The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has sponsored research and personnel safety standards development for exposure to Radiofrequency Radiation (RFR) for over twenty years. The Aerospace Medical Panel of the Advisory Group For Aerospace Research and Development (AGARD) sponsored Lecture Series No. 78 Radiation Hazards,! in 1975, in the Netherlands, Germany, and Norway, on the subject of Radiation Hazards to provide a review and critical analysis of the available information and concepts. In the same year, Research Study Group 2 on Protection of Personnel Against Non-Ionizing Electromagnetic Radiation (Panel VIIl of AC/243 Defence Research Group, NATO) proposed a revision to Standardization Agreement (STANAG) 2345. The intent of the proposal was to revise the ST ANAG to incorporate frequency-dependent-RFR safety guidelines. These changes are documented in the NATO STANAG 2345 (MED), Control and Recording of Personnel Exposure to Radiofrequency Radiation,2 promulgated in 1979. Research Study Group 2 (RSG2) of NATO Defense Research Group Panel VIII (AC1243) was organized, in 1981, to study and contribute technical information concerning the protection of military personnel from the effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation. A workshop at the Royal Air Force Institute of Aviation Medicine, Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough, U. K. was held to develop and/or compile sufficient knowledge on the long-term effects of pulsed RFR to maintain safe procedures and to minimize unnecessary operational constraints.

Reviews of Plasma Physics, Volume 23, presents two high quality reviews from the cutting-edge of Russian plasma physics research: "Plasma Models of Atom and Radiative-Collisional Processes", by V.A. Astapenko, L.A. Bureyeva, V.S. Lisitsa, is devoted to a unified description of the atomic core polarization effects in the free-free, free-bound and bound-bound transitions of the charged particles in the field of multielectron atom. "Asymptotic Theory of Charge Exchange And Mobility Processes for Atomic Ions" by B.M. Smirnov reviews the process of resonant charge exchange, and also the transport processes (mobility and diffusion coefficients) for ions in parent gases which are determined by resonant electron transfer.

The book is devoted to the physical properties of nonideal plasma, in which the effects of interparticle interactions are substantial. Such a plasma is usually compressed so strongly that it is called dense plasma. Interest in plasma studies has increased over the last 10 or 15 years, owing to the development of modern technology and sophisticated facilities whose oper ation is based on a high energy density. As a result of a recent sharp increase in the number of experimental and theoretical investigations, much interesting and reliable data on the properties of dense plasma have been obtained. The data are distributed in a rapidly growing number of original publications and reviews. This volume is a systematic treatment of the thermodynamics (ionization equilibrium, particle composition), charge transport properties (especially electric con ductivity), optical properties (peculiarities of continuous and discrete spectra), and collective modes (features and manifestations) of nonideal plasma. Theoretical models are considered along with the experimental data. The book is intended for the wide range of readers, including specialists in plasma physics and various researchers who need knowledge in this field.

The II. International Conference on Ion Beam Surface Layer Analysis was held on September 15-19, 1975 at the Nuclear Research Center, Karlsruhe, Germany. The date fell between two related con ferences: "Application of Ion-Beams to Materials" at Warwick, Eng land and "Atomic Collisions in Solids" at Amsterdam, the Nether lands. The first conference on Ion Beam Surface Layer Analysis was held at Yorktown Heights, New York, 1973. The major topic of that and the present conference was the material analysis with ion beams including backscattering and channeling, nuclear reactions and ion induced X-rays with emphasis on technical problems and no vel applications. The increasing interest in this field was docu mented by 7 invited papers and 85 contributions which were presen ted at the meeting in Karlsruhe to about 150 participants from 21 countries. The oral presentations were followed by parallel ses sions on "Fundamental Aspects," "Analytical Problems" and "Appli cations" encouraging detailed discussions on the topics of most current interest. Summaries of these sessions were presented by the discussion leaders to the whole conference. All invited and contributed papers are included in these proceedings; summaries of the discussion sessions will appear in a separate booklet and are availble from the editors. The application of ion beams to material analysis is now well established."

