This is the forth volume in a series of Lecture Notes based on the highly successful Euro Summer School on Exotic Beams.

The aim of these notes is to provide a thorough introduction to radioactive ion-beam physics at the level of graduate students and young postdocs starting out in the field.

Each volume covers a range of topics from nuclear theory to experiment and applications. Vol I has been published as LNP 651, Vol II has been published as LNP 700, and Vol. III has been published as LNP 764.

The study of the vibrations of polyatomic molecules has recently turned into one of the most widespread and powerful methods of studying molecular structure. These vibrations ap pear directly in the infrared absorption spectra and Raman spectra of gases, liquids, and solids. A measurement of the number of bands in addition to their positions (frequencies or wavelengths) offers the possibility of obtaining a great deal of important information regarding the geometric and mechanical properties of the molecules, the types of chemical bonds, and so forth. It is now quite difficult to list the vast number of specific problems solved by measuring vibrational fre quencies. As a result of the successful development of research methods and the widespread applica tion of vibrational spectra in analyzing the structures of molecules and the constitution of ma terials, it now becomes necessary to develop the theory of molecular vibrations further. Existing theory, of course, is based on the assumption of the harmonicity of molecular vi brations, which, strictly speaking, is not justified experimentally. The anharmonicity of the molecular vibrations has therefore to be taken into account by introducing appropriate approxi mations. Thus, in carrying out calculations on the vibrations of polyatomic molecules, one uses the force constants calculated from the observed frequency values. However, as a result of the anharmonicity of the vibrations, the values of the observed frequencies differ from the harmonic values, and the force constants used therefore differ from the true ones, i. e.

The 1994 Cargese Summer Institute on Frontiers in Partide Physics was organized by the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris (M. Levy), the Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris (J. Iliopoulos), the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (R. Gastmans), and the Uni- versite Catholique de Louvain (J. -M. Gerard), which, since 1975, have joined their efforts and worked in common. It was the eleventh Summer Institute on High Energy Physics organized jointly at Cargese by three of these universities. Severa! new frontiers in partide physics were thoroughly discussed at this school. the new euergy range in deep-iuelastic electron-proton scattering is beiug In particular, explored by HERA (DESY, Hamburg), and Professor A. De Roeck described the first results from the H1 and Zeus experiments, while Professors A. H. Mueller aud Z. Kuuszt discussed their relevance from the theoretical point of view. Also, the satellite exper- iments offer new possibilities for exploring the links between astrophysics, cosmology, and partide physics. A critica] a. nalysis of these experiments was performed by Pro- fessor B. Sadoulet, and Professor M. Spiro made the connection with the results from earth-based neutrino experiments. Finally, much attentiou was giveu to the latest re- sults from the TEVATRON (Fermilab, USA), showing further evidence for the loug awaited top quark. Professor A. Tollestrup gave a detailed presentation of these results aud discussed their importance for the Standard Model.

This volume presents the written versions of papers that were delivered at the Third Rochester Conference on Coherence and Quantum Optics, held on the campus of the University of Rochester during the three days of June 21-23, 1972. The Conference was a sequel to two earlier meetings devoted to the same field of modern physics, that were also held in Rochester in 1960 and in 1966. The scope of the Conference was largely confined to basic pro blems in the general area of optical coherence and quantum optics, and excluded engineering applications that are well covered by other meetings. Approximately 250 scientists from 9 countries participated, most of whom are active workers in the field. Alto gether 72 papers, including 26 invited papers, were presented in 17 sessions. The papers dealt mainly with the subjects of resonant pulse propagation, lasers, quantum electrodynamics and alternative theories, optical coherence, coherence effects in spontaneous emis sion, light scattering, optical correlation and fluctuation measure ments, coherent light interactions and quantum noise. The program was organized by a committee consisting of N. Bloembergen (Harvard University) J. H. Eberly (University of Rochester) E. L. Hahn (University of California at Berkeley) H. Haken (University of Stuttgart, Germany) M. Lax (City College of New York) B. J. Thompson (University of Rochester) L. Mandel (University of Rochester) }J'oint secretaries E."

