Introduces Novel Applications for Solving Neutron Transport Equations While deemed nonessential in the past, fractional calculus is now gaining momentum in the science and engineering community. Various disciplines have discovered that realistic models of physical phenomenon can be achieved with fractional calculus and are using them in numerous ways. Since fractional calculus represents a reactor more closely than classical integer order calculus, Fractional Calculus with Applications for Nuclear Reactor Dynamics focuses on the application of fractional calculus to describe the physical behavior of nuclear reactors. It applies fractional calculus to incorporate the mathematical methods used to analyze the diffusion theory model of neutron transport and explains the role of neutron transport in reactor theory. The author discusses fractional calculus and the numerical solution for fractional neutron point kinetic equation (FNPKE), introduces the technique for efficient and accurate numerical computation for FNPKE with different values of reactivity, and analyzes the fractional neutron point kinetic (FNPK) model for the dynamic behavior of neutron motion. The book begins with an overview of nuclear reactors, explains how nuclear energy is extracted from reactors, and explores the behavior of neutron density using reactivity functions. It also demonstrates the applicability of the Haar wavelet method and introduces the neutron diffusion concept to aid readers in understanding the complex behavior of average neutron motion. This text: Applies the effective analytical and numerical methods to obtain the solution for the NDE Determines the numerical solution for one-group delayed neutron FNPKE by the explicit finite difference method Provides the numerical solution for classical as well as fractional neutron point kinetic equations Proposes the Haar wavelet operational method (HWOM) to obtain the numerical approximate solution of the neutron point kinetic equation, and more Fractional Calculus with Applications for Nuclear Reactor Dynamics thoroughly and systematically presents the concepts of fractional calculus and emphasizes the relevance of its application to the nuclear reactor.

It is well established and appreciated by now that more than 99% of the baryonic matter in the universe is in the plasma state. Most astrophysical systems could be approximated as conducting fluids in a gravitational field. It is the combined effect of these two that gives rise to the mind boggling variety of configurations in the form of filaments, loops, jets and arches. The plasma structures that cannot last for more than a second or less in a laboratory remain intact for astronomical time and spatial scales in an astrophysical setting. The case in point is the well known extragalactic jets whose collimation and stability has remained an enigma inspite of the efforts of many for many long years. The high energy radiation sources such as the active galactic nuclei again summon the coherent plasma radiation processes for their exceptionally large output from regions of relatively small physical sizes. The generation of magnetic field, anomalous transport of angular momentum with decisive bearing on star formation processes, the ubiquitous MHD turbulence under conditions irreproducible in terrestrial laboratories are some of the generic issues still awaiting a concerted effort for their understanding. Quantum Plasmas, pair plasmas and pair-ion plasmas exist under extreme conditions in planetary interiors and exotic stars. In this workshop plasma physicists, astrophysicists and plasma astrophysicists are brought together to discuss these issues.

The observation and manipulation of individual molecules is one of the most exciting developments in modern molecular science. Single Molecule Science: Physical Principles and Models provides an introduction to the mathematical tools and physical theories needed to understand, explain, and model single-molecule observations. This book explains the physical principles underlying the major classes of single-molecule experiments such as fluorescence measurements, force-probe spectroscopy, and nanopore experiments. It provides the framework needed to understand single-molecule phenomena by introducing all the relevant mathematical and physical concepts, and then discussing various approaches to the problem of interpreting single-molecule data. The essential concepts used throughout this book are explained in the appendices and the text does not assume any background beyond undergraduate chemistry, physics, and calculus. Every effort has been made to keep the presentation self-contained and derive results starting from a limited set of fundamentals, such as several simple models of molecular dynamics and the laws of probability. The result is a book that develops essential concepts in a simple yet rigorous way and in a manner that is accessible to a broad audience.

The world made new is a biography of one of the most original and widely significant, yet largely forgotten, British scientists. Frederick Soddy was born in 1877 and was one of the first generation of English atomic scientists, who stood out from his colleagues from the start. He worked with Rutherford on the initial discoveries about atomic disintegration, for which Rutherford received the Nobel Prize. Soddy himself received the Nobel Prize in 1921 for his research on isotopes. Soddy's worry about the responsibility of science and scientists to society began with his fear that the atomic energy he and Rutherford had discovered could be disastrous if suitable political controls were not enforced, and led to him abandoning scientific research. He lived to see his worst fears realized with the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Soddy was also concerned with economics and ecology and was a pioneer in the field of energy conservation and environmental ethics. Throughout his life, Soddy was also committed to social reform. Frederick Soddy was a remarkable and talented man who was not recognized as such in his own life-time, largely because his ideas and attitudes did not fit in with the times in which he lived. However he has become more appreciated since his death, not only because his scientific work has gained its rightful recognition, but also because of the increased awareness today of the environment and the role of science in it.