As Emile Jouguet remarked, "the shock wave flew off the tip of the pen of a theoretician for the first time" about a hundred years ago. The physics of shock waves has since grown into an independent branch of science closely linked with a wide range of research areas, from astrophysics and plasma physics to solid-state physics. Since the beginning, theoretical investiga tion has kept its leading role. The present book is devoted to actual problems of the theory of shock waves in gases and plasmas, that are of general interest to physicists. It con tains the results of studies on shock structure, stability, evolutionarity and dynamics. Of special interest is the theory of shock phenomena in mag netic fields, which is important for applied research on controlled nuclear fusion. A substantial contribution to this theory has been made by these authors. This monograph is the first attempt in the literature to make a systematic presentation of the shock-structure theory.The theory is consistently sub stantiated by relevant experimental results obtained recently with the use of high-power electromagnetic shock tubes. The material contained here is applicable to the solution of a wide variety of problems arising in plasma physics, nuclear fusion and cosmic gasdynamics. I believe that this book will be of help and interest for a broad circle of research workers (physi cists, astrophysicists and engineers concerned with energy accumulation, shock phenomena and other related problems of plasma hydrodynamics) as well as for university staff, post- and undergraduates."

The series Advances in the Physics of Particles and Nuclei (APPN) is devoted to the archiving, in printed high-quality book format, of the comprehensive, long shelf-life reviews published in The European Physical Journal A and C. APPN will be of benefit in particular to those librarians and research groups, who have chosen to have only electronic access to these journals. Occasionally, original material in review format and refereed by the series' editorial board will also be
included.

This volume contains the following two reviews:
Nora Brambilla et al.: Heavy Quarkonium: Progress, Puzzles and Opportunities Daniel Wicke: Properties of the Top Quark

Few-body resonances are in the frontiers of resonance studies. Very similar problems occur in atomic and molecular physics, nuclear physics and high-energy physics. This collection presents the state of the art of the studies of resonance states in these fields and demonstrates their common methodological aspects. Most of the contributions are theoretical, but quite a few are closely linked with experiments through the data they are dealing with.

The ENAM2001 Conference was held on July 2-7, 2001 at the Rantasipi Aulanko Hotel in Hameenlinna in southern Finland. The conference was organized by the Department of Physics and the Accelerator Laboratory of the University of Jyvaskyla with support from the Physics Departments of the Universities of Helsinki and Turku. This conference, Exotic Nuclei and Atomic Masses has now gained the status of a major nuclear physics serial conference. The previous conference was held in Bellaire, Michigan, USA. The conference was first held in 1967 in Lysekil, Sweden, then entitled Conference on Nuclei Far from Stability. ENAM2001 welcomed 270 participants from 34 countries, including 17 accompanying per sons. The content of the program was selected based on the advice of the International Advisory Committee. The Committee members read and considered 253 submitted abstracts in selecting oral contributions. During the conference week 76 invited and oral talks were given. The rest of the contributions were presented in dedicated poster sessions. Many thanks go to the speakers of oral and poster presentations for their enthusiasm and for the high quality of their work which demonstrated the liveliness of the field. Participation in the lectures was high and contributions from the audience were important towards the success of this conference. The organizers would like to especially thank Cary Davids of Argonne National Laboratory for his comprehensive summary talk, which is also included in these Proceedings.

The recent progress of thermonuclear fusion research based on the magnetic confinement of high-temperature plasmas, as weil as the design ofthe first experi- mental fusion tokamak reactors, has demonstrated that the physical conditions at the plasma periphery playa decisive role in achieving, maintaining, and controlling the thermonuclear bUffi. Because it is an interface between the hot burning deute- rium-tritium plasma and the cold material walls ofthe reactor vessel, the boundary (or the edge) plasma has to fulfill many functions related to the protection of the reactor walls from the intense particle and power fluxes generated in the reactor burning zone, protection of the central plasma from contamination by nonhydro- genie wall impurities (which dilute the thermonuclear fuel and degrade the burn conditions), exhaust of the thermal plasma power and the reactor ash (thermalized helium), etc. These functions of the boundary plasma can be accomplished by suitable modification of the configuration of the confining magnetic field in the edge region and by an appropriate use of the radiative and collisional properties of atomic, ionic, and molecular species present (or deliberatcly introduced) in the plasma edge region.