At extremely low temperatures, clouds of bosonic atoms form what is known as a Bose-Einstein condensate. Recently, it has become clear that many different types of condensates -- so called fragmented condensates -- exist. In order to tell whether fragmentation occurs or not, it is necessary to solve the full many-body Schrodinger equation, a task that remained elusive for experimentally relevant conditions for many years. In this thesis the first numerically exact solutions of the time-dependent many-body Schrodinger equation for a bosonic Josephson junction are provided and compared to the approximate Gross-Pitaevskii and Bose-Hubbard theories. It is thereby shown that the dynamics of Bose-Einstein condensates is far more intricate than one would anticipate based on these approximations. A special conceptual innovation in this thesis are optimal lattice models. It is shown how all quantum lattice models of condensed matter physics that are based on Wannier functions, e.g. the Bose/Fermi Hubbard model, can be optimized variationally. This leads to exciting new physics."

"Analytic Insights into Intermediate-Energy Hadron-Nucleus Scattering," by R. D. Amado, presents a review of optical diffraction leading into discussions of elastic scattering, single- and multistep inelastic scattering, spin observables, and directions indicated for further research. "Recent Developments in Quasi-Free Nucleon-Nucleon Scattering," by P. Kitching, W. J. McDonald, Th. A. J. Maris, and C. A. Z. Vascon cellos, opens with a comprehensive review of the theory, going on to detail frontier research advances in spin dependence in (p, 2p) scattering, isospin dependence, and other quasi-free reactions. The final chapter, "Energetic Particle Emission in Nuclear Reactions" by D. H. Baal, explores new findings regarding direct interactions in the nucleus, thermalization and multiple scattering in nucleon emission, light fragment formation, and production of intermediate-mass fragments. A valuable and instructive trio of papers, Volume 15 of Advances in Nuclear Physics will be of interest to nonspecialists as well as specialists in the fields of nuclear physics, high-energy physics, and theoretical physics. J. W. NEGELE E. VoGT ix CONTENTS Chapter 1 ANALYTIC INSIGHTS INTO INTERMEDIATE-ENERGY HADRON-NUCLEUS SCATTERING R. D. Amado I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."

This Workshop was organized to bring once more tagether the scientists of the rather heterogeneaus field of exotic atoms. At present the main topic of the field seems to be the study of the atomic cascade. There are some who study it intentionally -Iet us call them cascadeurs -and others who think they investigate other features of the exotic atoms (like Coulomb capture, particle transfer, muon catalyzed fusion, chemical effects, fundamental properties, etc.) -users-while in fact they study some special consequences of the same atomic cascade. We decided to get cascadeurs and users discuss the problems of exotic atoms at wonderful Erice, at the 5th Course of the International School of Physics of Exotic Atoms. Our Workshop was quite successful, we have heard excellent talks from participants from a dozen countfies and most of them have prepared written contributions for this volume. The Organizers express their gratitude to all participants for their contributions, especially to David Measday for bis concluding remarks (not printed here) and to James Cohen for jumping in for Leonid Ponomarev who had to leave unexpectedly in the middle of the meeting. We greatly appreciate the enthusiastic help of Marianne Signer in every stage of the organization work. Am , of course, the Workshop could not happen at all without the incredibly efficient organization by the Ettore Majorana Centre of Scientific Culture. Leopold M. Simons Dezso Horvath Gabriele Torelli V CONTENTS OPENING ADDRESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi . . . . . . ."

The book presents an overview on important aspects of ion irradiation of surfaces, emphasizing low impact energies. Specifically, ion penetration and implantation into solids, defect creation and amorphization of semiconductors, sputtering of elemental and multicomponent targets, and ionization processes of emitted species are discussed. It provides a synoptic view of these phenomena which are strongly interrelated by the same basic processes, but are often described separately and in diverging terminology. The book tries to bridge this gap, summarizing results from experiments, computer simulations and theoretical approaches.