Much of our understanding of physics in the last 30-plus years has come from research on atoms, photons, and their interactions. Collecting information previously scattered throughout the literature, Modern Atomic Physics provides students with one unified guide to contemporary developments in the field. After reviewing metrology and preliminary material, the text explains core areas of atomic physics. Important topics discussed include the spontaneous emission of radiation, stimulated transitions and the properties of gas, the physics and applications of resonance fluorescence, coherence, cooling and trapping of charged and neutral particles, and atomic beam magnetic resonance experiments. Covering standards, a different way of looking at a photon, stimulated radiation, and frequency combs, the appendices avoid jargon and use historical notes and personal anecdotes to make the topics accessible to non-atomic physics students. Written by a leader in atomic and optical physics, this text gives a state-of-the-art account of atomic physics within a basic quantum mechanical framework. It shows students how atomic physics has played a key role in many other areas of physics.

Stochastic Energetics by now commonly designates the emerging field that bridges the gap between stochastic dynamical processes and thermodynamics.

Triggered by the vast improvements in spatio-temporal resolution in nanotechnology, stochastic energetics develops a framework for quantifying individual realizations of a stochastic process on the mesoscopic scale of thermal fluctuations.

This is needed to answer such novel questions as:

Can one cool a drop of water by agitating an immersed nano-particle?

How does heat flow if a Brownian particle pulls a polymer chain?

Can one measure the free-energy of a system through a single realization of the associated stochastic process?

This book will take the reader gradually from the basics to the applications: Part I provides the necessary background from stochastic dynamics (Langevin, master equation), Part II introduces how stochastic energetics describes such basic notions as heat and work on the mesoscopic scale, Part III details several applications, such as control and detection processes, as well as free-energy transducers.

It aims in particular at researchers and graduate students working in the fields of nanoscience and technology.

Atomic Spectroscopy provides a comprehensive discussion on the general approach to the theory of atomic spectra, based on the use of the Lagrangian canonical formalism. This approach is developed and applied to explain the hydrogenic hyperfine structure associated with the nucleus motion, its finite mass, and spin. The non-relativistic or relativistic, spin or spin-free particle approximations can be used as a starting point of general approach. The special attention is paid to the theory of Lamb shift formation. The formulae for hydrogenic spectrum including the account of Lamb shift are written in simple analytical form. The book is of interest to specialists, graduate and postgraduate students, who are involved into the experimental and theoretical research in the field of modern atomic spectroscopy.

This book provides an introduction to the classical, quantum and symmetry aspects of multipole theory, demonstrating the successes of the theory and also its unphysical aspects. It presents a transformation theory, which removes these unphysical properties. The book will be of interest to physics students wishing to advance their knowledge of multipole theory, and also a useful reference work for molecular and optical physicists, theoretical chemists working on multipole effects, solid state physicists studying the effects of electromagnetic fields on condensed matter, engineers and applied mathematicians with interests in anisotrpoic materials. An interesting recent development has been the increasing use of computer calculations in applications of multipole theory. The book should assist computational physicists and chemists wishing to work in this area to acquire the necessary background in multipole theory.

This book presents, for the first time in a single volume, highlights of the recent work in the exciting new field of atomic and nanometer-scale modification and manipulation of materials. Atomic manipulation techniques ranging from scanning tunneling microscopy to light-pressure lithography, and fabrication approaches ranging from molecular-beam epitaxy to molecular self-assembly are discussed. The book includes extensive discussions of the fundamental physical mechanisms underlying the modification and manipulation processes, as well as discussions of new phenomena observed in nanostructures. This book would be of interest to physicists, chemists and other scientists interested in atomic scale phenomena and nanostructures.