The 1995 conference was organized around two closely related themes and focused on the two pivotal aspects of energy, that is, economics and politics, both of which are decisive in providing long-term national and international strategies for the next century. Originally the program was going to include the participants from the new oil powers in Central Asia and Caucasus, newly independent from the former U.S.S.R. However, probably both economics and politics prevented their participation. Global energy projections, technological changes such as nuclear power and the fuel geopolitics of the coming century will be the basis for political and strategic planning. Based on the scenarios of likely global economic and population growth and of new energy technologies, what are foreseeable scenarios for the geopolitics of energy a half century ahead? What fresh worldwide systems should we start now? The political problems with profound economic impact could include, for example, the significance of the continuing worldwide growth of nuclear power, with such issues as the use of Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU) and Plutonium obtained from the dismantling of U.S. and former U.S.S.R. nuclear weapons; the urgency of nonproliferation; the disposal of civilian and military nuclear waste; and, nuclear power alternatives. In spite of U.S. reluctance, the increasing role of nuclear power is becoming apparent in several countries, and its potential has become an important political factor today.

The idea of this book originated from two series of lectures given by us at the Physics Department of the Catholic University of Petr6polis, in Brazil. Its aim is to present an introduction to the "algebraic" method in the perturbative renormalization of relativistic quantum field theory. Although this approach goes back to the pioneering works of Symanzik in the early 1970s and was systematized by Becchi, Rouet and Stora as early as 1972-1974, its full value has not yet been widely appreciated by the practitioners of quantum field theory. Becchi, Rouet and Stora have, however, shown it to be a powerful tool for proving the renormalizability of theories with (broken) symmetries and of gauge theories. We have thus found it pertinent to collect in a self-contained manner the available information on algebraic renormalization, which was previously scattered in many original papers and in a few older review articles. Although we have taken care to adapt the level of this book to that of a po- graduate (Ph. D. ) course, more advanced researchers will also certainly find it useful. The deeper knowledge of renormalization theory we hope readers will acquire should help them to face the difficult problems of quantum field theory. It should also be very helpful to the more phenomenology oriented readers who want to famili- ize themselves with the formalism of renormalization theory, a necessity in view of the sophisticated perturbative calculations currently being done, in particular in the standard model of particle interactions.

Interface phenomena are most fascinating because of the mixing of different scales and the interference of diverse physical processes. This makes it necessary to use different levels of description: microscopic, kinetic, and gas-dynamical. A unified quasiclassical approach is used to answer practical questions dealing with inelastic gas-surface scattering, the kinetics of adsorption layers, the evolution of inhomogeneities and defects at the surface, the Knudsen layer, the development of boundary conditions on the kinetic and gas-dynamical levels, the determination of exchange and slip coefficients, and so on.

The book contains the notes of the lectures presented by outstanding experts at the 7th EADN School on plasma astrophysics. It is an up-to-date review of a number of basic topics in the physics of cosmic plasmas. The subject is treated both from a theoretical point of view and from that of the observational and diagnostic tools that provide us with the physically relevant data. The reader will have at hands a comprehensive and rather complete presentation of the subject, thanks also to the parallel development of the theoretical and experimental aspects. The book addresses graduate students and researchers in different areas who want to have a rapid and up-to-date introduction to this subject.

