A comprehensive review of ion beam application in modern materials research is provided, including the basics of ion beam physics and technology. The physics of ion-solid interactions for ion implantation, ion beam synthesis, sputtering and nano-patterning is treated in detail. Its applications in materials research, development and analysis, developments of special techniques and interaction mechanisms of ion beams with solid state matter result in the optimization of new material properties, which are discussed thoroughly. Solid-state properties optimization for functional materials such as doped semiconductors and metal layers for nano-electronics, metal alloys, and nano-patterned surfaces is demonstrated. The ion beam is an important tool for both materials processing and analysis. Researchers engaged in solid-state physics and materials research, engineers and technologists in the field of modern functional materials will welcome this text.

Revolutionary advances in experimental techniques and spectacular increases in computer power over recent years have enabled researchers to develop a much more profound understanding of the atomic few-body problem. One area of intense focus has been the study of fragmentation processes. Covering the latest research in the field, this edited text is the first to provide a focussed and systematic treatment of fragmentation processes, bringing together contributions from a range of leading experts. As well as tackling the more established electron-impact ionization processes, (e,2e), this book also guides the reader through topics such as molecular fragmentation, ion-atom collisions and multi-photon processes. Combining a broad range of topics with an equal mix of theoretical and experimental discussion, this is an invaluable text for graduate students and researchers in atomic collisions, laser physics and chemistry.

In 2010, the ALPHA collaboration achieved a first for mankind: the stable, long-term storage of atomic antimatter, a project carried out a the Antiproton Decelerator facility at CERN. A crucial element of this observation was a dedicated silicon vertexing detector used to identify and analyze antihydrogen annihilations. This thesis reports the methods used to reconstruct the annihilation location. Specifically, the methods used to identify and extrapolate charged particle tracks and estimate the originating annihilation location are outlined. Finally, the experimental results demonstrating the first-ever magnetic confinement of antihydrogen atoms are presented. These results rely heavily on the silicon detector, and as such, the role of the annihilation vertex reconstruction is emphasized.

The aim of this book is to offer to the next generation of young researchers a broad and largely self-contained introduction to the physics of heavy ion collisions and the quark-gluon plasma, providing material beyond that normally found in the available textbooks. For each of the main aspects - QCD thermodynamics and global features of the QGP, collision hydrodynamics, electromagnetic probes, jet and quarkonium production, color glass condensate, and the gravity connection - the present volume provides extensive and pedagogical lectures, surveying the present status of both theory and experiment. A particular feature of this volume is that all lectures have been written with the active assistance of selected students present at the course in order to ensure the adequate level and coverage for the intended readership.

RF Probeheads 1. J. Link, Faellanden, Switzerland The Design of Resonator Probes with Homogeneous Radiofrequency Fields 2. M. Schnall, Philadelphia, PA/USA Probes Tuned to Multiple Frequencies for In-Vivo NMR RF Pulses 3. P.C.M. van Zijl, Rockville, MD/USA; C.T.W. Moonen, Bethesda, MD/USA Solvent Suppression Strategies for In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 4. M. Garwood, K. Ugurbil, Minneapolis, MN/USA B1 Insensitive Adiabatic RF Pulses 5. P.G. Morris, Nottingham, UK Frequency Selective Excitation Using Phase-Compensated RF Pulses in One andTwo Dimensions 6. S. Mueller, Basel, Switzerland RF Pulses for MultipleFrequency Excitation: Theory and Application Spectrum Analysis 7. R. de Beer, D. van Ormondt, Delft, The Nethelands Analysis of NMR Data Using Time Domain Fitting Procedures 8. E.B. Cady, London, UK Determination of Absolute Concentrations of Metabolites from NMR Spectra

For some time now there has been an interest in the nop. linear interaction of electromagnetic waves in plasma [1,2]. But only in the last few years has the theory of nonlinear wave inter action effects undergone such vigorous development as to result in the formulation of clear phYSical concepts regarding the mech anisms of interaction. This development has been engendered by attempts to solve many of the plasma-physical problems accom panying the tremendous growth of experimental research [3]. The importance of nonlinear effects in modern plasma physics is dis cussed in detail in Chap. I. At this point we merely stress the fact that today the analysis of nonlinear effects is a practical ne cessity in any experiment involving plasma instabilities. We should also point out that plasma instabilities can assert them selves extensively in solids (solid state plasma) and play an im portant part in the study of cosmic plasma. Consequently, the problems of nonlinear wave interaction in plasma are of concern to those working in widely different areas of physics. Yet it is difficult to assimilate the results of investigations on nonlinear effects, owing to the complicated way in which the results of orig inal research are presented. In the present book the author hopes in some measure to fill the need for a text on the physics of non linear effects that is accessible to a fairly general audience.

