The Aharonov-Bohm effect is associated with cyclic motion. It is one of a number of anholonomic effects, and this means that the dynamical description depends on the current position of the system and on the path by which it reached that position.
An example of an anholonomic effect is Foucault's famous pendulum, which simply demonstrates the Earth's rotation. The Sagnac effect - a light beam passing around a rotated system of mirrors - is another example. Modern dynamical developments such as Hannay's angle and Berry's phase are further useful examples.

The editors have pleasure in presenting this volume of our review series. We have specialised in three areas: perturbation Monte Carlo, non-linear kinetics and the transfer of radioactive fluids in rocks. These contributions are linked, however, in the demands for optimising complex systems that are a feature of the scale of nuclear power production. Kuniharu Kishida's account of Japanese thinking in the application of modern non-linear theory to reactor kinetics and control comes at a time when the community of control scholars is seeking how to apply the new ideas that have led to the prominence of chaos theory to our field. Pr- lems of maintenance in power reactors are as severe as ever and must be solved for credibility to characterise any new program. As much as 30% of unanticipated down-time, for example, is due to the failure of motor op- ated valves. We need a theory to provide for preventive maintenance. This in turn depends heavily on on-line monitoring to anticipate failure as well as expert systems to schedule preventive treatment. Noise theory with its promise of on-line interpretation of information from inchoate breakdown is the key. It is all too likely that the need to deal with major departures makes a non-linear theory of noise essential. We can be grateful that P- fessor Kishida has provided us with such a consistent account.

W. HANLE and H. KLEINPOPPEN In 1919, in the first edition of Atombau and Spektrallinien, Sommerfeld referred to the immense amount of information which had been accumu lated during the first period of 60 years of spectroscopic practice. Sommer feld emphasized that the names of Planck and Bohr would be connected forever with the efforts that had been made to understand the physics and the theory of spectral lines. Another period of almost 60 years has elapsed since the first edition of Sommerfeld's famous monograph. As the editors of this monograph, Progress in Atomic Spectroscopy, we feel that the present period is best characterized by the large variety of new spec troscopic methods that have been invented in the last decades. Spectroscopy has always been involved in the field of research on atomic structure and the interaction of light and atoms. The development of new spectroscopic methods (i.e., new as compared to the traditional optical methods) has led to many outstanding achievements, which, together with the increase of activity over the last decades, appear as a kind of renaissance of atomic spectroscopy."

This volume presents the written versions of papers that were delivered at the Third Rochester Conference on Coherence and Quantum Optics, held on the campus of the University of Rochester during the three days of June 21-23, 1972. The Conference was a sequel to two earlier meetings devoted to the same field of modern physics, that were also held in Rochester in 1960 and in 1966. The scope of the Conference was largely confined to basic pro blems in the general area of optical coherence and quantum optics, and excluded engineering applications that are well covered by other meetings. Approximately 250 scientists from 9 countries participated, most of whom are active workers in the field. Alto gether 72 papers, including 26 invited papers, were presented in 17 sessions. The papers dealt mainly with the subjects of resonant pulse propagation, lasers, quantum electrodynamics and alternative theories, optical coherence, coherence effects in spontaneous emis sion, light scattering, optical correlation and fluctuation measure ments, coherent light interactions and quantum noise. The program was organized by a committee consisting of N. Bloembergen (Harvard University) J. H. Eberly (University of Rochester) E. L. Hahn (University of California at Berkeley) H. Haken (University of Stuttgart, Germany) M. Lax (City College of New York) B. J. Thompson (University of Rochester) L. Mandel (University of Rochester) }J'oint secretaries E."