Volume 1: General Introduction to Molecular Sciences Volume 2: Physical Aspects of Molecular Systems Volume 3: Electronic Structure and Chemical Reactivity Volume 4: Molecular Phenomena in Biological Sciences

The four articles of the present volume address very different topics in nuclear physics and, indeed, encompass experiments at very different kinds of exp- imental facilities. The range of interest of the articles extends from the nature of the substructure of the nucleon and the deuteron to the general properties of the nucleus, including its phase transitions and its rich and unexpected quantal properties. The first article by Fillipone and Ji reviews the present experimental and theoretical situation pertaining to our knowledge of the origin of the spin of the nucleon. Until about 20 years ago the half-integral spin of the neutron and p- ton was regarded as their intrinsic property as Dirac particles which were the basic building blocks of atomic nuclei. Then, with the advent of the Standard Model and of quarks as the basic building blocks, the substructure of the - cleon became the subject of intense interest. Initial nonrelativistic quark m- els assigned the origin of nucleon spin to the fundamental half-integral spin of its three constituent quarks, leaving no room for contributions to the spin from the gluons associated with the interacting quarks or from the orbital angular momentum of either gluons or quarks. That naive understanding was shaken, about fifteen years ago, by experiments involving deep-inelastic scattering of electrons or muons from nucleons.

This volume reports investigations which form part of a major series of theoretical and experimental studies being carried out in the Laboratory of Low-Temperature Plasma Optics at the Lebedev Physics Institute in Moscow. The papers give the results of systematic investigations of the chemical composition and of the electrical and optical properties of dis charge plasmas, and also of populations of laser levels. Reliable and detailed information is given on the dissociation of carbon dioxide gas in discharges; the nature of the velocity dis tribution function, average energies, and densities of electrons; and populations and vibrational temperatures of molecules in cw CO and CO lasers. 2 The material in this volume is intended for specialists in quantum electronics and low temperature plasma diagnostics. v CONTENTS Investigations of Physicochemical Properties of CO Laser Plasma 2 V. N. Ochkin Introduction . . . . . . 1 Chapter I Dissociation of CO Molecules in a CO Laser Gas-Discharge Plasma. . . 3 2 2 1. Brief Review of Investigations of Dissociation of CO in 2 Electrical Discharges. . . . . . . . 3 2. Method for Determining Gas Composition. . . . 6 3. Dissociation of CO in a Continuous-Flow Laser System. . . . ."

Research on photon and electron collisions with atomic and molecular targets and their ions has seen a rapid increase in interest, both experimentally and theoretically, in recent years. This is partly because these processes provide an ideal means of investigating the dynamics of many particle systems at a fundamental level and partly because their detailed understanding is required in many other fields, particularly astrophysics, plasma physics and controlled thermonuclear fusion, laser physics, atmospheric processes, isotope separation, radiation physics and chemistry and surface science. In recent years a number of important advances have been made, both on the experimental side and on the theoretical side. On the experimental side these include absolute measurements of cross sections, experiments using coincidence techniques, the use of polarised beams and targets, the development of very high energy resolution electron beams, the use of synchrotron radiation sources and ion storage rings, the study of laser assisted atomic collisions, the interaction of super-intense lasers with atoms and molecules and the increasing number of studies using positron beams.

The present volume reaffirms nuclear physics as an experimental science since the authors are primarily experimentalists and since the treatment of the topics might be said to be "experimental." (This is no reflection on the theoretical competence of any of the authors.) The subject of high-spin phenomena in heavy nuclei has grown much beyond the idea of "backbending" which gave such an impetus to its study five years ago. It is a rich, new field to which Lieder and Ryde have contributed greatly. The article "Valence and Doorway Mechanisms in Resonance Neutron Capture" is, in contradistinction, an article pertaining to one of the oldest branches of nuclear physics-and it brings back one of our previous authors. The Doppler-shift method, reviewed by Alexander and Forster, is one of the important new experimental techniques that emerged in the previous decade. This review is intended, deliberately, to describe thoroughly a classic technique whose elegance epitomizes much of the fascination which nuclear physics techniques have held for a generation of scientists. This volume concludes the work on the Advances in Nuclear Physics series of one of the editors (M. Baranger), whose judgment and style characterize that which is best in the first ten volumes. Many of our readers and most of our authors will be grateful for the high standards which marked his contributions and which often elicited extra labor from the many authors of the series.

