"Nuclear Electrodynamics" quantitatively describes both nuclear electromagnetic properties and processes of the electromagnetic interaction.The main emphasis is on the derivation of basic equations. The book is intended for both theorists and experimentalists specializing in this field. Contents: - Introduction - Electromagnetic Multipole Moments - Interaction Between Nuclei and Electromagnetic Radiation - Electron-Nucleus Interaction (Elastic and Inelastic Scattering) - Electron-Nucleus Interaction (Nuclear Electrodisintegration and Inclusive Processes) - Electromagnetic Interaction between Heavy Charged Particles and Nuclei - References - Subject Index

The Workshop N* Physics and non-perturbative QeD was held at the Eu ropean Center for Theoretical Studies and Related Areas (ECT*) in Trento, Italy, during May 18-29, 1998. Previous workshops of the series on N* Physics took place at the Florida State University (1994), at CEBAF (1995), at the Institute for Nuclear Theory in Seattle (1996) and at the George Washington University (1997). The Workshop was devoted to a summary of recent experimental and the oretical research on N* phsyics and special emphasis was given to the infor mation that photo-and electro-production of nucleon resonances can provide on the non-perturbative regime of Quantum Chromodynamics. The idea was to stimulate discussions among experimentalists and theoreticians in order to pursue the interpretation of the huge amount of forthcoming data from several laboratories in the world. It was therefore decided to have both experimental and theoretical lectures on the main topics, like, among the others, single and double pion production, TJ-and K-meson production, the GDH sum rule, the spin of the proton, etc. Thanks to the unusual two-week extension of the Work shop, the allotted time for the lectures was extended up to one hour in order to allow the invited lecturers to give a detailed presentation of their topics. Fi nally, various short contributions were selected to sharpen the discussion about selected items."

In these days of specialization it is important to bring together physicists working in diverse areas to exchange and share their ideas and excitement. This leads to cross-fertilization of ideas, and it enriches, as in biological systems, a specialized field with new strength, development and direction derived from another area. Although this might be an uncommon thing, it is an important step in our under standing of the physical world around us, which is, after aIl, the main purpose of physics. The seed for this conference was really sowed when one of us (MB) and Mr. Manngard showed some a-scattering data at backward angles to FBM one summer about four years ago. That occasion led to a long research collaboration between the Abo Akademi physicists and other scientists in several countries. The actual idea to explore the possibility of holding a conference, however, crystallized in the summer of 1989 during a visit of FBM to Abo Akademi. The final decision to organize a conference was made after MB visited Profes sor Ben Mottelson in Copenhagen and Professor Anagnostatos in Athens. At this point it was recognized that there are similarities as weIl as differences between clustering phenomena in nuclei and systems consisting of atoms. It was therefore conjectured that it could be very stimulating to bring together these groups to exchange their ideas and to leam from each other's fields. A conference along these lines, we hoped, would contribute to an increased mutual understanding."

Electron spin relaxation has established itself as an important experimental method for studying the details of molecular motion in liquids, and as a harsh testing ground for theoreticians. The theo retical difficulties are connected with the complexity of the mole cular motion, and the theoretical interest lies not only in its im portant consequences for the interpretation of experiments, but also in the fascination of a system in which a well-defined quantum me chanical component is in interaction with a complex quasi-classical environment. It is because the theories are concerned with such dissimilar but connected systems that the techniques involved are so numerous. Many of the standard manipulations of quantum mechanics must be brought to bear, and at the same time they must be combined with statistical techniques which are often of considerable sophis tication. The purpose of this volume is to present a survey of these techniques and their application to spin relaxation problems. No single volume can be exhaustive, but we believe that the contri butions to this volume are sufficiently broad to show how those who are concerned with spin relaxation problems think about the subject and circumvent, or expose, its difficulties. The first few Chapters (I-V) review the basic quantum mechani cal and statistical manipulations which are often used."