Recent research has brought the application of microwaves from the classical fields of heating, communication, and generation of plasma discharges into the generation of compact plasmas that can be used for applications such as FIB and small plasma thrusters. However, these new applications bring with them a new set of challenges. With coverage ranging from the basics to new and emerging applications, Compact Plasma and Focused Ion Beams discusses how compact high-density microwave plasmas with dimensions smaller than the geometrical cutoff dimension can be generated and utilized for providing focused ion beams of various elements. Starting with the fundamentals of the cutoff problem for wave propagation in waveguides and plasma diagnostics, the author goes on to explain in detail the plasma production by microwaves in a compact geometry and narrow tubes. He then thoroughly discusses wave interaction with bounded plasmas and provides a deeper understanding of the physics. The book concludes with an up-to-date account of recent research on pulsed microwaves and the application of compact microwave plasmas for multi-element FIB. It provides a consolidated and unified description of the emerging areas in plasma science and technology utilizing wave-based plasma sources based on the author's own work and experience. The book will be useful not only to established researchers in this area but will also serve as an excellent introduction to those interested in applying these ideas to various current and new applications.

The Great Veil, Reality, and Louis de Broglie (O. Costa de Beauregard). The Fallacy of the Arguments Against Local Realism in Quantum Phenomena (A.O. Barut). Restoring Locality with FasterThanLight Velocities (P.H. Eberhard). The WaveParticle Duality and the AharonovBohm Effect (M. Ferrero, E. Santos). De Broglie's Waves in Space and Time (A. Garuccio). Interferometry with De Broglie Waves (F. Hasselbach). Quantum Mechanics of Ultracold Neutrons (V.K. Ignatovich). The Physical Interpretation of Special Relativity (S.J. Prokhovnik). Quantum Neutron Optics (H. Rauch). Some Comments on the De BroglieBohm Picture by an Admiring Spectator (E.J. Squires). The Relationship between the Dirac Velocity Operator and the de Broglie Postulate (A.M. Awobode). Optics and Interferometry with Atoms (V.I. Balykin). Louis de Broglie's WaveParticle Dualism (H.P. Boehm). 38 additional articles. Index.

This book is intended to give an introduction and a comprehensive overview concerning the main areas of surface magnetism with special emphasis on rare earth metals. Investigations in this ?eld require experimental techniques which are sensitive to the topmost layers on the one hand and simultaneously to magnetic properties on the other hand. Using additionally tools with a high lateral resolution the visualization of magnetic domains becomes possible. Theunderstandingofmagneticandelectronicbehaviorrequirestheknowledgeof the structure on a microscopic scale. Due to this important relationship the dep- dence of electronic on structural properties is the ?rst topic. This contains inves- gations not only on rare earth metals but additionally on 3d ferromagnetic systems. It is important to keep in mind that the chemical behavior of a surface det- mines the surface electronic properties. Thus, variations, e.g. due to adsorbate atoms, have a signi?cant in?uence. This aspect will be focused on as the next topic with the description of selected substrate layers which were exposed to different types of gaseous molecules. Investigations on the surface magnetism of itinerant ferromagnetic materials, including the in?uence of adsorbates on surface magnetic properties, and magnets with localized moments is the ?nal and main topic of this volume. It will end with the realization of laterally resolved spin polarized vacuum tunneling which enables to image magnetic domains on the nanometer scale. Acknowledgements This work summarizes my research on the above-mentioned topics performed at the Universities of Bielefeld, Mainz, Hamburg, and Dusseldorf."

