This book is the result of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop held in Vimeiro, Portugal, in May 1992. The objectives of this Workshop were: i) to promote exchange of knowledge between experts in various fields of discharge modeling, plasma diagnostics and microwave plasma applications; ii) to assess the state-of-the-art in this field from a multidisciplinary viewpoint; iii) to identify basic points needing clarification and to estab- lish basic guidelines for future research; iv) to compare the properties of microwave dis- charges to those of RF discharges, as plasma sources for specific applications. Most of the contributors to this book are well known scientists in the field of mi- crowave discharge sources, modeling, diagnostics and applications. The book provides an up-to-date review in this field which should be useful for both the fundamentalists and those using these systems in applications such as surface treatment and elemental analysis. We are gmteful to a number of organizations for providing the fmancial assistance that made the Workshop possible. Foremost is the NATO Scientific Affairs Division, which provided the major contribution for the Workshop. In addition, the following Por- tuguese sources made contributions: Instituto Nacional de Investiga~iio Cientifica, Junta Nacional de Investiga~iio Cientifica e Tecnologica, Centro de Electrodinamica da Univer- sidade Tecnica de Lisboa, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Banco Nacional Ultmmarino, and Regiiio de Turismo do Oeste.

There has been a steady advance of the atomic and molecular many-body methodology over the last few years, with a concomitant development of versatile computer codes. Understanding and interpretation of electronic structural features and the associated spectroscopic properties via many-body techniques are becoming competitive with those obtained with the traditional formalisms. Since the many-body techniques are not yet a part of the repertoire of the "black-box tools" of electronic structure and spectroscopy, it seems worthwhile to take stock now of the recent progress in certain selected areas. The present volume is more in the nature of proceedings of a "Paper Symposium," rather than of one which actually took place. We did organize in Calcutta, between December 10 and 12, 1990, a small meeting on Applied Many-Body Methods to Spectroscopy and Electronic Structure, jointly organized by the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science and the S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences. Several leading practitioners were invited, among which some could not come for various reasons.

By providing the reader with a foundational background in high spin nuclear structure physics and exploring exciting current discoveries in the field, this book presents new phenomena in a clear and compelling way. The quest for achieving the highest spin states has resulted in some remarkable successes which this monograph will address in comprehensive detail. The text covers an array of pertinent subject matter, including the rotational alignment and bandcrossings, magnetic rotation, triaxial strong deformation and wobbling motion and chirality in nuclei. This book offers a clearly-written and up-to-date treatment of the topics covered. The prerequisites for a proper appreciation are courses in nuclear physics and nuclear models and measurement techniques of observables like gamma-ray energies, intensities, multi-fold coincidences, angular correlations or distributions, linear polarization, internal conversion coefficients, short lifetime (pico-second range) of excited states etc. and instrumentation and data analysis methods.

The 12th Winter Workshop on Nuclear Dynamics carried on the tradition, started in 1978, of bringing together scientists working in all regimes of nuclear dynamics. This broad range of related topics allows the researcher attending the Workshop to be exposed to work that normally would be considered outside his/her field, but could po tentially add a new dimension to the understanding of his/her work. At Snowbird, we brought together experimentalists working with heavy ion beams from 10 MeV/nucleon up to 200 GeV /nucleon and theoretical physicists working in diverse areas ranging from antisymmetrized fermionic dynamics to perturbative quantum chromo dynamics. Fu ture work at RHIC was discussed also, with presentations from several of the experimen tal groups. In addition, several talks addressed issues of cross-disciplinary relevance, from the study of water-drop-collisions, to the multi-fragmentation of buckyballs. Clearly the field of nuclear dynamics has a bright future. The understanding of the nuclear equation of state in all of its manifestations is being expanded on all fronts both theoretically and experimentally. Future Workshops on Nuclear Dynamics will certainly have much progress to report. Gary D. Westfall Wolfgang Bauer Michigan State Universzty v PREVIOUS WORKSHOPS The following table contains a list of the dates and locations of the previous Winter Workshops on Nuclear Dynamics as well as the members of the organizing committees. The chairpersons of the conferences are underlined."

