The Rationale for the Present Book Perhaps the most critical problem facing present-day particle physicistsis to delineate the relationship between classical and quantum systems. This relationship has many facets. Particle-waveduality is one. The concept of the point particle is another. And theconcept of particle mass is yet another. The electron, as the lightest of the charged particles, represents a fundamental "ground state,"and many of the essential problems in the murky area between the domainsofclassical and quantum physics can be brought into focus by studyingjust this one particle. Thus the present book is centered on questions that arise in connection with the electron, and in particular with its mass, which has remained an unsolved, and indeed almost unexplored, mystery. Each student ofphysics, beginner and professional alike, has to fashion for himselfa way of thinking about the electron. If, after reading this book, the reader views this topic somewhat differently than before, the efforts of the author will have been amply rewarded. When physicists were confronted with the properties of the electron, they made a conceptualleap into the unknown: they concluded that the electron does not obey classical laws with respect to mechanics (as connected to the spin of the electron), and also with respect to electrodynamics (as connected to the magnetic moment of the electron).

This book has come into being as a result of scientific debates. And these debates have determined its structure. The first chapter is in the form of Socratic dialogues between a mathematician (MATH.), two physicists (pHYS. and EXP.) and a philosopher (PHIL.). However, although one of the authors is a theoretical physicist and the other a mathematician, the reader must not think that their opinions have been divided among the participants of the dialogues. We have tried to convey the inner tension of the topic under discussion and its openness. The attitudes of the participants reflect more the possible evaluations of the situation rather than the actual views of the authors. What is more, the subject "elementary particles" as dealt with in the 3 6 dialogue stretches over (2-3) 10 years of historical time and a space of 10 +/-1 pages of scientific literature. For this reason, a complete survey of it is un achievable. But, of course, every researcher constructs his own history of his science and sees a certain list of its main pOints. We have attempted to float several possible pictures of this kind. Therefore the fact that Math and Phys talk about the history of element ary particles is not an attempt to present the scientific history of this realm of physics.

Advanced experimental techniques make quantum optics one of the most active fields in probing the fundamental laws of quantum theory. The contributions collected in this volume, by both theoreticians and experimentalists, give an overview of the most recent developments in fundamental quantum optics. Of particular interest is the physics of cooled and trapped particles. Other topics include atomic interferometry, quantum electrodynamics in a cavity, quantum measurement and much more. The level of presentation makes this book intelligible not only to the expert but also to a wide readership from engineering and physics.

At this Obergurgl seminar, theoreticians and experimentalists discussed recent developments in laser interactions. This volume contains the texts of invited lectures and abstracts of contributed papers. The main topics discussed are: * multiphoton ionization * above-threshold ionization * collisions in strong fields * atoms in intense fields * chaos in radiative interactions * electron correlations in multiphoton processes * Rydberg atoms in external fields * other laser interactions. Thus a broad and up-to-date account of laser interactions is given which will be of interest to scientists, engineers and graduate students.

This volume comprises the recent development in the theoretical and experimental progress dedicated to trapped charged particles and related fundamental physics and applications. The content has been divided topic-wise covering basic questions of Fundamental Physics, Quantum and QED Effects, Plasmas and Collective Behavior and Anti-Hydrogen. More technical issues include Storage Ring Physics, Precision Spectroscopy and Frequency Standards, Highly Charged Ions in Traps, Traps for Radioactive Isotopes and New Techniques and Facilities. An applied aspect of ion trapping is discussed in section devoted to Applications of Particle Trapping including Quantum Information, Chemistry and Trace Analysis. Each topic has a more general introduction, but also more detailed contributions are included. A selection of contributions exemplifies the interdisciplinary nature of the research on trapped charged particles worldwide.
Reprinted from Hyperfine Interactions (HYPE) Volumes XXX