1 The Hanle Effect and Level-Crossing Spectroscopy-An Introduction.- 1. Historical Survey.- 2. Classical Interpretation of the Hanle Effect.- 3. Quantum Mechanical Interpretation of the Hanle Effect.- 4. The Density Matrix Formalism for the Hanle Effect (Broad-Band Excitation).- 5. Laser Excitation and Pressure-Induced Coherences.- 6. Nonzero-Field Level Crossing.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- Appendix. Magnetic Effects on the Polarization of Resonance Fluorescence (original work by Wilhelm Hanle, translated by G. Moruzzi).- 2 The Hanle Effect and Atomic Physics.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. General Expression for the Hanle Signal in Terms of the Density Matrix.- 2. Spectroscopic Applications.- 2.1. Determination of Atomic Constants.- 2.2. Measurements of Laser-Level Populations.- 2.3. Increasing Resolution, Subnatural Linewidth Effects.- 2.4. Forward Scattering, Line Crossing.- 2.5. Technical Applications.- 3. Collisions.- 3.1. Hanle Effect with Collisional Excitation.- 3.2. Hanle Effect and Optogalvanic Detection.- 3.3. Collision-Induced Hanle Resonances.- 3.4. Fluctuation-Induced Hanle Resonances.- 4. Hanle Effect in Strong Laser Fields.- 4.1. General Characteristic.- 4.2. Specific Situations.- 4.3. Hanle Effect and Nonlinear Optics.- 5. Hanle Effect in Quantum Optics.- 5.1. Dressed-Atom Model.- 5.2. Hanle Effect with Fluctuating Fields.- 5.3. Squeezing in the Hanle Effect.- References.- 3 The Hanle Effect and Level-Crossing Spectroscopy on Molecules.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Molecular Level-Crossing Signal.- 3. Comparison with Quantum Beat Experiments.- 4. Excitation of Molecules.- 5. Lifetime Investigations.- 6. Lande g-Factors.- 7. Electric-Field Level Crossing.- 8. Stark-Zeeman Recrossing and High-Field Level Crossing.- 9. Hanle Effect on NO2.- 9.1. The Influence of Detection Geometry.- 9.2. Details of the Hanle-Effect Signal.- 9.3. Collisions.- 9.4. Discussion of Hanle-Effect Experiments on NO2.- 10. Conclusion.- References.- 4 The Nonlinear Hanle Effect and Its Applications to Laser Physics.- 1. The Nonlinear Hanle Effect and Its Experimental Observation.- 2. Saturation Intensity and Saturated Linewidth.- 3. The Three-Level Case: Homogeneously Broadened Lines.- 4. The Three-Level Case: Doppler-Broadened Lines and the Rate Equations.- 5. The General Case.- 6. The Rate-Equation Approach to the Nonlinear Hanle Effect in Inhomogeneously Broadened Transitions.- 7. The Nonlinear Hanle Effect with a Gaussian Laser Beam.- 8. The Nonlinear Hanle Effect in Absorption.- 9. The Nonlinear Hanle Effect in Laser-Active Media.- 9.1. The He-Ne Laser.- 9.2. The Xe Laser.- 9.3. The He-CdII and He-ZnII Lasers.- 9.4. The Noble-Gas Ion Lasers.- 9.5. Optically Pumped Far-Infrared Lasers.- 9.6. Other Lasers.- 9.7. Conclusions.- References.- 5 Applications of the Hanle Effect in Solar Physics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Brief Review of the Properties of Solar Magnetic Fields.- 3. Overview of the Diagnostic Possibilities and Limitations of the Hanle Effect.- 4. Basic Theoretical Concepts for Applications in Astrophysics.- 5. Diagnostics of Magnetic Fields in Solar Prominences.- 6. Survey of Scattering Polarization on the Solar Disk.- 7. Diagnostics of Turbulent Magnetic Fields.- 8. Diagnostics of Magnetic Fields in the Chromosphere-Corona Transition Region and Above.- 9. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 6 Applications of the Hanle Effect in Solid State Physics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Hanle Effect on Free Electrons.- 2.1. Optical Orientation of Electron Spins.- 2.2. Occurrence of Electron-Nucleus Interaction in Polarized Luminescence.- 2.3. Optical Alignment of Electron Momenta in a Magnetic Field.- 3. The Hanle Effect on Excitons.- 3.1. The ?8 x ?6 and ?7 x ?6 Excitons in Cubic Crystals.- 3.2. The ?9 x ?7 and ?7 x ?7 Excitons in Hexagonal II-VI Crystals with Wurtzite Structure.- 3.3. The ?7 x ?8 Excitons in III-VI Crystals with Symmetry Class D3h.- 3.4. The Influence of Reemission on the Hanle Effect.- 3.5. Hot Excitons and Polaritons.- 4. The H

Advances in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, Volume 69, the latest release in this ongoing series, provides a comprehensive compilation of recent developments in a field that is in a state of rapid growth, as new experimental and theoretical techniques are used on many problems, both old and new. Topics covered in this new release include Strong-field ion spectroscopy, Configurable microscopic optical potentials, Polaritons, Rydberg excitation of trapped cold ions - a new platform for quantum technologies, High intensity QED, Recollision imaging, and more.

Concentrating on techniques for the detection and measurement of radioactivity, this book offers a guide to selecting the type of counter, type of source sample, duration for which the counting must be made, and the radiation emitted by the isotope for its efficient detection. It introduces a novel concept to explain not only the decay processes but also the selection of counting procedures for detecting and measuring radioactivity. The author builds up the foundation from the nature of the interaction of radiation with matter. He also highlights the differences between an ordinary chemical laboratory and a radiochemical one.

This book provides the basis for understanding the elastic properties of nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), the methods used to manipulate them (e.g. optical, magnetic and acoustic tweezers and traps), and how to observe their interactions with proteins (e.g. fluorescence microscopy, FCS, FRET, etc.). It then exemplifies the use of these various methods in the study of three families of DNA enzymes: polymerases, helicases and topoisomerases. The book aims not to be exhaustive, but rather to stimulate the imagination of readers in the application of these single molecule approaches to the study of DNA/RNA and their interactions.