Commencing with a self-contained overview of atomic collision theory, this monograph presents recent developments of R-matrix theory and its applications to a wide-range of atomic molecular and optical processes. These developments include the electron and photon collisions with atoms, ions and molecules which are required in the analysis of laboratory and astrophysical plasmas, multiphoton processes required in the analysis of superintense laser interactions with atoms and molecules and positron collisions with atoms and molecules required in antimatter studies of scientific and technologial importance. Basic mathematical results and general and widely used R-matrix computer programs are summarized in the appendices.

The International Workshop on Quantum Communications and Measurement was held at the University of Nottingham from July 10-16, 1994. It followed the successful meeting on Quantum Aspects of Optical Communications in Paris in November 1990. This time the conference was devoted to mathematical, physical and engineering aspects of quantum noise, signal processing and quantum informa tion in open systems, quantum channels, and optical communications. It brought research workers in the experimental and engineering aspects of quantum optics and communication systems into contact with theoreticians working in quantum probability and measurement theory. The workshop was attended by more than 130 participants from 22 different countries. The largest groups after the UK (31)] were from Japan (19) and from Russia (14). The subjects discussed included the mathematical foundations of quantum communication systems, experiments and devices, the problem of collapse and continuous measurement, quantum input and output processes, causality and nondemolition observation, squeezed states, quan tum jumps, state diffusion and spontaneous localization, filtering and control in quantum systems, and new quantum optical phenomena and effects, including non classical light. These new mathematical and physical ideas were stimulated by recent advances in generation and detection of light with low quantum noise and the development of techniques for trapping a single atom over an extended period of time, making it possible to observe individual quantum phenomena at the macroscopic level."

Developed from the Global Foundation's International Conference on Environment and Nuclear Energy, held in October 1997, this volume examines the impact of nuclear energy on regional and global environmental issues under a variety of scenarios. These include competition in deregulated energy environments, constraints levied upon use of fossil energy, and possible expansion of nuclear power into energy sectors beyond the generation of electricity, process heat, and fuels production. It also assesses the overall role of nuclear energy in meeting future energy needs arising from growing world populations and economic development.

The second course of the International School on the Physics of Exotic Atoms took place at the "Ettore Majorana" Center for Scien tific Culture, Erice, Sicily, during the period from March 25 to April 5, 1979. It was attended by 40 participants from 23 insti tutes in 8 countries. The purpose of the course was to review the various aspects of the physics of exotic atoms, with particular emphasis on the re sults obtained in the last two years, i.e., after the first course of the School (Erice, April 24-30, 1977). The course dealt with two main topics, A) Exotic atoms and fundamental interactions and B) Applications to the study of the structure of matter. One of the aims of the course was to offer an opportunity for the exchange of experiences between scientists working in the two fields. In view of this, the lectures in the morning discussed the more general arguments in a common session, whereas the more specialized topics were treated in the afternoon, in two parallel sections. Section A was organized around four main subjects, briefly pos itronium and muonium, quarkonium, baryonium and neutral currents in atomic physics. In addition various progresses were reported in muon and antiproton physics."

This volume contains the papers presented during the Energy Session of the first Orbis Scientiae of the Center for Theoretical Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida. With this first Orbis, which met January 7- 11, 1974, the Center for Theoretical Studies has inaugurated a new series of annual gather- ings devoted to the natural sciences and to problems on the "interface" of science and society. This volume contains, in addition, a contribution by Behram Kursunoglu on the "Energy Black Hole", which was not actually presented during the Orbis. The content of the talks present~d ranged over a wide variety of topics in the fields of future energy needs and resources. Special thanks are due to Mrs. Helga Billings, Miss Sara Lesser, and Mrs. Jacquelyn Zagursky for the typing of the manuscript and for their efficient and cheerful attention to the details of the conference. THE EDITORS v CONTENTS OPENING REMARKS Edwa. fLd Te. . t. te. fL...1 FUTURE ENERGY FROM FOSSIL FUELS GaILY H...Lg g~Yz. . 6 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 7 * * * * * SOLAR ENERGY, ITS CONVERSION AND UTILIZATION EfL. . [c. h A. F a. fLb e. fL. * * * * * . . * . . * * * * .

