and becomes more pessimistic over time. The ill effects of living in a money-based society are presented more as the consequences of individual evil in earlier novels, while in the later books they are depicted as systemic and pervasive. Texts discussed include Nicholas Nickleby, A Christmas Carol, Little Dorrit and Our Mutual Friend.

Short Historical Overview In the 1940s, two phenomena in the ?eld of cosmic rays (CR) forced scientists to think that the Sun is a powerful source of high-energy particles. One of these was discovered because of the daily solar variation of CR, which the maximum number of CR observed near noon (referring to the existence of continuous ?ux of CR from the direction of the Sun); this became the experimental basis of the theory that CR's originate from the Sun (or, for that matter, from within the solar system) (Alfven 1954). The second phenomenon was discovered when large ?uxes of high energy particles were detected from several solar ?ares, or solar CR. These are the - called ground level events (GLE), and were ?rst observed by ionization chambers shielded by 10 cm Pb (and detected mainly from the secondary muon-component CR that they caused) during the events of the 28th of February 1942, the 7th of March 1942, the 25th of July 1946, and the 19th of November 1949. The biggest such event was detected on the 23rd of February 1956 (see the detailed description in Chapters X and XI of Dorman, M1957). The ?rst phenomenon was investigated in detail in Dorman (M1957), by ?rst correcting experimental data on muon temperature effects and then by using coupling functions to determine the change in particle energy caused by the solar-diurnal CR variation."

Relativistic Effects on Periodic Trends.- Atoms.- Relativistic Atomic Structure and Electron-Atom Collisions.- On the Accuracy of Oscillator Strengths.- Atomic Structure Calculations in Breit-Pauli Approximation.- Relativistic Calculations of Parity Non-Conserving Effects in Atoms.- High Precision Relativistic Atomic Structure Calculations Using the Finite Basis Set Approximation.- Relativistic Calculations of Electron Impact Ionisation Cross-Sections of Highly Charged Ions.- Molecules.- Nonsingular Relativistic Perturbation Theory and Relativistic Changes of Molecular Structure.- Basis Set Expansion Dirac-Fock SCF Calculations and MBPT Refinement.- Comments.- Polyatomic Molecular Dirac-Hartree-Fock Calculations with Gaussian Basis Sets.- Open Shell Relativistic Molecular Dirac-Hartree-Fock SCF-Program.- General Contraction in Four-Component Relativistic Hartree-Fock Calculations.- Accurate Relativistic Dirac-Fock and MBPT Calculations on Argon with Basis Sets of Contracted Gaussian Functions.- Comments.- Relativistic Many-Body Perturbation Theory of Atomic and Molecular Electronic Structure.- Solid State.- Relativistic Density-Functional Theory for Electrons in Solids.- Influence of Relativistic Effects on the Magnetic Moments and Hyperfine Fields of 5d-Impurity Atoms Dissolved in Ferromagnetic Fe.- Relativistic Spin-Polarized Density-Functional Theory: Simplified Method for Fully Relativistic Calculations.- Theory of Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy.- The Spin Polarized Photoemission from Non-Magnetic Metals.- Theory of Magnetic X-Ray Dichroism.- Participants.

A Modern View of Hadrons; H. Georgi. Hadron Production and Structure at Small Distances; B.R. Webber. The Physics of GBPIiGBP and D Mesons; M.S. Witherell. Top Quark Physics at Hadron Colliders; W.C. Carithers, Jr. New Directions in Calorimetry; W.J. Willis. Index.

The First Nuclear Era is Alvin Weinberg's autobiography, the memoirs of a most influential American nuclear engineer/physicist. These reminiscences date from the dawning of the nuclear age in the early 1940s to the present. It is the story of one notable scientist's life and times and a look back at one of humankind's most ambitious endeavors: the attempt to harness and safely distribute nuclear power. Weinberg has witnessed and played a major part in many of the defining scientific moments of his era. Here he describes his academic career at the University of Chicago, under the tutelage of Nicolas Rashevsky and Carl Eckart. He recalls his wartime days at the Manhattan Project's Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory where he helped Nobelist Eugene Wigner design the Hanford plutonium producing reactors. He then focuses on what would become the abiding legacy of his professional life: his development of and involvement with nuclear reactors. In discussing both great commercial successes (such as the Light-Water Reactor) and unsuccessful experiments, Weinberg offers an objective critique of the technical and political shortcomings that have haunted the nuclear age. He also demonstrates how the lessons learned from unsuccessful reactors paved the way for later triumphs.