These lectures review the recently developed vector coherent state method. The book is an excellent introduction to the field because of the many examples treated in detail, in particular those from nuclear and particle physics. These calculations will be welcomed by researchers and graduate students. The author reviews the concepts of coherent states of the Heisenberg algebra and shows then that the vector coherent state method maps the higher symmetry algebra into an n-dimensional harmonic oscillator algebra coupled with a simple intrinsic symmetry algebra. The formulation involves some vector (or analogous higher symmetry) coupling of the intrinsic algebra with the n-dimensional oscillator algebra, leading to matrix representations and Wigner coefficients of the higher symmetry algebra expressed in terms of simple calculable functions and recoupling coefficients for the simpler intrinsic algebra.

The ENAM2001 Conference was held on July 2-7, 2001 at the Rantasipi Aulanko Hotel in Hameenlinna in southern Finland. The conference was organized by the Department of Physics and the Accelerator Laboratory of the University of Jyvaskyla with support from the Physics Departments of the Universities of Helsinki and Turku. This conference, Exotic Nuclei and Atomic Masses has now gained the status of a major nuclear physics serial conference. The previous conference was held in Bellaire, Michigan, USA. The conference was first held in 1967 in Lysekil, Sweden, then entitled Conference on Nuclei Far from Stability. ENAM2001 welcomed 270 participants from 34 countries, including 17 accompanying per sons. The content of the program was selected based on the advice of the International Advisory Committee. The Committee members read and considered 253 submitted abstracts in selecting oral contributions. During the conference week 76 invited and oral talks were given. The rest of the contributions were presented in dedicated poster sessions. Many thanks go to the speakers of oral and poster presentations for their enthusiasm and for the high quality of their work which demonstrated the liveliness of the field. Participation in the lectures was high and contributions from the audience were important towards the success of this conference. The organizers would like to especially thank Cary Davids of Argonne National Laboratory for his comprehensive summary talk, which is also included in these Proceedings.

This volume brings together theoretical ideas on the plasma physics of both hot and dense plasmas in the solar atmosphere and similar physics applied to the tenuous and cooler plasmas found in the heliosphere. It is complemented by recent observations. Helioseismology covers the solar interior and the neutrino problem. Solar and stellar activity cycles are addressed. The dynamics of magnetic flux tubes in the solar atmosphere and material flows through the chromosphere into the upper atmosphere are comprehensively reviewed. Energy release processes and the production of energetic particles are important to understanding events in the solar atmosphere and to the dynamics of the tenuous heliosphere. A glimpse of the future is offered by concluding chapters on new ground-based and space instrumentation.

The recent discovery of a type II supernova in the Large Magellanic Cloud provides a rare chance to compare models of stellar evolution and nucleosynthesis directly with observations. This workshop covers thermonuclear reaction rates in chaos (experimental and theoretical), stellar evolution, nucleosynthesis and isotopic anomalies in meteorites and, in a final section, the supernovae, in particular SN 1987A. It brings the most interesting news in the rapidly developing field of nuclear astrophysics to researchers and also to graduate students. Recent and future developments are discussed. Special emphasis is placed on experimental and theoretical approaches to obtaining nuclear reaction rates, models of stellar evolution and explosions, and theories of nucleosynthesis. Various aspects of stellar evolution, nucleosynthesis, and thermonuclear reactions of astrophysical interest are reviewed. Several contributions deal with supernova explosions of massive stars, and in particular with Supernova 1987A and its impact on current models of the evolution of massive stars, the gravitational collapse of stellar cores, and neutrino physics and astronomy.

This set of survey talks presented to graduate students serves as a thorough exposition of the subject. The study of complex fluids (with internal structure) is important for theoretical purposes but also, and maybe even more so, for applied research. The reader will find papers on colloid mixtures, the structure of DNA mesophases, ferrofluids, chain dynamics, liquid crystals, computer simulations of macromolecules, fluidization, emulsions, relaxations and many other related topics.