This series, Finite Systems and Multiparticle Dynamics, is intended to provide timely reviews of current research topics, written in a style sufficiently pedagogic so as to allow a nonexpert to grasp the underlying ideas as well as understand technical details. The series is an outgrowth of our involvement with three interdis ciplinary activities, namely, those arising from the American Physical Society's Topical Group on Few Body Systems and Multiparticle Dynam ics, the series of Gordon Research Conferences first known by the title "Few Body Problems in Chemistry and Physics" and later renamed "Dynamics of Simple Systems in Chemistry and Physics," and the series of Sanibel Symposia, sponsored in part by the University of Florida. The vitality of these activities and the enthusiastic response to them by researchers in various subfields of physics and chemistry have convinced us that there is a place--even a need-for a series of timely reviews on topics of interest not only to a narrow band of experts but also to a broader, interdisciplinary readership. It is our hope that the emphasis on pedagogy will permit at least some of the books in the series to be useful in graduate-level courses. Rather than use the adjective "Few-Body" or "Simple" to modify the word "Systems" in the title, we have chosen "Finite. " It better expresses the wide range of systems with which the reviews of the series may deal.

This book contains the transcripts of the lectures presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute on "Electrons in Finite and Infinite Structures," held at the State University of Ghent, Belgium, August 30-September 11, 1976. Over the last few years substantial progress has been made in the description and the understanding of the behavior of electrons in extended bodies. This includes the study of the energy spectrum of electrons in large molecules, perfect as well as imperfect crys tals, and disordered alloys. Not only local potential techniques but also the many-body aspects are discussed in detail. As atomic, molecular, and solid state physics involve common techniques and insights, we believe that physicists and chemists active in these fields have benefited from these lectures and the interchange of ideas during the course. The aim of the Institute was to familiarize young scientists in the field with the current state of the art and to indicate in which areas advances may be expected in the near future. The A.S.I. consisted of two parts: detailed instructional and review lectures over the whole period and some evening sessions where the partici pants were offered the opportunity to present their own work and discuss their ideas with senior scientists. Since the Institute took place a few weeks after Prof. Dr. John C. Slater was suddenly taken from our scientific community, it was a great honor for us to dedicate this course, on behalf of the organizing committee, to the late John C. Slater."

The present review volume not only covers a wide range of topics pertinent to nuclear science and technology, but has attracted a distinguished international authorship, for which the editors are grateful. The opening review by Drs. Janet Tawn and Richard Wakeford addresses the difficult matter of questioning sci- tific hypotheses in a court of law. The United Kingdom experienced a substantial nuclear accident in the 1950s in the form of the Windscale Pile fire. This in itself had both good and bad consequences; the setting up of a licensing authority to ensure nuclear safety was one, the understandable public sentiment concerning nuclear power (despite the fire occurring in a weapons pile) the other. Windscale today is subsumed in the reprocessing plant at Sellafield operated by British Nuclear Fuels plc and it was inevitable perhaps that when an excess cluster of childhood leukaemia was observed in the nearby village of Seascale that public concern should be promoted by the media, leading to the hearing of a claim of compensation brought on behalf of two of the families of BNFLs workers who had suffered that loss. The review article demonstrates the complexity of und- standing such a claim against the statistical fluctuations inherent and shows how the courts were persuaded of the need to propose a biological mechanism if responsibility were to be held. The Company were undoubtedly relieved by the finding.

The NATO Advanced Summer Institute 1978 was held at Karlsruhe from Sept. 4 to Sept. 16. The title of the school "New Phenomena in Lepton and Hadron Physics" relates to the present very exciting phase in particle physics. An impressive amount of experimental data has been collected in support of a fundamental new picture of the subnuclear world, - a picture which has found its theoretical formulation in Que tum Chromodynamics and Gau theories. It is a general philosophy of the ASI to address the courses mainly to young and learning scientists, hence our major objective was to offer systematic reviews of both, the experimental situa tion and the basic theoretical concepts of the field. This volume contains the written versions of the major lectures delivered during the course. In addition several lectures and seminars had been scheduled in which also more original and specialized subjects were discus sed by invited speakers and participants of the school. Not all of these contributions are contained in this book."