As much by chance as by design, the present volume comes closer to having a single theme than any of our earlier volumes. That theme is the properties of nuclear strength functions or, alternatively, the problem of line spreading. The line spreading or strength function concepts are essential for the nucleus because of its many degrees of freedom. The description of the nucleus is approached by using model wave functions-for example, the shell model or the collective model-in which one has truncated the number of degrees of freedom. The question then is how closely do the model wave functions correspond to the actual nuclear wave functions which enjoy all the degrees of freedom of the nuclear Hamiltonian? More precisely, one views the model wave functions as vectors in a Hilbert space and one views the actual wave functions as vectors spanning another, larger Hilbert space. Then the question is: how is a single-model wave function (or vector) spread among the vectors corresponding to the actual wave functions? As an example we consider a model state which is a shell-model wave function with a single nucleon added to a closed shell. Such a model state is called a single-particle wave function. At the energy of the single-particle waVe function one of the actual nuclear wave functions may resemble the single-particle wave function closely.

A wide range of atomic and solid state phenomena is studied today by means of x-ray excitation or inner-shell ionization, as this volume strikingly illustrates. The strong link between these two fields of investigation is partly the result of the extensive developments within each and also largely due to the broad variety of theoretical and experimental techniques now available. All im portant recent advances are to be found highlighted here; most are substantially reviewed. Two dominant research threads are evident in, the chapters of this book. While clearly distinguishable, they are inescapably en twined. One is concerned with x-ray processes as probes for the study of solid-state effects, the other with the measurement and interpretation of inner-shell and bremsstrahlung processes in iso lated systems. In the first, a given material is made the target in an x-ray tube; in the second, free atoms form the target while a solid material can be used when the effect of the solid environ ment on the excitation processes is negligible. Thus, although inner-shell ionization is predominantly concerned with atoms and x-ray processes with the solid state, there are large regions of overlap which have arisen when a given research technique has de veloped from studies in both areas. To bring out these features we have arranged the chapters in the order: atomic, solid-state, chemical."

This book provides a thorough and comprehensive introduction to the physics of molecules and clusters in intense laser fields. It covers both theoretical and experimental aspects of the subject, and presents new research in the area of clusters in intense laser fields. Topics covered include coherent control, diatomic and polyatomic molecules, and femtosecond pulse production and diagnostics. Written by leading researchers in the field, this book will be of interest to graduate students and researchers in atomic, molecular and optical physics. It will also be suitable as a reference text for advanced physics courses.

This book describes the theory of how processes on the unobservable molecular scale give rise to observable effects such as diffusion and electrical noise on the macroscopic or laboratory scale. It puts the modern theory into historical context, and features new applications, statistical mechanics derivations, and the mathematical background of the topic.

Research on photon and electron collisions with atomic and molecular targets and their ions has seen a rapid increase in interest, both experimentally and theoretically, in recent years. This is partly because these processes provide an ideal means of investigating the dynamics of many particle systems at a fundamental level and partly because their detailed understanding is required in many other fields, particularly astrophysics, plasma physics and controlled thermonuclear fusion, laser physics, atmospheric processes, isotope separation, radiation physics and chemistry and surface science. In recent years a number of important advances have been made, both on the experimental side and on the theoretical side. On the experimental side these include absolute measurements of cross sections, experiments using coincidence techniques, the use of polarised beams and targets, the development of very high energy resolution electron beams, the use of synchrotron radiation sources and ion storage rings, the study of laser assisted atomic collisions, the interaction of super-intense lasers with atoms and molecules and the increasing number of studies using positron beams.

The present volume reaffirms nuclear physics as an experimental science since the authors are primarily experimentalists and since the treatment of the topics might be said to be "experimental." (This is no reflection on the theoretical competence of any of the authors.) The subject of high-spin phenomena in heavy nuclei has grown much beyond the idea of "backbending" which gave such an impetus to its study five years ago. It is a rich, new field to which Lieder and Ryde have contributed greatly. The article "Valence and Doorway Mechanisms in Resonance Neutron Capture" is, in contradistinction, an article pertaining to one of the oldest branches of nuclear physics-and it brings back one of our previous authors. The Doppler-shift method, reviewed by Alexander and Forster, is one of the important new experimental techniques that emerged in the previous decade. This review is intended, deliberately, to describe thoroughly a classic technique whose elegance epitomizes much of the fascination which nuclear physics techniques have held for a generation of scientists. This volume concludes the work on the Advances in Nuclear Physics series of one of the editors (M. Baranger), whose judgment and style characterize that which is best in the first ten volumes. Many of our readers and most of our authors will be grateful for the high standards which marked his contributions and which often elicited extra labor from the many authors of the series.