This volume is composed of papers (invited and contributed) presented at the International Conference on Coherence and Quantum Optics held at the University of Hyderabad January 5-January 10, 1991. It has been organized by Professor Girish Agarwal and his colleagues at the School of Physics, University of Hyderabad, Hyder abad, India under partial support from the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, International Center for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy and the National Science Foundation, USA. Without the untiring efforts of Prof. Girish Agarwal and the members of his quantum office group, the Conference and the present volume would not have been possible. Some extraordinary circumstances resulted in a delay of the publication of the present volume. Our sincere apologies to all the authors. We deeply regret the inconvenience caused due to the delay. A debt of gratitude is due to Ms. Kim Bella for the excellent typing job of the different versions and the final version of the manuscript. It is a pleasure to acknowl edge the efforts of Ms. Pat Vann, Mr. Greg Safford and Mr. Eric Katz of the Plenum Publishing, without whose interest and persistence this volume would not have been possible. v CONTENTS QUANTUM OPTICS: THEORY The Quantum Mechanics of Particles in Time-Dependent Quadrupole Fields Roy J. Glauber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Localization of Photons in Random and Quasiperiodic Media S. Dutta Gupta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Enhanced Fundamental Linewidth of a Laser Due to Outcoupling W. A. Hamel, M. P. van Exter, and J. P. Woerdman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."

Atomic Physics 7 presents the manuscripts of the invited talks delivered at the Seventh International Conference of Atomic Physics, held at M.I.T. August 4-8, 1980. This conference continues the tradition of the earlier conferences by reviewing broad areas of fundamental atomic physics and related subjects. In addition to the invited talks, one hundred and ninety contributed papers were presented in poster sessions. Abstracts of the contributed papers have been printed separately in a small volume. Three hundred and fifty participants from thirteen nations attended the conference. One of the highlights of the conference was an historical talk by Professor Abraham Pais of Rockefeller University entitled "The Birth of the Quantum Theory: Planck." The manuscript of this talk will be published elsewhere. Dr. John Bailey presented a talk on the proton-antiproton system at low energy, but was unable to provide a manuscript for this volume. Also omitted from these Proceedings, but one of the highlights of the Conference, are the comments by Professor I. I. Rabi, an active participant who chaired one session and spent an evening discussing science, history and public policy with graduate students at the Conference.

The Sixth International Conference on Atomic Masses was held in East Lansing, Michigan, Sept. 18-21, 1979. The conference was initiated, organized, and sponsored by the Commission on Atomic Masses and Fundamental Constants of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics. The members of the conference committee are listed below: W. Benenson, Chairman Michigan State University R. C. Barber University of-Manitoba E. R. Cohen Rockwell International Institute of Chemical Physics, V. I. Goldanskii Moscow J. C. Hardy Chalk River, Canada W. H. Johnson University of Minnesota E. Kashy Michigan State University Orsay, France R. Klapisch J. A. Nolen, Jr. Michigan State University R. G. H. Robertson Michigan State University E. Roeckl G. S. I., Darmstadt B. N. Taylor National Bureau of Standards O. Schult IKF, Julich A. H. Wapstra IFO, Amsterdam N. Zeldes Racah Institute, Jerusalem The conference was a little different from the preceding one (in Paris, 1975) in that the fundamental constant aspects were limited to those directly related to atomic masses. The gap is to be filled by the second International Conference on Precision Measurement and Fundamental Constants which is now scheduled for June 1981 in Gaithersburg, Maryland. Only one of the seven sessions in this conference was devoted to fundamental constant determina tions. The conference was very strongly supported by the Department of Energy, the National Science Foundation, and the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics."

Dur previous volume 14 was devoted to an exposition of the topics of sensitivity analysis and uncertainty theory with its development and application in nuclear reactor physics at the heart of the discussion. In this volume, we return to our customary format as a selection of topics of current interest, authored by those working in the field. These topics range from the theoretical underpinnings of the (linear) Boltzmann transport equation to a resume of our ex pectations in what still may be thought of as twenty-first century technology, the world's fusion reactor program. In the first article of this volume, we have Protopop escu's analysis of the structure of the Boltzmann equation and its solutions for energy and space-dependent problems of an eigenvalue nature. There long has been a curious "folk history" effect in this area~ Wigner and Weinberg could de scribe it as "what was generally known was generally untrue". This account of the Boltzmann equation surely will show that a rigorous basis for our expectations of certain solutions can be well-founded on analysis. Ely Gelbard's review of the methods of determining diffusion-type parameters in complex geometries where simple diffusion theory would be welcome has required just as much rigor to determine how such modeling can be made accurate, although to a more immediate and practical purpose. The two articles can be seen as interesting contrasts, facets of the same underlying problem showing apparently different aspects of the same central core.