The book is a quantitative treatment of the theory and natural variations of light stable isotopes, and includes more than 100 original applications. Isotope distribution is rigorously discussed in the context of fractionation processes, thermodynamics, mass conservation, exchange kinetics and diffusion theory. The theoretical principles are illustrated with natural examples, emphasizing oygen and hydrogen isotope variations in natural waters, terrestrial and extraterrestrial rocks, and hydrothermal systems. New data on meteoric precipitation, rivers, and hydrothermal systems are included.

The Lectures: Conjugated Polymers in Layered Hosts; M.G. Kanatzidis, et al. Staging in Intercalated Graphites, Polymers, and Fullerenes; E.J. Mele. Seminars and Communications: Size-Mismatch Melting in Two Dimensions; N. Mousseau, M.F. Thorpe. Tight Binding Molecular Dynamics for Intercalation Chemistry; M. Menon, et al. Local Oscillator Model for Superconducting Fullerenes; Z. Gedik, S. Ciraci. Some Optical Properties of Fullerenes; B. Friedman. Photoluminescence of Solid State Fullerenes; H.J. Byrne, et al. Magnetic Properties of Alkali Metal Intercalated Fullerides; P. Byszewski, et al. Charge Transport and Percolation in Conducting Polymers; J. Voit. Overview on the Chemistry of Intercalation in Graphite of Binary Metallic Alloys; P. Lagrange. Mineralomimetic Inclusion Behavior of Cadmium Cyanide Systems; T. Iwamoto, et al. 36 additional articles. Index.

"Blurb & Contents" "Marvelous reading, with few problems of the interaction between science/technology and society left untouched. One need not always agree, but one cannot come away without a better education....I found the parts on scientific administration and on the interaction of science and society excellent and provocative reading, and the parts on energy and nuclear energy very much to the point." American Journal of Physics Alvin Weinberg explores through these collected essays the ever troublesome relationship between science, technology, and society. The title is taken from Weinberg's assertion that most of the issues arising at the intersection of science and society depend upon answers to questions that lie outside the power of science--issues that are trans-scientific. Weinberg, who during World War II helped develop the first nuclear reactors, has much to say on the current role of nuclear power and the possibilities for the future. Other topics include strategic defenses and arms control, the role of the science administrator, and the way in which time, energy, and resources are allocated to public problems. In this remarkable record of a half- century of public-oriented work, Weinberg lays the foundation for a philosophy of scientific administration parallel to the more established philosophy of science.