1bis text is meant to be a view of the quantum mechanical fonnalism as it develops with the successive introduction of different types oftransfonnations. In particular, it is meant to help the readers with three tasks: acquainting themselves with a general and direct approach to the quantum mechanics of spin one-half and spin-one particles, primarily leptons, photons and massive vector bosons, and to some extent quarks; finding out what some of the related areas of current research interest are; and, last and foremost, trying to understand the subject, beginning with and stressing the principles involved. The exposition is based on finite-dimensional representations of the homogeneous Lorentz group, and the subsequent introduction of gauge transformations, of the Abelian and non Abelian varieties. Reference to classical mechanics is avoided. Acting on the simple basis spinors and vectors, Lorentz transfonnations generate wave and field functions. Equations are obtained by the relativistic generalization of the addition of angular momenta, the wave or field functions being the solutions. For zero mass the equations may be obtained as the limits of the equations for the massive cases or by the application of the Euclidian group in two dimensions. The latter approach is illuminating in that it uncovers a loss in generality resulting from the former. Identifying momenta as eigenvalues of translations demonstrates covariance under the inhomogeneous Lorentz or Poincare group. Various representations of wave and field functions are given.

Interferometry, the most precise measurement technique known today, exploits the wave-like nature of the atoms or photons in the interferometer. As expected from the laws of quantum mechanics, the granular, particle-like features of the individually independent atoms or photons are responsible for the precision limit, the shot noise limit. However this "classical" bound is not fundamental and it is the aim of quantum metrology to overcome it by employing entanglement among the particles. This work reports on the realization of spin-squeezed states suitable for atom interferometry. Spin squeezing was generated on the basis of motional and spin degrees of freedom, whereby the latter allowed the implementation of a full interferometer with quantum-enhanced precision.

The discovery in 1897 of the electron, the first subatomic particle, led to rapid advances in our knowledge of atomic structure, the solid state, radioactivity and chemistry. It also raised major questions. Was the electron point-like or did it have structure? Was there a positive electron? What did the positive part of the atom look like? Did a hydrogen atom have one electron or a thousand? Published in 1906, this expository account by leading physicist Sir Oliver Lodge (1851 1940) examines the spectacular phenomena of cathode rays in evacuated tubes, the fixed units of charge observed in electrolysis, and the puzzling regularities in atomic spectra. Lodge knew most of the pioneers in the field, and his enthusiastic descriptions of their work and clear analyses of the problems as well as successes paint a vivid picture of the excitement of cutting-edge research and the scientific process in action.

In Single Molecule Studies of Proteins, expert researchers discuss the successful application of single-molecule techniques to a wide range of biological events, such as the imaging and mapping of cell surface receptors, the analysis of the unfolding and folding pathways of single proteins, the analysis interaction forces between biomolecules, the study of enzyme catalysis or the visualization of molecular motors in action. The chapters are aimed at established investigators and post-doctoral researchers in the life sciences wanting to pursue research in the various areas in which single-molecule approaches are important; this volume also remains accessible to advanced graduate students seeking similar research goals.

The book is an up-to-date, concise presentation of the development of submillimeter-wave and far-infrared astrophysics. The topics range from the large-scale atomic and molecular distribution in the Galaxy and in external galaxies to the frontal properties of molecular clouds and the details of the star-formation process. A chapter on the most recent technical advances in the field illustrates the intimate connection and interplay between scientific advancement and technological capability. The book not only summarizes the advances in the field but also presents important background information, addressing experts and graduate students alike.

On June 19th 1999, the European Ministers of Education signed the Bologna Dec laration, with which they agreed that the European university education should be uniformized throughout Europe and based on the two cycle bachelor master's sys tem. The Institute for Theoretical Physics at Utrecht University quickly responded to this new challenge and created an international master's programme in Theoret ical Physics which started running in the summer of 2000. At present, the master's programme is a so called prestige master at Utrecht University, and it aims at train ing motivated students to become sophisticated researchers in theoretical physics. The programme is built on the philosophy that modern theoretical physics is guided by universal principles that can be applied to any sub?eld of physics. As a result, the basis of the master's programme consists of the obligatory courses Statistical Field Theory and Quantum Field Theory. These focus in particular on the general concepts of quantum ?eld theory, rather than on the wide variety of possible applica tions. These applications are left to optional courses that build upon the ?rm concep tual basis given in the obligatory courses. The subjects of these optional courses in clude, for instance, Strongly Correlated Electrons, Spintronics, Bose Einstein Con densation, The Standard Model, Cosmology, and String Theory.