As much by chance as by design, the present volume comes closer to having a single theme than any of our earlier volumes. That theme is the properties of nuclear strength functions or, alternatively, the problem of line spreading. The line spreading or strength function concepts are essential for the nucleus because of its many degrees of freedom. The description of the nucleus is approached by using model wave functions-for example, the shell model or the collective model-in which one has truncated the number of degrees of freedom. The question then is how closely do the model wave functions correspond to the actual nuclear wave functions which enjoy all the degrees of freedom of the nuclear Hamiltonian? More precisely, one views the model wave functions as vectors in a Hilbert space and one views the actual wave functions as vectors spanning another, larger Hilbert space. Then the question is: how is a single-model wave function (or vector) spread among the vectors corresponding to the actual wave functions? As an example we consider a model state which is a shell-model wave function with a single nucleon added to a closed shell. Such a model state is called a single-particle wave function. At the energy of the single-particle waVe function one of the actual nuclear wave functions may resemble the single-particle wave function closely.

Volume 17 is the second in a special topic series devoted to modern techniques in protein NMR, under the Biological Magnetic Resonance series. Volume 16, with the subtitle Modern Techniques in Protein NMR , is the first in this series. These two volumes present some of the recent, significant advances in the biomolecular NMR field with emphasis on developments during the last five years. We are honored to have brought together in these volume some of the world s foremost experts who have provided broad leadership in advancing this field. Volume 16 contains - vances in two broad categories: I. Large Proteins, Complexes, and Membrane Proteins and II. Pulse Methods. Volume 17 contains major advances in: I. Com- tational Methods and II. Structure and Dynamics. The opening chapter of volume 17 starts with a consideration of some important aspects of modeling from spectroscopic and diffraction data by Wilfred van Gunsteren and his colleagues. The next two chapters deal with combined automated assignments and protein structure determination, an area of intense research in many laboratories since the traditional manual methods are often inadequate or laborious in handling large volumes of NMR data on large proteins. First, Werner Braun and his associates describe their experience with the NOAH/DIAMOD protocol developed in their laboratory.

The manuscript tackles one of the most interesting branches of plasma phys ics, the electrodynamics of the plasma. 99% of matter in the universe occur in the plasma state, - e. g., stars, gaseous nebulae, interstellar gas. The plasma also widely occurs on earth. Thus, the ionosphere protects human beings from the destroying effects of the solar radiation and provides the long distance radio communication. Plasmas also show up in metals and semicon ductors, and it is difficult to overestimate their importance in our everyday life. But even more important is that the power engineering of the future is connected with plasmas since the plasma is the fuel for thermonuclear reca tions and a practically unlimited source of energy harmless to the environ ment. For the description of a hot plasma a unique logically complete and consistent theoretical model has been developed on the basis of the Maxwell Vlasov equations. We tried to carry this idea through the entire text, which aims to present an orderly exposition of electromagnetic properties of the plasma within the Maxwell-Vlasov model. Both linear and nonlinear elec trodynamics of the plasma are presented. The first part (Chap. 1-5) deals with the linear electromagnetic properties of the plasma in thermodynamic equilibrium. The basic equations of the Maxwell-Vlasov model are introduced and the properties of the plasma in equilibrium are studied in the linear approximation of the electromagnetic field. The second part (Chaps."

My aim in this book has been to give an account of the theoretical methods of analysis of multiphoton processes in atomic physics. In this account I have emphasized systematic methods as opposed to ad hoc approaches. Both perturbative and nonperturbative methods are presented with il- lustrative results of concrete applications. The perturbation theory is the primary tool of analysis of nonresonant multiphoton processes. It is developed here in conjunction with a diagrammatic language and is also renormalized to free it from the unwanted divergences which accompany the ordinary treatment when higher-order corrections are considered. The nonperturbative methods (i.e., methods other than that of power series ex- pansion in the field strength) become particularly important for consistent treatments of problems involving, for example, intermediate resonances, high field strengths, and finite pulse duration. The specifically nonpertur- bative methods for multiphoton transitions are presented in Chapters 6-11. The methods of resolvent equations and of effective Hamiltonians are developed for both the stationary and the time-dependent fields. The densi- ty matrix method is presented in conjunction with the problems of relaxa- tion and of fluctuating fields. The Floquet theory is presented both in the energy domain and in the time domain. Also treated are the methods of continued fractions, recursive iterative equations, and chain Hamiltonians.