There have been many recent and important developments based on effective field theory and the renormalization group in atomic, condensed matter, nuclear and high-energy physics. These powerful and versatile methods provide novel approaches to study complex and strongly interacting many-body systems in a controlled manner. The six extensive lectures gathered in this volume combine selected introductory and interdisciplinary presentations focused on recent applications of effective field theory and the renormalization group to many-body problems in such diverse fields as BEC, DFT, extreme matter, Fermi-liquid theory and gauge theories. Primarily aimed at graduate students and junior researchers, they offer an opportunity to explore fundamental physics across subfield boundaries at an early stage in their careers.

An International Conference on the "Statistical Properties of Nuclei" was held from August 23 to August 27, 1971, at the State University of New York at Albany campus. The purpose of the conference was to review the current status of the experimental and theoretical aspects of resonance reaction theories, statistics of resonance parameters such as level spacings, neutron, fission, radiative and reaction widths, level densities, fluctuations in cross sections, strength functions and its relation to the optical model, intermediate structure in particle and photon induced reactions, and statistical aspects of the decay of the compound nucleus. The conference was held under the auspices of the Inter national Union of Pure and Applied Physics. The organization of the conference was greatly facilitated by the financial support received from the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, The National Science Foundation and the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and the generous use of the physical facilities and other audio-visual services provided by the State University of New York. It is with great pleasure that I thank all tbese agencies for their kind support.

In this introductory chemical physics textbook, the authors discuss the interactions, bonding, electron density, and experimental techniques of free molecules, and apply spectroscopic methods to determine molecular parameters, dynamics, and chemical reactions.

The Advanced Study Institute on "Quantum Dynamics of Molecules: The New Experimental Challenge to Theorists," which was sponsored by the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO, was held at Trinity Hall, Ca bridge, England from September 15th till September 29th, 1979. In all, a total of 79 lecturers and students attended the meeting: they had diverse backgrounds in chemistry, physics and mathematics. In my proposal to NATO requesting financial support for an Advanced Study Institute, I suggested that molecular physics was facing a qualitatively new experimental situation in which the exploration of previously inaccessible dynamical phenomena would become of increasing importance. At the same time I was aware that in recent years powerful theoretical techniques, that might prove crucial tools for the interpretation of the new experiments, have been developed in mathematics and theoretical physics. The aim of the ASI was to review at an advanced level these recent developments, juxtaposing new theory with new experimental pos sibilities in the hope that the participants in the-Institute would through their subsequent work increase the awareness of the whole molecular theory community of the changing nature of chemical physics. The recent developments in laser spectroscopy, particle scatter ing experiments and molecular beam technology imply that an entirely new class of phenomena involving molecules in gasses and liquids can now be investigated."

Professor Philip G. Burke, CBE, FRS formally retired on 30 September 1998. To recognise this occasion some of his colleagues, friends, and former students decided to hold a conference in his honour and to present this volume as a dedication to his enormous contribution to the theoretical atomic physics community. The conference and this volume of the invited talks reflect very closely those areas with which he has mostly been asso- ated and his influence internationally on the development of atomic physics coupled with a parallel growth in supercomputing. Phil's wide range of interests include electron-atom/molecule collisions, scattering of photons and electrons by molecules adsorbed on surfaces, collisions involving oriented and chiral molecules, and the development of non-perturbative methods for studying multiphoton processes. His devel- ment of the theory associated with such processes has enabled important advances to be made in our understanding of the associated physics, the interpretation of experimental data, has been invaluable in application to fusion processes, and the study of astrophysical plasmas (observed by both ground- and space-based telescopes). We therefore offer this volume as our token of affection and respect to Philip G. Burke, with the hope that it may also fill a gap in the literature in these important fields.