The manuscript tackles one of the most interesting branches of plasma phys ics, the electrodynamics of the plasma. 99% of matter in the universe occur in the plasma state, - e. g., stars, gaseous nebulae, interstellar gas. The plasma also widely occurs on earth. Thus, the ionosphere protects human beings from the destroying effects of the solar radiation and provides the long distance radio communication. Plasmas also show up in metals and semicon ductors, and it is difficult to overestimate their importance in our everyday life. But even more important is that the power engineering of the future is connected with plasmas since the plasma is the fuel for thermonuclear reca tions and a practically unlimited source of energy harmless to the environ ment. For the description of a hot plasma a unique logically complete and consistent theoretical model has been developed on the basis of the Maxwell Vlasov equations. We tried to carry this idea through the entire text, which aims to present an orderly exposition of electromagnetic properties of the plasma within the Maxwell-Vlasov model. Both linear and nonlinear elec trodynamics of the plasma are presented. The first part (Chap. 1-5) deals with the linear electromagnetic properties of the plasma in thermodynamic equilibrium. The basic equations of the Maxwell-Vlasov model are introduced and the properties of the plasma in equilibrium are studied in the linear approximation of the electromagnetic field. The second part (Chaps."

This book addresses graduate students in astronomy and astrophysics. The first part is devoted to galactic high-energy astrophysics. It treats particle accelerations (including shocks), the interstellar medium and supernovae remnants, high-energy emissions from normal stars and accretion in close binaries. The second part deals with observationslike pulsar timing, and its measurement with radioastronomical tools, and astrometry, as performed in the HIPPARCOS satellite program.

The study of the magnetic fields of the Earth and Sun, as well as those of other planets, stars, and galaxies, has a long history and a rich and varied literature, including in recent years a number of review articles and books dedicated to the dynamo theories of these fields. Against this background of work, some explanation of the scope and purpose of the present monograph, and of the presentation and organization of the material, is therefore needed. Dynamo theory offers an explanation of natural magnetism as a phenomenon of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), the dynamics governing the evolution and interaction of motions of an electrically conducting fluid and electromagnetic fields. A natural starting point for a dynamo theory assumes the fluid motion to be a given vector field, without regard for the origin of the forces which drive it. The resulting kinematic dynamo theory is, in the non-relativistic case, a linear advection-diffusion problem for the magnetic field. This kinematic theory, while far simpler than its magnetohydrodynamic counterpart, remains a formidable analytical problem since the interesting solutions lack the easiest symmetries. Much ofthe research has focused on the simplest acceptable flows and especially on cases where the smoothing effect of diffusion can be exploited. A close analog is the advection and diffusion of a scalar field by laminar flows, the diffusion being measured by an appropriate Peclet number. This work has succeeded in establishing dynamo action as an attractive candidate for astrophysical magnetism.

Few-body resonances are in the frontiers of resonance studies. Very similar problems occur in atomic and molecular physics, nuclear physics and high-energy physics. This collection presents the state of the art of the studies of resonance states in these fields and demonstrates their common methodological aspects. Most of the contributions are theoretical, but quite a few are closely linked with experiments through the data they are dealing with.

The fifteenth European Conference on Few-Body Problems in Physics has taken place during the week of June 5th to 9th, in the lovely village of Peniscola, approximately midway between Barcelona and Valencia on the Mediterranean coast. This conference continues the tradition initiated in 1972 at Budapest, where the first conference took place, and followed in Graz (1973), Tiibingen (1975), Vlieland (1976), Uppsala (1977), Dubna (1979), Sesimbra (1980), Fer- rara (1981), Tbilisi (1984), Fontevraud (1987), Uzhgorod (1990), Elba (1991) and Amsterdam (1993). During this week, a total of one hundred and fifty one scientist were exchang- ing their knowledge and initiatives in this broad field of Few-Body Physics. Even if the name of the conference restricts its domain to Europe, there has been an important participation of scientists from non-European countries. A conference with more than twenty years of tradition is already an au- tonomous being, with a noticeable inertia. Nevertheless, it is a reasonable thought to bend this inertia trying to introduce some innovation, of course, without any damage to the basic structure and objectives of the conference.

In this volume seven leading theoreticians and experimenters review the origin of the asymmetry of matter and antimatter in the Big Bang, solar neutrinos, the physics of enormous densities and temperatures in stars and of immense magnetic fields around collapsed stars, strong electric fields in heavy ion collisions, and the extreme conditions in quark-gluon plasmas. The articles address nuclear and particle physicists, especially graduate students, but also astrophysicists and cosmologists, since they have to deal with events under the extreme physical conditions discussed here.