Discusses the wide range of chemistry in astronomical environments with an emphasis on the description of molecular processes that critically influence the nature and evolution of astronomical objects and the identification of specific observations that directly address significant astronomical questions. The subject areas of the symposium included atomic and molecular processes at low and high temperatures and photon interactions, the chemical structure of molecular clouds in the Milky Way and in external galaxies, the chemistry of outflows and their interactions with the interstellar medium, the chemical connections between the interstellar medium, and the solar system and pregalactic chemistry.

Soft X-rays are a powerful probe of matter. They interact selectively with electrons in atoms and molecules and can be used to study atomic physics, chemical reactions, surfaces and solids, and biological entities. Over the past 20 years, synchrotrons have emerged as powerful sources of soft X-rays for experimental use. A new, third generation of synchrotron light sources is scheduled to start operation over the next few years, beginning in 1993. These facilities are distinguished by their ultra-low emittance electron beams and by their undulators - precisely engineered magnetic devices that cause the electrons passing through them to produce highly coherent X-rays and ultraviolet light of unprecedented spectral brightness. The book should prove a useful addition to the library of any scientist who needs information on the world's most advanced imaging and spectroscopic techniques.

Wigglers are the name given to so-called 'insertion devices' - used for concentrating radiation spatially for research purposes. This book contains a detailed presentation of the radiation produced by insertion devices, the engineering and the associated beamline instrumentation, along with scientific applications. Examples of the most important topics from a large variety of scientific fields are inlcuded (solid state physics, optical engineering, biomedical systems, and metrology among many others).

eBook available with sample pages: 020321823X

This book presents a comprehensive account of molecular quantum electrodynamics from the perspectives of physics and theoretical chemistry. The first part of the book establishes the essential concepts underlying classical electrodynamics, using the tools of Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics. The second part focuses on the fundamentals of quantum mechanics, particularly how they relate to, and influence, chemical and molecular processes. The special case of the Coulomb Hamiltonian (including the celebrated Born-Oppenheimer approximation) is given a modern treatment. The final part of the book is devoted to non-relativistic quantum electrodynamics and describes in detail its impact upon our understanding of atoms and molecules, and their interaction with light. Particular attention is paid to the Power-Zienau-Woolley (PZW) representations, and both perturbative and non-perturbative approaches to QED calculation are discussed. This book is ideal for graduate students and researchers in chemical and molecular physics, quantum chemistry, and theoretical chemistry.

The richly illustrated book comprehensively explains the important principles of diatomic and polyatomic molecules and their spectra in two separate, distinct parts. The first part concentrates on the theoretical aspects of molecular physics, such as the vibration, rotation, electronic states, potential curves, and spectra of molecules. The different methods of approximation for the calculation of electronic wave functions and their energy are also covered. The introduction of basics terms used in group theory and their meaning in molecular physics enables an elegant description of polyatomic molecules and their symmetries. Molecular spectra and the dynamic processes involved in their excited states are given its own chapter. The theoretical part then concludes with a discussion of the field of Van der Waals molecules and clusters.
The second part is devoted entirely to experimental techniques, such as laser, Fourier, NMR, and ESR spectroscopies, used in the fields of physics, chemistry, biology, and material science. Time-resolved measurements and the influence of chemical reactions by coherent controls are also treated. A list of general textbooks and specialized literature is provided for further reading.
With specific examples, definitions, and notes integrated within the text to aid understanding, this is suitable for undergraduates and graduates in physics and chemistry with a knowledge of atomic physics and familiar with the basics of quantum mechanics.

Hierarchical Composite Materials provides an in-depth analysis of a class of advanced composites that have properties that are anisotropic due to structural organization at different length scales. Chapters address how ordering occurs from the atomic-scale up to the microstructure and how control of these factors leads to the final materials' properties. Manufacturing procedures, properties, and applications of different functionally graded materials are discussed in detail. This book is ideal for materials scientists, mechanical engineers, chemists and physicists.

This book examines the motivation for electron scattering and develops the theoretical analysis of the process. It discusses our current theoretical understanding of the underlying structure of nuclei and nucleons at appropriate levels of resolution and sophistication, and summarizes present experimental electron scattering capabilities. Only a working knowledge of quantum mechanics and special relativity is assumed, making this a suitable textbook for graduate and advanced undergraduate courses.