This volume contains the proceedings of the "International Conference on Spin Excitations in Nuclei" held in Telluride, Colo rado, March 25-27, 1982. The motivation for the conference was, in a large part due to the recent development of new variable energy accelerators which produce high quality beams of electrons, protons, and pions that are providing the first precise information on spin excitations in nuclei over a large range of spin and mass. In the past such data had been restricted primarily to light nuclei and were generally resolution limited. Perhaps, the most exciting new result has been the clear observation of the elusive spin-dipole strength (Gamow Teller and Ml) in medium and heavy mass nuclei through the use of the (p, n) and (p, p') reactions at or near zero degrees with 100-200 MeV incident protons. Energy dependence in the isovector parts of the nucleon-nucleon interaction make the 100-200 MeV energy region particularly appropriate for such studies. The clean data from (e, e'), ('IT, 'IT'), (p, p'), and (p, n) on high spin "stretched" states which have particularly simple structure has also been quite impor tant. The recent results contain important new information on the nature of the spin dependent forces in nuclei. These in turn are inherently related to the properties of the nuclear mesonic field and the underlying quantum chromodynamics."

The Workshop on Radiative Corrections: Results and Perspectives was held at the University of Sussex in fine weather between July 9 and 14 1989. The Workshop was weIl timed: the day after its concluding session the first beam at LEP was circulated. The Original aims of the Workshop were twofold: first to review the existing theoretical work on electroweak radiative corrections in the light of the initial experiments at SLC and LEP, and to attempt to obtain a consensus on the best means of carrying out the calculations of the various processes. This aim became Working Group A on Renormalisation Schemes tor Electroweak Radiative Corrections. The second aim was to review the experimental implementation of radiative corrections and this became Working Group B. Here the problem was to obtain a consensus on the use of Monte Carlo event generators. At the time (March 1987) when Friedrich Dydak wrote to one of us (ND) to suggest a Workshop on the subject of electroweak radiative corrections to take place just before experiments at LEP were to begin, the main theoretical problem was that there was no agreement among theorists on the use of a specific renormalization scheme. Similarly, it was already becoming clear that it was going to be very difficult to compare the experimental results of different groups because they would use different event generators and experimental cuts of their data.

The 1985 Summer School on Nuclear Dynamics, organized by the Nuclear Physics Division of the Netherlands' Physical Society, was the sixth in a series that started in 1963. This year's topic has been nuclear dynamics rather than nuclear structure as in the foregoing years. This change reflects a shift in focus to nuclear processes at higher energy, or, more generally, to nuclear processes under less traditional circumstances. For many years nuclear physics has been restricted to the domain of the ground state and excited states of low energy. The boundaries between nuclear physics and high-energy physics are rapidly disappearing, however, and the future will presumably show that the two fields of research will contribute to one another. With the advent of a new generation of heavy-ion and electron accelerators research activities on various new aspects of nuclear dynamics over a wide range of energies have become possible. This research focuses in particular on nonnucleonic degrees of freedom and on nuclear matter under extreme conditions, which require the explicit introduction of quarks into the description of nuclear reactions. Mean-field formulations are no longer adequate for the description of nucleus nucleus collisions at high nucleon energies as the nucleon-nucleon collisions begin to dominate. Novel dynamical theories are being developed, such as those based upon the Boltzmann equation or hadrodynamic models. The vitality of nuclear physics was clearly demonstrated by the enthusiastic lecturers at this summer school. They presented a series of clear and thorough courses on the subjects above."