In the interest of speed and economy the notation of the orig inal text has been retained so that the cross product of two vectors A and B is denoted by [AB], the dot product by (AB), the Laplacian operator by ~. etc. It might also be worth pointing out that the temperature is frequently expressed in energy units in the Soviet literature so that the Boltzmann constant will be missing in various familiar expressions. In matters of terminology, whenever pos sible several forms are used when a term is first introduced, e. g. , magnetoacoustic and magnetosonic waves, "probkotron" and mirror machine, etc. It is hoped in this way to help the reader to relate the terms used here with those in existing translations and with the conventional nomenclature. In general the system of literature citation used in the bibliographies follows that of the American Institute of Physics "Soviet Physics" series. Except for the cor rection of some obvious misprints the text is that of the original. We wish to express our gratitude to Academician Leontovich for kindly providing the latest corrections and additions to the Russian text. v CONTENTS Steady-State Plasma Flow in a Magnetic Field A. I. Morozov and L. S. Solov'ev Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Chapter 1. Acceleration Mechanisms , * * * * * * * * * * . 2 1. Microscopic Picture of Plasma Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2.

The Editors take pleasure in presenting Volume 13 of this annual review series, consisting, as usual, of author itative reviews of timely developments in the technical fields of nuclear engineering, science, and teechnology. No one in the community we try to serve in a post Harrisburg era will need convincing of the relevance of the first two items to be mentioned from the volume. Instru mentation for two-phase flow measurements, by Banerjee and Lahey, has applicability in the engineering research labor atory and to power reactors; the U. S. LWR still remains the dominant power reactor type and seems likely to retain its hold if only through the capital of existing plants this century. Messrs. Bohm, Closs, and Kuhn, however, have a longer time scale to respect as they view for us the prospects of nuclear waste disposal from a European viewpoint. They bring out nicely the political aspects that cannot be divorced from technical considerations in this area, or in the more militant terms of confrontation, in this arena, perhaps. We are pleased to carry in this volume two complemen tary papers on mathematical methods in nuclear engineering."

Research on photon and electron collisions with atomic and molecular targets and their ions has seen a rapid increase in interest, both experimentally and theoretically, in recent years. This is partly because these processes provide an ideal means of investigating the dynamics of many particle systems at a fundamental level and partly because their detailed understanding is required in many other fields, particularly astrophysics, plasma physics and controlled thermonuclear fusion, laser physics, atmospheric processes, isotope separation, radiation physics and chemistry and surface science. In recent years a number of important advances have been made, both on the experimental side and on the theoretical side. On the experimental side these include absolute measurements of cross sections, experiments using coincidence techniques, the use of polarised beams and targets, the development of very high energy resolution electron beams, the use of synchrotron radiation sources and ion storage rings, the study of laser assisted atomic collisions, the interaction of super-intense lasers with atoms and molecules and the increasing number of studies using positron beams.

The present volume reaffirms nuclear physics as an experimental science since the authors are primarily experimentalists and since the treatment of the topics might be said to be "experimental." (This is no reflection on the theoretical competence of any of the authors.) The subject of high-spin phenomena in heavy nuclei has grown much beyond the idea of "backbending" which gave such an impetus to its study five years ago. It is a rich, new field to which Lieder and Ryde have contributed greatly. The article "Valence and Doorway Mechanisms in Resonance Neutron Capture" is, in contradistinction, an article pertaining to one of the oldest branches of nuclear physics-and it brings back one of our previous authors. The Doppler-shift method, reviewed by Alexander and Forster, is one of the important new experimental techniques that emerged in the previous decade. This review is intended, deliberately, to describe thoroughly a classic technique whose elegance epitomizes much of the fascination which nuclear physics techniques have held for a generation of scientists. This volume concludes the work on the Advances in Nuclear Physics series of one of the editors (M. Baranger), whose judgment and style characterize that which is best in the first ten volumes. Many of our readers and most of our authors will be grateful for the high standards which marked his contributions and which often elicited extra labor from the many authors of the series.