Invited Papers.- Theory of Electron Collisions in Partially Ionized Gases.- Electron Collisions with Molecules.- Electron Transport in Partially Ionized Gases.- Non Equilibrium Plasma Kinetics.- Modeling High Pressure Electric Discharges: Applications to Excimer Lasers.- Energy Transfer in Atom/Molecule Collisions with Molecules and Surfaces.- Reactivity Calculations for Elementary Atom-Diatom Processes and Applications to Non-Equilibrium Systems.- Excimer Lasers: Status and Perspectives.- Fundamental Properties of RF Glow Discharges: An Approach Based on Self-Consistent Numerical Models.- Theory of High-Frequency Discharges.- Volume Production of Hydrogen Negative Ions.- Laser Diagnostics of a Hydrogen Discharge.- Hydrogen-Surface Interactions.- Plasma Assisted Thin Film Production WC, a-C: H and Diamond Films.- Electric Discharge Lamps.- Contributed Papers.- Inelastic Scattering of Electrons From H2 Molecule and First-Born Approximation: Role Of Correlation.- Electron-Molecule Collision Cross Sections for Etching Gases.- Electron Collisions in Gas Switches.- Theory of e- -Diatom Scattering at Low Energies.- A Parameter-Free Theoretical Model for Low-Energy Electron Scattering from Polyatomic Molecules.- Electron Collision Cross-Sections Determined from Beam and Swarm Data by Boltzmann Analysis.- Electron Collision Cross Sections Involving Excited States.- Electron Collision Cross Sections Involving Excited States.- New Theoretical Approaches for Studying Electron Collisions with Small Molecules.- Ion-Neutral Reactions.- Energy Pooling Collisions: A Step Towards Ionization.- Potential Energy Curves of Open Shell Systems (Excimers) from Molecular Beam Scattering.- Molecular Beam Measurements of Ionization Cross Sections Relevant to Thermal Plasmas and Excimer Laser Systems.- The Silent Discharge and Its Application to Ozone and Excimer Formation.- Non Equilibrium Excimer Laser Kinetics.- Study of A Photoswitched Discharge for Excimer Laser.- A Self-Consistent Monte Carlo Modeling of RF Non-Equilibrium Plasma.- Charged Particles Dynamics in Electropositive Glow Discharges Probed by Optical Diagnostics.- Problems in the Experimental Determination of Electron Energy Distribution Function in RF Discharges.- Spectroscopic Diagnostics in the Cathode Fall and Negative Glow of a Nitrogen Glow Discharge.- Electron Kinetics in RF Discharges.- A Radiofrequency Trap for Tests on Production and Excitation of Ions.- Gas-Phase and Gas-Surface Interactions of Vibrationally Excited Hydrogen Molecules.- Translational Energy Distribution Functions of H+ and H in H2 Volume Discharges.- Numerical Simulation on Tandem Negative Ion Source.- Atomic and Molecular Surface and Volume Processes in the Analysis of Negative Hydrogen Discharges.- Interpretation and Analysis of the H2 Vibrational Distribution in a Hydrogen Discharge.- Electron Energy Distribution Functions in Magnetic Multipole Plasmas.- Effects Due to Negative Ions and Particles in Plasmas.- Electron and Vibrational Kinetics in Molecular Discharges.- Laser Diagnostic of Radio-Frequency Oxygen Plasma.- Spectroscopy and Kinetics of an Oxygen Glow Discharge.- Simulation Work in Noble Gas Radiation Detectors.- A Description of The Non-Equilibrium Behavior of Electrons in Matter: Macro-Kinetics.- Thermalization and Transport of Sputtered Particles in Glow Discharges.- The Free Electron Laser: A Simple Quantum Picture.- Electron and Photon Collisions in Strong Laser Fields.- Resonant Photopumping of Lithiumlike Ions in Laser-Produced Plasmas.- Ionization and Deionization of Electron Beam Disturbed Air.- Re-Entry Problems.- Diagnostics of Atomic Species Near the Electrodes of a Fluorescent Lamp.- Excited State Diagnostics in High Pressure Arc Lamps.- Participants

Super Light Water Reactors and Super Fast Reactors provides an overview of the design and analysis of nuclear power reactors. Readers will gain the understanding of the conceptual design elements and specific analysis methods of supercritical-pressure light water cooled reactors. Nuclear fuel, reactor core, plant control, plant stand-up and stability are among the topics discussed, in addition to safety system and safety analysis parameters.

Providing the fundamentals of reactor design criteria and analysis, this volume is a useful reference to engineers, industry professionals, and graduate students involved with nuclear engineering and energy technology.

Into the short compass of this book, Professor Graetz has succeeded in compressing an eminently readable survey of the directions in which the atomic theory, as accepted in the nineteenth century, has been extended by the remarkable and almost revolutionary physical investigations and discoveries of the two decades preceding the book's original publication in 1923.

Summarising the most novel facts and theories which were coming into prominence at the time, particularly those which had not yet been incorporated into standard textbooks, this important work was first published in 1921. The subjects treated cover a wide range of research that was being conducted into the atom, and include Quantum Theory, the Bohr Theory, the Sommerfield extension of Bohr's work, the Octet Theory and Isotopes, as well as Ionisation Potentials and Solar Phenomena. Because much of the material of Atomic Theories lies on the boundary between experimentally verified fact and speculative theory, it indicates in a unique way how the future of physics was perceived at the time of writing. It thus throws into stark relief not only the immense advances made since the 1920s, but also, perhaps, highlights the importance of not rigidly adhering to a particular program of future discoveries.

This book describes the theory of how processes on the unobservable molecular scale give rise to observable effects such as diffusion and electrical noise on the macroscopic or laboratory scale. It puts the modern theory into historical context, and features new applications, statistical mechanics derivations, and the mathematical background of the topic.

Although the current world order is still dominated by the US, there is increasing international concern over the possibility of regional security dilemmas arising from smaller powers' attempts to develop Weapons of Mass Destruction. A study of US-North Korean interaction using the security dilemma as a conceptual frame of analysis is thus not only hugely topical, but also particularly relevant for the 21st century on theoretical as well as empirical grounds. Is there the prospect of a security dilemma contagion if North Korea acquire nuclear weapons capability leading to an Asia Pacific wide nuclear arms race? This book examines this contentious issue in-depth and explores the difficult choices policymakers face as a result of the uncertainty in international politics.