The Advanced Study Institute on 'Elementary Excitations in Solids, Molecules, and Atoms' was held at the University of Antwerp (U.I.A.) from June 18th till June 30th 1973. The In stitute was sponsored by NATO. Co-sponsors were: Agfa-Gevaert N.V. (Mortsel - Belgium), Bell Telephone Mfg. Co. (Antwerp Belgium), the National Science Foundation (Washington D.C. - U.S.A.) and the University of Antwerp (U.I.A.). A total of 120 lecturers and participants attended the Institute. Over the last few years, substantial progress has been made in the description of the elementary excitations of the elec tronic and vibrational systems and their interactions. Parallel with this, the experimentalists have obtained outstanding re sults, partly as a result of availability of coherent light sour ces from the far infrared through the visible region, and partly because of the availability of synchrotron radiation sources in the soft X-ray region. The results of today will lead to fur ther progress over the next years. It was the purpose of this NATO Advanced Study Institute to present astate of the art, namely a survey of experiment and theory."

The Brentwood Summer Institute on Nuclear and Particle Physics at Intermediate Energies was the second of its kind organised by the TRIUMF group of Universities, the first taking place at Banff in 1970. With the advent of initial beams at the new meson facilities at LAMPF, SIN, NEVIS, CERN S.C. and TRIUMF it was an eminently suitable time for an in-depth study of some of the science which will be possible when these accelerators achieve their design intensities in proton and meson beams. The organizing committee, comprising: Univ. of Alberta G.A. Beer Univ. of Victoria J.M. Cameron J.M. McMillan U.B.C. D.F. Measday U.B.C. R.M. Pearce Univ. of Victoria J.E.D. Pearson U.B.C. J.B. Warren U.B.C. wishes to acknowledge the financial support provided by the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, the National Research Council of Canada, and Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd., without which the Institute could not have been held. Also we wish to acknowledge the helpful advice of the Scientific Committee of NATO and of Dr. T. Kester, Secretary of this Committee. Many persons from the University of Victoria and the University of British Columbia helped with the local arrangements and we are grateful to them and particularly to the staff of Brentwood College who made the stay of the participants such a pleasant one."

The aim of this book is to give a comprehensive treatment of the different methods for the construction of spin eigenfunctions and to show their interrelations. The ultimate goal is the construction of an antisymmetric many-electron wave function that has both spatial and spin parts and the calculation of the matrix elements of the Hamiltonian over the total wave function. The representations of the symmetric group playa central role both in the construction of spin functions and in the calculation of the matrix elements of the Hamiltonian, so this subject will be treated in detail. We shall restrict the treatment to spin-independent Hamiltonians; in this case the spin does not have a direct role in the energy expression, but the choice of spin functions influences the form of spatial functions through the antisymmetry principle; the spatial functions determine the energy of the system. We shall also present the "spin-free quantum chemistry" approach of Matsen and co-workers, in which one starts immediately with the construction of spatial functions that have the correct permutational symmetries. By presenting both the conventional and the spin-free approach, one gains a better understanding of certain aspects of the elec tronic correlation problem. The latest advance in the calculation of the matrix elements of the Hamiltonian is the use of the representations of the unitary group, so this will be the last subject. It is a pleasant task to thank all those who helped in writing this book."

A NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Methods and Mechanisms for Producing Ions from Large Molecules was held at Minaki Lodge, Minaki, Ontario, Canada, from 24 to 28 June 1990. The workshop was hosted by the time-of-flight group of the Department of Physics at the University of Manitoba, and was attended by 64 invited participants from around the world. Twenty-nine invited talks were given and 19 papers were presented as posters. Of the 48 contributions, 38 are included in these proceedings. The conference was organized to study the rapidly changing field of mass spectrometry of biomolecules. Particle-induced desorption (especially with MeV particles) has been the most effective method of producing molecular ions from biomolecules. An important part of the workshop was devoted to recent developments in this field, particularly to progress in understanding the fundamentals of the desorption process. In this respect, the meeting was similar to previous conferences in Marburg, FRG (1978); Paris, F (1980); Uppsala, S (1981); College Station, USA (1983,1984); Wangerooge, FRG (1986); Orsay, F (1988); Spiekeroog, FRG (1989); and to the IFOS series of meetings at Munster, FRG (1981,1983,1985,1987) and L6vAnger, S (1989). As in the most recent of these meetings, there was some emphasis on new developments, particularly cluster bombardment. A departure from the concentration on particle bombardment processes at this conference was inspired by the dramatic results obtained with two new methods for producing molecular ions from large molecules: matrix-assisted laser desorption and electrospray.