From the Editors Preface: ""Quark Matter 1987" was attended by about 250 scientists, representing 75 research institutions around the world - the scientific community engaged in experimental and theoretical studies of high energy nuclear collisions. The central theme of the meeting was the possibility of achieving extreme energy densities in extended systems of strongly interacting matter - with the ultimate aim of creating in the laboratory a deconfined state of matter, a state in which quarks and gluons attain the active degrees of freedom. High energy accelerator beams and cosmic radiation projectiles provide the experimental tools for this endeavour; on the theoretical side, it is intimately connected to recent developments in the non-perturbative study of quantum chromodynamics. Phase transitions between hadronic matter and quark-gluon plasma are of basic interest also for our understanding of the dynamics of the early universe ... A very special feature of this Sixth Quark Matter Conference was the advent of the first experimental results from dedicated accelerator studies. These were conducted during 1986/87 at the AGS of Brookhaven National Laboratory ... and at the CERN SPS ... An intense discussion of these data formed the main activity of the meeting.

Low-temperature spectroscopy of organic molecular crystals came into being in the late 20s, just when quantum physics of solids as a whole began to de velop vigorously. Already in the early works, two experimental facts of prime importance were discovered: the presence of a multitude of narrow bands in the low-temperature spectrum of a crystal, and a close relationship between the spectrum of the crystal and that of the constituent molecules. These findings immediately preceded the celebrated paper of Frenkel in which he went beyond the framework of Bloch's scheme and advanced the exciton concept. Subsequent investigations showed that the most interesting features of the spectra of molecular crystals are associated with excitons, and then the spectroscopy of molecular excitons began to form gradually on the basis of the spectroscopy of organic crystals. The molecular exciton became synonymous to the Frenkel exciton in a molecular crystal. In view of the difficulties involved in the analysis of rich spectra con taining many tens of bands, the spectroscopy of molecular crystals had long been connected most closely with the spectroscopy of molecules. It had deve loped independently, to a large extent, from the other branches of solid state physics. This was also emphasized by the difference in experimental techniques, the specific properties of the objects, etc. As a result, there was some lag in ideas and concepts."

This volume contains the invited lectures and seminars and abstracts of the contributed seminars presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Photon Correlation and Light Beating Spectroscopy held at the Centro Caprense Di Vita E Di Studi Ignazio Cerio , Capri, Italy, July 16-27, 1973. The Institute was organized to provide a com~rehen8ive presentation of this new and rapidly developing field for those interested in applying these techniques to problems in many areas including Physics, Biology, Engineering and Chemistry. The lectures were divided into three principal categories: the first Basic Theory (Photon Statistics and Correlation, Scattering Theory), secondly Instrumentation (Correlation Techniques, Light Beating), and the third Areas of Application (Gas and Liquid Dynamics, Critical Phenomena, Biology). The seminars provided detailed presentations of applications to a number of specific problems. * Although the selection of topics was inevitably li mi ted, i t was the hope of the organizing committee that the lectures would provide a broad coverage appropriate for the needs of the interdisciplinary audience represented by the participants, and that this volume would serve for some years to come as a useful introduction for those entering the field. The members of the Organizing Committee were: E.R. Pike, RRE, Malvern U.K. } Co-directors H.Z. Cummins, New York University M. Bertolotti, Universita di Roma - LocalOrganizer J.M. Vaughan, RRE, Malvern, U.K. Secretary H. Swinney, New York University Treasurer P. Lallemand, Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris H. Haken, Universitat Stuttgart, Germany.

INSTEAD OF A "FESTSCHRIFT" In June 1998 Hans Primas turned 70 years old. Although he himself is not fond of jubilees and although he likes to play the decimal system of numbers down as contingent, this is nevertheless a suitable occasion to reflect on the professional work of one of the rare distinguished contempo rary scientists who attach equal importance to experimental and theoretical and conceptual lines of research. Hans Primas' interests have covered an enormous range: methods and instruments for nuclear magnetic resonance, theoretical chemistry, C* - and W* -algebraic formulations of quantum me chanics, the measurement problem and its various implications, holism and realism in quantum theory, theory reduction, the work and personality of Wolfgang Pauli, as well as Jungian psychology. In many of these fields he provided important and original food for thought, in some cases going far beyond the everyday business in the scien tific world. As is the case with other scientists who are conceptually inno vative, Hans Primas is read more than he is quoted. His influence is due to his writings. Even with the current flood of publications, he still performs the miracle of having scientists eagerly awaiting his next publication."