This book provides an up-to-date overview of the Moessbauer effect in physics, chemistry, electrochemistry, catalysis, biology, medicine, geology, mineralogy, archaeology and materials science. Coverage details the most recent developments of the technique especially in the fields of nanoparticles, thin films, surfaces, interfaces, magnetism, experimentation, theory, medical and industrial applications and Mars exploration.

Ion implantation offers one of the best examples of a topic that starting from the basic research level has reached the high technology level within the framework of microelectronics. As the major or the unique procedure to selectively dope semiconductor materials for device fabrication, ion implantation takes advantage of the tremendous development of microelectronics and it evolves in a multidisciplinary frame. Physicists, chemists, materials sci entists, processing, device production, device design and ion beam engineers are all involved in this subject. The present monography deals with several aspects of ion implantation. The first chapter covers basic information on the physics of devices together with a brief description of the main trends in the field. The second chapter is devoted to ion im planters, including also high energy apparatus and a description of wafer charging and contaminants. Yield is a quite relevant is sue in the industrial surrounding and must be also discussed in the academic ambient. The slowing down of ions is treated in the third chapter both analytically and by numerical simulation meth ods. Channeling implants are described in some details in view of their relevance at the zero degree implants and of the available industrial parallel beam systems. Damage and its annealing are the key processes in ion implantation. Chapter four and five are dedicated to this extremely important subject.

THE EURATOM WORKING GROUP ON REACTOR DOSIMETRY AND THE ASTM-EURATOM SYMPOSIA The Euratom Working Group on Reactor Dosimetry (EWGRD) started around 1960 with members having been nominated by the governments, from each European la boratory working in reactor physics and technology. The goal was to exchange di rectly experience and know-how in reactor dosimetry and related programmes. A need for normalisation was felt in order to guarantee that: the same nuclear data is used; measurements in different laboratories give the same results (need for in tercalibration experiments and standards); results are expressed such that a com parison with results from other laboratories is possible. In sub-groups, specific arguments were discussed resulting in final recommenda tions. These final recommendations were then discussed in a plenary meeting and accepted as a recommendation for European usage. Several of these recommenda tions were published, e.g. radiation damage dosimetry guidebooks, and a nuclear data guidebook. Also a programme, executed by the BCMN GEEL, for the produc tion and selling of Reference Materials for Neutron Dosimetry is sponsored by the EWGRD. Workshops in the field of radiation damage and on the pressure vessel steels programme in Europe were successfully organised. The group works in close contact with ASTM (American Society for Testing of Mate rials). Altogether seven symposia were jointly organized, and held, alternatively in Europe and USA. The next symposium, the eighth, will be organized by ASTM in 1993 in the USA.

The study of the vibrations of polyatomic molecules has recently turned into one of the most widespread and powerful methods of studying molecular structure. These vibrations ap pear directly in the infrared absorption spectra and Raman spectra of gases, liquids, and solids. A measurement of the number of bands in addition to their positions (frequencies or wavelengths) offers the possibility of obtaining a great deal of important information regarding the geometric and mechanical properties of the molecules, the types of chemical bonds, and so forth. It is now quite difficult to list the vast number of specific problems solved by measuring vibrational fre quencies. As a result of the successful development of research methods and the widespread applica tion of vibrational spectra in analyzing the structures of molecules and the constitution of ma terials, it now becomes necessary to develop the theory of molecular vibrations further. Existing theory, of course, is based on the assumption of the harmonicity of molecular vi brations, which, strictly speaking, is not justified experimentally. The anharmonicity of the molecular vibrations has therefore to be taken into account by introducing appropriate approxi mations. Thus, in carrying out calculations on the vibrations of polyatomic molecules, one uses the force constants calculated from the observed frequency values. However, as a result of the anharmonicity of the vibrations, the values of the observed frequencies differ from the harmonic values, and the force constants used therefore differ from the true ones, i. e.