ELOISATRON (Eurasiatic Long Intersecting Storage Accelerator) is the name of a research and development project in the field of high energy physics, approved and funded by the Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare INFN in Italy. The main objective of the project is to conduct research and development studies to promote the construction of a (100 + 100) TeV proton-proton collider in Europe. The present volume contains the proceedings of the 4th INFN ELOISATRON project workshop, held on the topic: New Aspects of High-Energy Proton-Proton Collisions. The workshop took place at the Centro Internazionale di Cultura Scien- tifica "Ettore Majorana" (CCSEM), Erice-Trapani, Sicily, Italy, in the period May 31-June 7, 1987. This was the first workshop in this series which concentrated on physics issues in proton-proton collisions with 1-100 TeV beams; the earlier three INFN ELOISATRON workshops, held at Erice during 1986 and 1987, had mostly dealt with technical issues related to the accelerator and detector aspects of high en- ergy hadron colliders. The present workshop was supported by the Italian Ministry of Education, the Italian Ministry of Scientific and Technological Research, the Sicilian Regional Government and the Ettore Majorana Centre for Scientific Culture. With the successful operation of the CERN Superconducting antiproton-proton Synchrotron (SppS), resulting in the discoveries of the vector bosons W and Z and providing evidence for new aspects of flavour mixings, the interest in very high energy proton beams as probes of fundamental phenomena in nature has mounted worldwide.

The plan to hold a conference on cosmic plasma physics originated in the Plasma Physics Division of the European Physical Society, whose chairman, B. Lehnert, took the first steps towards its realization. - ESRIN readily adopted this idea, and preliminary contacts with a number of other groups showed that there was a good deal of interest in bringing to gether people working in different areas of the field of cosmic plasma physics. It was clearly felt that an exchange of views and experience, and an attempt to define problem areas, would be profitable. In this spirit a programme was de vised which covered a large variety of topics, ranging from ionospheric to galactic structures. A diversified programme of this kind runs the risk that the communication between the various fields of specialization remains insufficient. It was gratifying to find that within the wide field of cosmic plasma physics a lively dialogue was in fact possible. The Conference was sponsored by the European Physical Society. Financial support was provided by ESRO. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the excellent suggestions of the programme committee members L. Biermann, N. D'Angelo, R. Gendrin, and B. Lehnert. I should like to thank my colleagues B. Bertotti, K. Lackner, and J.F. McKenzie, and numerous other ESRIN staff members, for their valuable help. I feel particularly indebted to the conference secretary, Miss Sachs, who did the real work while I just signed the letters."

This volume contains papers contributed to the NATO Advanced Research Workshop "Nonlinear Evolution of Spatio-Temporal Structures in Dissipative Continuous Systems" held in Streitberg, Fed. Rep. Germany, Sept. 24 through 30, 1989. The purpose of the rather long title has been to focus attention on a particularly fruitful direction of research within the broad field covered by terms like Nonlinear Dynamics or Non-Equilibrium Systems. After physicists have been occupied for several decades mainly with the microscopic structure of matter, recent years have witnessed a resurgence of interest in macroscopic patterns and dynamics. Research on these latter phenomena has not been dormant, of course, since fluid dynamicists interested in the origin of turbulence, meteorologists studying weather patterns and numerous other scientists have continued to advance the understanding of the structures relevant to their disciplines. The recent progress in the dynamics of nonl inear systems wi th few degrees of freedom and the discovery of universal laws such as the Feigenbaum scaling of period-doubling cascades has given rise to new hopes for the understanding of common principles underlying the spontaneous formation of structures in extended continuous systems.