Written in a pedagogical way, the articles in this book address graduate students as well as researchers and are well suited for seminar work. Subjects at the forefront of nuclear research, bordering other areas of many-particle physics, such as electron scattering at different energy scales, new physics with radioactive beams, multifragmentation, relativistic nuclear physics, high spin nuclear problems, chaos, the role of the continuum in nuclear physics or recent calculations with the shell model are presented. It is felt that the topics treated in this book address the main future lines of development of nuclear physics.

In these days of specialization it is important to bring together physicists working in diverse areas to exchange and share their ideas and excitement. This leads to cross-fertilization of ideas, and it enriches, as in biological systems, a specialized field with new strength, development and direction derived from another area. Although this might be an uncommon thing, it is an important step in our under standing of the physical world around us, which is, after aIl, the main purpose of physics. The seed for this conference was really sowed when one of us (MB) and Mr. Manngard showed some a-scattering data at backward angles to FBM one summer about four years ago. That occasion led to a long research collaboration between the Abo Akademi physicists and other scientists in several countries. The actual idea to explore the possibility of holding a conference, however, crystallized in the summer of 1989 during a visit of FBM to Abo Akademi. The final decision to organize a conference was made after MB visited Profes sor Ben Mottelson in Copenhagen and Professor Anagnostatos in Athens. At this point it was recognized that there are similarities as weIl as differences between clustering phenomena in nuclei and systems consisting of atoms. It was therefore conjectured that it could be very stimulating to bring together these groups to exchange their ideas and to leam from each other's fields. A conference along these lines, we hoped, would contribute to an increased mutual understanding."

The Workshop N* Physics and non-perturbative QeD was held at the Eu ropean Center for Theoretical Studies and Related Areas (ECT*) in Trento, Italy, during May 18-29, 1998. Previous workshops of the series on N* Physics took place at the Florida State University (1994), at CEBAF (1995), at the Institute for Nuclear Theory in Seattle (1996) and at the George Washington University (1997). The Workshop was devoted to a summary of recent experimental and the oretical research on N* phsyics and special emphasis was given to the infor mation that photo-and electro-production of nucleon resonances can provide on the non-perturbative regime of Quantum Chromodynamics. The idea was to stimulate discussions among experimentalists and theoreticians in order to pursue the interpretation of the huge amount of forthcoming data from several laboratories in the world. It was therefore decided to have both experimental and theoretical lectures on the main topics, like, among the others, single and double pion production, TJ-and K-meson production, the GDH sum rule, the spin of the proton, etc. Thanks to the unusual two-week extension of the Work shop, the allotted time for the lectures was extended up to one hour in order to allow the invited lecturers to give a detailed presentation of their topics. Fi nally, various short contributions were selected to sharpen the discussion about selected items."

There is considerable interest, both fundamental and technological, in the way atoms and molecules interact with solid surfaces. Thus the description of heterogeneous catalysis and other surface reactions requires a detailed understand ing of molecule-surface interactions. The primary aim of this volume is to provide fairly broad coverage of atoms and molecules in interaction with a variety of solid surfaces at a level suitable for graduate students and research workers in condensed matter physics, chemical physics, and materials science. The book is intended for experimental workers with interests in basic theory and concepts and had its origins in a Spring College held at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Miramare, Trieste. Valuable background reading can be found in the graduate-Ievel introduction to the physics of solid surfaces by ZangwilI(1) and in the earlier works by Garcia Moliner and F1ores(2) and Somorjai.(3) For specifically molecule-surface interac tions, additional background can be found in Rhodin and Ertl(4) and March.(S) V. Bortolani N. H. March M. P. Tosi References 1. A. Zangwill, Physics at Surfaces, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1988). 2. F. Garcia-Moliner and F. Flores, Introduction to the Theory of Solid Surfaces, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1979). 3. G. A. Somorjai, Chemistry in Two Dimensions: Surfaces, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York (1981). 4. T. N. Rhodin and G. Erd, The Nature of the Surface Chemical Bond, North-Holland, Amsterdam (1979). 5. N. H. March, Chemical Bonds outside Metal Surfaces, Plenum Press, New York (1986)."