This book gathers the proceedings of The Hadron Collider Physics Symposia (HCP) 2005, and reviews the state-of-the-art in the key physics directions of experimental hadron collider research. Topics include QCD physics, precision electroweak physics, c-, b-, and t-quark physics, physics beyond the Standard Model, and heavy ion physics. The present volume serves as a reference for everyone working in the field of accelerator-based high-energy physics.

The NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Fundamental Aspects of Inert Gases in Solids, held at Bonas, France from 16-22 September 1990, was the fifth in a series of meetings that have been held in this topic area since 1979. The Consultants' Meeting in that year at Harwell on Rare Gas Behaviour in Metals and Ionic Solids was followed in 1982 by the Jiilich Inter national Symposium on Fundamental Aspects of Helium in Metals. Two smaller meetings have followed-a CECAM organised workshop on Helium Bubbles in Metals was held at Orsay, France in 1986 while in February 1989, a Topical Symposium on Noble Gases in Metals was held in Las Vegas as part of the large TMS/AIME Spring Meeting. As is well known, the dominating feature of inert gas atoms in most solids is their high heat of solution, leading in most situations to an essentially zero solubility and gas-atom precipita tion. In organising the workshop, one particular aim was to target the researchers in the field of inert-gas/solid interactions from three different areas--namely metals, tritides and nuclear fuels-in order to encourage and foster the cross-fertilisation of approaches and ideas. In these three material classes, the behaviour of inert gases in metals has probably been most studied, partly from technological considerations-the effects of helium production via (n, a) reac tions during neutron irradiation are of importance, particularly in a fusion reactor environ ment-and partly from a more fundamental viewpoint."

This volume contains the papers presented at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Localization and Propagation o[ Classical Waves in Random and Periodic Media held in Aghia Pelaghia, Heraklion, Crete, May 26- 30, 1992. The workshop's goal was to bring together theorists and experimentalists from two related areas, localization and photonic band gaps, to highlight their common interests. The objectives of the workshop were (i) to assess the state of-the-art in experimental and theoretical studies of structures exhibiting classical wave band gaps and/or localization, (ii) to discuss how such structures can be fabricated to improve technologies in different areas of physics and engineering, and (iii) to identify problems and set goals for further research. Studies of the propagation of electromagnetic (EM) waves in periodic and/or disordered dielectric structures (photonic band gap structures) have been and continue to be a dynamic area of research. Anderson localization of EM waves in disordered dielectric structures is of fundamental interest where the strong ei-ei interaction efFects entering the eIectron-localization are absent.

While electromagnetic interactions were first used to probe the structure of elementary particles more than 20 years ago, their importance has only become fully evident in the last 10 years. In the resonance region, photo production experiments have provided clear evidence for simple quark model ideas, and confirmed the Melosh-transformed SU(6)w as a relevant symmetry classification. At higher energies, their most striking feature is their similarity to hadron-induced reactions, and they have provided fresh insight into the ideas developed to explain strong-interaction physics. New dimensions are added by taking the photon off mass shell, both in the spacelike region, where the development of high-energy electron and muon beams has led to the discovery and study of scaling and the intro duction of "partons," and even more dramatically in the timelike region, where the development of high-energy electron-positron storage rings has led to the exciting discoveries of the last four years. In view of the immense interest stimulated by these developments, an extensive review of our present state of knowledge is both timely and useful. Because of the very wide range of the subject, a cooperative venture presents itself as the most suitable format and is the one we have adopted here. The emphasis throughout is primarily, but not entirely, on phenomenology, concentrating on describing the main features of the experimental data and on the theoretical ideas used directly in their inter pretation."