The content of this book describes in detail the results of the present measurements of the partial and total doubly differential cross sections for the multiple-ionization of rare gas atoms by electron impact. These measurements show, beside other trends, the role of Auger transitions in the production of multiply ionized atoms in the region where the incident electron energy is sufficient to produce inner shell ionization. Other processes like Coster-Kronig transitions and shake off also contribute towards increasing the charge of the ions. The incident electron having energy of 6 keV, for example, in a collision with xenon atom can remove up to nine electrons (*) X-ray-ion coincidence spectroscopy of the electron xenon atom collisions is also described.

The present measurements of doubly differential cross sections for the dissociative and non-dissociative ionization of hydrogen, sulfur dioxide and sulfur hexa fluoride molecular gases by electron impact are also described in the text of this book. The results of the measurements for sulfur dioxide molecule show how this major atmospheric pollutant can be removed from the atmosphere by electron impact dissociation of this molecule. The present results of the measurements for sulfur hexa fluoride give an insight into the dissociation properties of this molecular gas, which is being so widely used as a gaseous insulator in the electrical circuits.

The book also describes the present measurements of the polarization parameters of the fluorescence radiation emitted by the electron-impact-excited atoms of sodium and potassium. In these investigations the target atoms are polarized, therefore, the measurements of the polarization parameters give information about the electron atom interaction in terms of the interference, direct and exchange interaction channels.

This volume presents a considerable number of interrelated contributions dealing with the new scientific ability to shape and control matter and electromagnetic fields on a sub-wavelength scale. The topics range from the fundamental ones, such as photonic metamateriials, plasmonics and sub-wavelength resolution to the more applicative, such as detection of single molecules, tomography on a micro-chip, fluorescence spectroscopy of biological systems, coherent control of biomolecules, biosensing of single proteins, terahertz spectroscopy of nanoparticles, rare earth ion-doped nanoparticles, random lasing, and nanocoax array architecture. The various subjects bridge over the disciplines of physics, biology and chemistry, making this volume of interest to people working in these fields. The emphasis is on the principles behind each technique and on examining the full potential of each technique. The contributions that appear in this volume were presented at a NATO Advanced Study Institute that was held in Erice, Italy, 3-18 July, 2011. The pedagogical aspect of the Institute is reflected in the topics presented in this volume.

A "Festschrift" volume fulfils a more far-reaching purpose than the laudatory one. It shows how science develops as a result of the activities - scientific and organizational - of an individual person. Scientific achievement cannot be subjected to the very refined measurement techniques of science itself, but there is a continuous mutual evaluation among scientists which manifests itself through refereeing, literature citation and dedicatory volumes like the present one. Near and distant associates of Per-Olov Lowdin were enthusiastic about the idea of a tribute to him in the form of a collection of scientific papers on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday. Monographs and journals have fairly well-defined readerships. This book is directed to a wider group of scientists. It presents reviews of areas where Lowdin's work has influenced the development as well as research papers with original results. We feel that it can serve as a source on the current status of the quantum theory of matter for scientists in neighbouring fields. It might also provide stimulus for renewed scientific efforts among scientists turned administrators and will certainly be relevant for teachers and students of quantum theory.

Theoretical and numerical details of an optimized LCAO (linear combination of atomic orbitals) method for the calculation of self-consistent bandstructures are given together with a variety of examples. The method will be a valuable tool both for researchers engaged in calculations and for scientists looking for numerical results of self-consistent bandstructure calculations. The presentation starts with an introduction to the modern many-body theory of electronic bandstructure. The essentials of the representation with a non-orthogonal basis and the usual tight-binding variants are critically reviewed. A variational approach to the optimization of atom-like basis orbitals is described together with an SCF procedure for band calculations. Complete numerical and graphic results for all elementary metals from lithium to zinc are given.