Nuclear reactions at energies near and below the Coulomb barrier have found much interest since unexpectedly large cross sections of fusion for heavy ions were discovered around 1980. This book covers the more important experimental and theoretical aspects such as sub-barrier fusion, sub- and near-barrier transfer, couplings of various reaction channels, neck-formation, the threshold anomaly, spin distributions and fusion of polarized ions. The symposium also included a session devoted to mass spectrometry for fast reaction products.

This is a comprehensive overview of the information yielded by electroweak probes about the nuclear- and subnuclear-scale structure of matter. Lepton-induced processes from low energy through to the highest energies are considered. The first three lectures review electromagneticprocesses in hadrons; others cover the properties of partons, the behaviour of the constituents of the hadron, muon and neutrino scattering etc. An introduction to electroweak theory including the status of precision tests and data analyses is given along with a report on the first results from HERA. The lecturers have endeavoured to achieve a balance between scientific and didactic aspects thus making the book accessible also to students of nuclear and particle physics.

This brief investigates the diradical character, which is one of the ground-state chemical indices for "bond weakness" or "electron correlation" and which allows researchers to explore the origins of the electron-correlation-driven physico-chemical phenomena concerned with electronic, optical and magnetic properties as well as to control them in the broad fields of physics and chemistry. It then provides the theoretical fundamentals of ground and excited electronic structures of symmetric and asymmetric open-shell molecular systems by using model molecular systems. Moreover, it presents the theoretical design guidelines for a new class of open-shell singlet molecular systems for nonlinear optics (NLO) and singlet fission.

Frank Close, a leading physicist and talented popular science writer, reveals the true story of the cold fusion controversy--a story ignored until now in spite of the glare of publicity surrounding Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons. On March 23, 1989, these two Utah scientists held an astonishing press conference, maintaining that they had succeeded, working in secret, in harnessing atomic fusion. What was the basis for their claims to have achieved cold fusion in a test tube in a basement laboratory, while other scientists--using magnets as big as houses and temperatures hotter than those in the center of the sun--were failing to produce as much power as they were using? Why did Fleischmann and Pons proclaim their "discovery" at a news conference, when first announcements of scientific results are almost always made within the scientific community? Why did the full-blown media event inspired by their initial report cause governments to reorient their research programs in hopes of cornering the "new technology"? And why did some scientists recklessly abandon their traditional painstaking methods in haste to be first to prove or discredit the experiment? Acquainted at first hand with investigations of cold fusion on two continents, Close is uniquely qualified to probe the motivations behind Fleischmann's and Pons's startling assertions and to explore the intellectual and political turmoil that surrounded the cold fusion debate.

Originally published in 1991.

The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

This book resulted from the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on "Electron Kinetics and Applications of Glow Discharges," held in St. Petersburg, Russia, on May 19-23, 1997. Glow discharges have found widespread applications in many technological processes from the manufacture of semiconductors, to recent developments in na- technology, to the traditional fields of gas lasers, and discharge lamps. Consequently, the interest in the physics of glow discharges has experienced yet another resurgence of interest. While the non-equilibrium character of glow discharges is widely accepted, the opinion still prevails that the main features can be captured by fluid models, and that kinetic treatments are only required for the understanding of subtle details. The erroneousness of this belief is demonstrated by the failure of fluid models to describe many basic features of glow discharges such as, for instance, electrode phenomena, striations, and collisionless heating effects. An adequate description of glow discharges thus has to be of kinetic nature.

In this text the author gives a rather complete account of the available experimental information on neutral current reactions as predicted by the standard theory of electroweak interactions. The data, which range from atomic parity violation to the discovery of the W and Z bosons, impressively support the theory as formulated by Glashow, Weinberg and Salam. The experimental data are critically reviewed and related to the standard theory, whose formal essentials are presented in a transparent way. A complete compilation is given of precision measurements of the Weinberg angle. Special attention is paid to high energy electron-positron experiments at PEP and PETRA leading to the most precise value of the Weinberg angle so far made from such experiments. Latest results from the high-statistics deep-inelastic neutrino scattering experiments have been included along with recent measurements of neutrino electron scattering, data and analysis for polarized-electron nucleon scattering, polarized-muon scattering, atomic parity violation and proton-antiproton experiments establishing the nature of the intermediate bosons.