The book gives a comprehensive introduction to nano-optics The book is of interest to physicists, biologists and chemists The book may suggest directions to doctoral thesis investigations This volume presents a considerable number of interrelated contributions dealing with the new scientific ability to shape and control matter and electromagnetic fields on a sub-wavelength scale. The topics range from the fundamental ones, such as photonic metamateriials, plasmonics and sub-wavelength resolution to the more applicative, such as detection of single molecules, tomography on a micro-chip, fluorescence spectroscopy of biological systems, coherent control of biomolecules, biosensing of single proteins, terahertz spectroscopy of nanoparticles, rare earth ion-doped nanoparticles, random lasing, and nanocoax array architecture. The various subjects bridge over the disciplines of physics, biology and chemistry, making this volume of interest to people working in these fields. The emphasis is on the principles behind each technique and on examining the full potential of each technique. The contributions that appear in this volume were presented at a NATO Advanced Study Institute that was held in Erice, Italy, 3-18 July, 2011. The pedagogical aspect of the Institute is reflected in the topics presented in this volume.

The present volume is essentially a qualitative survey of modern trends in the diagnostics of high-temperature plasmas, with particular orientation toward laboratory plasmas of interest in connection with research in controlled thermonuclear fusion. Among the broad topics considered are probe diagnostics, optical methods (including the use of lasers and holography), microwave diagnostics, and diagnostics with particle beams. Having infor mation on these methods available in compact form and in one place, as is the case in the present volume, should make it pos sible to evaluate different diagnostic approaches to specific prob lems. The volume will be useful as an introduction for advanced students making their first contact with experimental plasma physics and for physicists and engineers who are entering the field and desire a rapid survey of principles and modern trends in the diagnostics of high-temperature plasmas. v Foreword to the American Edition The material in this book is based on lectures given at Mos cow State University. It is intended to acquaint the reader with the basic aspects of plasma diagnostics and contains information re quired for the experimental physicist who wishes to carry out straightforward measurements of laboratory plasmas. It will be evident that in choosing the material we have been guided pri marily by the scientific interests of the author, and the great bulk of the material is based on work carried out in the USSR."

Since the time of the discovery of the fission of the nucleus, when Hahn and Strassmann first detected the products of nuclear fission in 1939 in uranium irradiated by neutrons, over two decades have passed. In the work accom plished since that time, research has been greatly expanded on fission products and has been extended to many nuclides formed in the fission of various nu clei induced by neutrons, gamma rays, charged particles, and in spontaneous fission. Amassing of experimental results is an important task not only for nu clear engineering but also for an understanding of the fission process itself, for bringing into existence a finished theory on the unique and intriguing physi cal phenomenon which plays such a decisive role in the practical utilization of nuclear energy. In this reference manual, an attempt is made to collect and generalize upon the results of experimental research work over the period spanning 1939 to 1962, on yields of fission products and on the mass distribution of fission fragments. Various instances of the fission of nuclei induced by neutrons, gamma rays, charged particles, and spontaneous fission of nuclei are discussed."

A lively demonstration of the great vitality and the multidisciplinary character of cluster research and of the usefulness of synthesizing its various aspects was given at this symposium. This volume covers all aspects of the physical and chemical properties of free and supported clusters or small particles: static, dynamical, electronic, magnetic and optical properties, adsorption and chemical phenomena. It thus gives a complete overview of the status of the field and its development.

"EPR of Free Radicals in Solids: Trends in Methods and Applications, 2nd ed. "presents a critical two volume review of the methods and applications of EPR (ESR) for the study of free radical processes in solids. Emphasis is on the progress made in the developments in EPR technology, in the application of sophisticated matrix isolation techniques and in the advancement in quantitative EPR that have occurred since the 1st edition was published. Improvements have been made also at theoretical level, with the development of methods based on first principles and their application to the calculation of magnetic properties as well as in spectral simulations.

"EPR of Free Radicals in Solids I "focuses on the trends in experimental and theoretical methods to extract structural and dynamical properties of radicals and spin probes in solid matrices by continuous wave (CW) and pulsed techniques. It presents simulation techniques and software for CW and pulsed EPR as well as studies of quantum effects at low temperature. The chapters dealing with quantum chemistry methods for the theoretical interpretation of hyperfine coupling tensors and g-tensors have been much extended in this edition and a new chapter on the calculation of zero-field splitting tensors has been added. This new edition is a valuable resource to experimentalists and theoreticians in research involving free radicals, as well as for students of advanced courses in physical chemistry, chemical physics, materials science, biophysics, biochemistry and related fields.

This new edition is a valuable resource to experimentalists and theoreticians in research involving free radicals, as well as for students of advanced courses in physical chemistry, chemical physics, materials science, biophysics, biochemistry and related fields."

Thermal processes are ubiquitous and an understanding of thermal phenomena is essential for a complete description of the physics of nanoparticles, both for the purpose of modeling the dynamics of the particles and for the correct interpretation of experimental data.
This book has the twofold aim to present coherently the relevant results coming from the recent scientific literature and to guide the readers through the process of deriving results, enabling them to explore the limits of the mathematical approximations and test the power of the method. The book is focused on the fundamental properties of nanosystems in the gas phase. For this reason there is a strong emphasis on microcanonical physics. Each chapter is enrichedwith exercises and 3 Appendices provide additional useful materials."

An intense charged particle beam can be characterized as an organized charged particle flow for which the effects of beam self-fields are of major importance in describing the evolution of the flow. Research employing such beams is now a rapidly growing field with important applications ranging from the development of high power sources of coherent radiation to inertial confinement fusion. Major programs have now been established at several laboratories in the United States and Great Britain, as well as in the USSR, Japan, and several Eastern and Western European nations. In addition, related research activities are being pursued at the graduate level at several universities in the US and abroad. When the author first entered this field in 1973 there was no single reference text that provided a broad survey of the important topics, yet contained sufficient detail to be of interest to the active researcher. That situation has persisted, and this book is an attempt to fill the void. As such, the text is aimed at the graduate student, or beginning researcher; however, it contains ample information to be a convenient reference source for the advanced worker.

This book has developed through a series of lectures on atomic theory given these last eight years at Chalmers University of Technology and several oth er research centers. These courses were intended to make the basic elements of atomic theory available to experimentalists working with the hyperfine structure and the optical properties of atoms and to provide some insight into recent developments in the theory. The original intention of this book has gradually extended to include a wide range of topics. We have tried to provide a complete description of atomic theory, bridging the gap between introductory books on quantum mechanics - such as the book by Merzbacher, for instance - and present day research in the field. Our presentation is limited to static atomic prop erties, such as the effective electron-electron interaction, but the formalism can be extended without major difficulties to include dynamic properties, such as transition probabilities and dynamic polarizabilities."

The present NATO Advanced Study Institute held in CARGESE (Corsica) from Au- gust 8th to August 18th, 1989 was devoted to Hadronic Physics. We tried to give this school a key educational role in this new and rapidly developing interdisciplinary field. We hope that the combination of the lectures and the open atmosphere of scientific exchange and inquiry afforded by the Cargese format has provided a unique educational and scien- tific opportunity for students and has brought together all the relevant concepts and issues for frontier research in this field. We would like to express our gratitude to NATO for its generous financial support which made this Institute possible. We also wish to thank Dr. Luis V. Da Cunha, Director of the Scientific Affairs Division, for his valuable comments and advice. We acknowledge the support of the Institut de Physique Nucleaire et de Physique des Particules (France), the Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique (France), and the U.S. National Science Fundation, for the attribution of travel grants. Our special appreciation is due to Frederique Dykstra for her oustanding organiza- tional work throughout the preparation and duration of this conference It is also a pleasure to thank the Universite de Nice for making available the facilities of the Cargese Scientific Institute. The pictures of the lecturers included in the present volume were kindly provided by one of the participants, Dr.R.Janner.

The Mossbauer effect is not only one of the simplest and most beautiful discoveries of nuclear phYSics, it is one of those discoveries which, to the highest degre'e, tend to produce and develop new ties between nu clear physics and the other branches of physics as well as the other natural sciences and engineering. Two of our earlier papers which form the basis of this monograph were devoted to "propaganda" for the Mossbauer effect among chemists and "propaganda" for the chemical applications of the effect among nuclear physicists. The first paper, presented in January 1962 at the Scientific Colloquium of the Learned Council of the Theory of Chemical Structure, Kinetics, and Reactivity of the Di vision of Chemical Sciences of the Academy of Sci ences of the USSR, gave a general description of the Mossbauer effect and the methods by which it is observed" and enumerated a number of problems in structural chemistry, chemical kinetics, and radiation chemlstry that might well be studied by observing the Mossbauer spectra, in particular those of organotin compounds."