This series, Finite Systems and Multipartide Dynamics, is intended to provide timely reviews of current research topics, written in a style sufficient ly pedagogic so as to allow a nonexpert to grasp the underlying ideas as well as understand technical details. The series is an outgrowth of our involvement with three interdisciplin ary activities, namely, those arising from the American Physical Society's Topical Group on Few-Body Systems and Multipartide Dynamics, the series of Gordon Research Conferences first known by the title "Few-Body Problems in Chemistry and Physics" and later renamed "Dynamics of Simple Systems in Chemistry and Physics," and the series of Sanibel Symposia, sponsored in part by the University of Florida. The vitality of these activities and the enthusiastic response to them by researchers in various subfields of physics and chemistry have convinced us that there is a place-even a need-for a series of timely reviews on topics of interest not only to a narrow band of experts but also to a broader, interdisciplinary readership. lt is our hope that the emphasis on pedagogy will permit at least some of the books in the series to be useful in graduate-level courses. Rather than use the adjective "Few-Body" or "Simple" to modify the word "Systems" in the title, we have chosen "Finite. " It better expresses the wide range of systems with which the reviews of the series may deal.

Since its initiation in 1962, this series has presented authoritative reviews of the most important developments in nuclear science and engineering, from both theoretical and applied perspectives. In addition, many original contributions are included.

This volume of Advances in Nuclear Physics addresses two very different frontiers of contemporary nuclear physics - one highly theoretical and the other solidly phenomenological. The first article by Matthias Burkardt provides a pedagogical overview of the timely topic of light front quantization. Although introduced decades ago by Dirac, light front quantization has been a central focus in theoretical - clear and particle physics in recent years for two majorreasons. The first, as discussed in detail by Burkardt, is that light-cone coordinates are the natural coordinates for describing high-energy scattering. The wealth of data in recent years on nucleon and nucleus structure functions from high-energy lepton and hadron scattering thus provides a strong impetus for understanding QCD on the light cone. Second, as theorists have explored light front quantization, a host of deep and intriguing theoretical questions have arisen associated with the triviality of the vacuum, the role of zero modes, rotational invariance, and renormalization. These issues are so compelling that they are now intensively investigated on their own merit, independent of the particular application to high-energy scattering. This article provides an excellent introduction and overview of the motivation from high-energy scattering, an accessible - scription of the basic ideas, an insightful discussion of the open problems, and a helpful guide to the specialized literature. It is an ideal opportunity for those with a spectator's acquaintance to develop a deeper understanding of this important field.

Some countries have moved beyond the design and operation of nuclear electricity generating systems to confronting the issue of nuclear waste disposal, whole others are still committed to further nuclear facility construction. Volume 24 chronicles these key developments and examines nuclear reactor accidents at Chernobyl, Bhopal, and TMI. The text also analyzes current international knowledge of neutron interactions; deterministic methods based on mean values for assessing radiation distributions; practical applications of the TIBERE models to explicit computation of leakage terms in realistic reactor geometry; and a technique to deal with the issues of finance, risk assessment, and public perception.

During the last two decades the experimental investigation of atomic coherence phenomena has made rapid progress. Detailed studies have been performed of angular correlations, spin polarization effects, angular momen tum transfer, and the alignment parameters which characterize the charge cloud of excited atoms. The enormous growth in the number of these investigations was made possible through substantial development and application of new experimental technology, the development of sophisti cated theoretical models and numerical methods, and a fine interplay between theory and experiment. This interplay has resulted in a deeper understanding of the physical mechanisms of atomic collision processes. It is the purpose of the chapters in this book to provide introductions for nonspecialists to the various fields of this area as well as to present new experimental and theoretical results and ideas. The interest in spin-dependent interactions in electron-atom scattering has a long history; it dates back to the early investigations of Mott in 1929. While the more traditional measurements in this field were concerned with the determination of spin polarization and asymmetries, the range of investi gations has been expanded enormously during the last few years and now includes many observables sensitive to one or more of the various spin dependent interactions. The understanding of these effects requires a theoretical description of the orientation and alignment parameters of the target atoms, of the forma tion of resonances, of the influence of electron-exchange processes, and of the relativistic interactions inside the atom and between projectile and target."