The idea for this book originated with the late Igor Vasil 'evich Kurchatov. He suggested to the author the need for a comprehen sive presentation of the fundamental ideas of plasma physics with out c'omplicated mathematics. This task has not been an easy one. In order to clarify the physical nature of plasma phenomena with out recourse to intricate mathematical expressions it is neces sary to think problems through very carefully. Thus, the book did not come into being by inspiration, but required a considerable ef fort. The aim of the book is to provide a beginning reader with an elementary knowledge of plasma physics. The book is primar ily written for engineers and technicians; however, we have also tried to make it intelligible to the reader whose knowledge ofphys ics is at the advanced-freshman level. To understand the book it is also necessary to have a working knowledge of electricity and magnetism of the kind available in present-: day programs in junior colleges. This book is not intended for light reading. It is designed for the reader for whom plasma physics will be a continuing in terest. We have confidence that such a reader will want to broad en his knowledge by consulting more specialized literature. Thus, we not only include simple expressions but also special important terms."

It is nonnal for the preface to explain the motivation behind the writing of the book. Since many good books dealing with the general theory of crystal defects already exist, a new book has to be especially justified, and here its main justification lies in its treatment of crystal line interfaces. About 1961, the work of the author, essentially based on the fundamental work of Professor F. C. Frank, started to branch away from the main flow of thought in this field and eventually led to a general geometrical theory which is presented as a whole for the first time in this book. Although nearly all that is presented has already been published in different journals and symposia, it might be difficult for the reader to follow that literature, as a new terminology and new methods of analysis had to be developed. Special emphasis is given to discussion and many diagrams are included in order that a clear view of the basic concepts be obtained. Intennediate summaries try to bring out the main points of the chapters. Instead of specific exercises, general suggestions for them are given. The part up to chapter 9 is considered more or less as introductory, so that the book can be studied without specific knowledge of crystals and crystal defects. The presentation of that part developed out of lectures given by the author at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich."

The usefulness of solvent effect studies on NMR chemical shifts need not be elabo rated here; many applications of solvent effects continue to be published in great profusion. Quite a few intermolecular phenomenae may contribute to solvent shifts, but there is always the ubiquitous Van der Waals effect ow. Contrary to such other effects as neighbour anisotropy 0a, reaction field contribution 0E or complexation effects 0e, no major direct use has yet been found for the Van der Waals effect. So far the role of the Van der Waals effect has been that of a nasty, disturbing phenom enon, something to be eliminated at all costs. But it is precisely in this latter respect where almost all solvent effect studies fall short. Not only is Ow usually large (larger than 0a and 0E even in 1 H NMR and probably the dominating term with heavier nuclei), but it is strongly variable from one solute to another and even from one nu clear site to another in the same solute molecule. No referencing technique, however cleverly devised, will be capable of eliminating the Ow contribution from the other, presumedly more interesting contributions. It appeared quite recently that mathematical trickery by the name of "factor analysis" could achieve the sought-for separation of contribuants."

The ready acceptance and wide demand for copies of the first two volumes of Chemical Mutagens: Principles and Methods Jar Their Detection have demon strated the need for wider dissemination of information on this timely and urgent subject. Therefore, it was imperative that a third volume be prepared to include more detailed discussions on techniques of some of the methods that were presented from a theoretical point of view in the first two volumes, and to update this rapidly expanding field with current findings and the new developments that have taken place in the past three years. Also included is a special chapter by Dr. Charlotte Auerbach giving the historical background of the discovery of chemical mutagenesis. Methods for recognizing mutagenic compounds in vitro are a necessary preliminary step toward arriving at satisfactory solutions for recognizing significant mutation rates in man, which must be done before our test tube methods of detection can be considered reliable. Two chapters in this volume make important contributions to this problem. Due to the increasing activity in efforts to perfect techniques for detecting chemical mutagens and their effects on man, it is planned to continue this series of volumes as necessary to keep abreast of current findings.

This book brings together various aspects of the nuclear fission phenomenon discovered by Hahn, Strassmann and Meitner almost 70 years ago. Beginning with an historical introduction the authors present various models to describe the fission process of hot nuclei as well as the spontaneous fission of cold nuclei and their isomers. The role of transport coefficients, like inertia and friction in fission dynamics is discussed. The effect of the nuclear shell structure on the fission probability and the mass and kinetic energy distributions of the fission fragments is presented. The fusion-fission process leading to the synthesis of new isotopes including super-heavy elements is described. The book will thus be useful for theoretical and experimental physicists, as well as for graduate and PhD students.