Quantum mesoscopic physics covers a whole class in interference effects related to the propagation of waves in complex and random media. These effects are ubiquitous in physics, from the behaviour of electrons in metals and semiconductors to the propagation of electromagnetic waves in suspensions such as colloids, and quantum systems like cold atomic gases. A solid introduction to quantum mesoscopic physics, this book is a modern account of the problem of coherent wave propagation in random media. It provides a unified account of the basic theoretical tools and methods, highlighting the common aspects of the various optical and electronic phenomena involved and presenting a large number of experimental results. With over 200 figures, and exercises throughout, the book was originally published in 2007 and is ideal for graduate students in physics, electrical engineering, applied physics, acoustics and astrophysics. It will also be an interesting reference for researchers.

This book has been written as part of a series of scientific books being published by Plenum Press. The scope of the series is to review a chosen topic in each volume. To supplement this information, the abstracts to the most important references cited in the text are reprinted, thus allowing the reader to find in-depth material without having to refer to many additional publications. This volume is dedicated to the field of dry (plasma) etching, as applied in silicon semiconductor processing. Although a number of books have appeared dealing with this area of physics and chemistry, these all deal with parts of the field. This book is unique in that it gives a compact, yet complete, in-depth overview of fundamentals, systems, processes, tools, and applications of etching with gas plasmas for VLSI. Examples are given throughout the fundamental sections, in order to give the reader a better insight in the meaning and magnitude of the many parameters relevant to dry etching. Electrical engineering concepts are emphasized to explain the pros and cons of reactor concepts and excitation frequency ranges. In the description of practical applications, extensive use is made of cross-referencing between processes and materials, as well as theory and practice. It is thus intended to provide a total model for understanding dry etching. The book has been written such that no previous knowledge of the subject is required. It is intended as a review of all aspects of dry etching for silicon semiconductor processing.

Following the first Capri School on Photon Correlation Spectroscopy held in July 1973 and published earlier in this series (Series B: Physics v.3) a second Capri NATO Advanced Study Institute on this topic was held at the Hotei Luna from 26 July to 6 August 1976. This volume contains the invited lecture courses and seminars and some of the contributed seminars presented at this Institute. Much had happened in the field in the intervening three years and it was the intention of the Organising Committee to build on the previous courses * without detailed repetition of fundamentals. and to extend the coverage widely over the use of photon-correla tion methods for the temporal or spectral analysis of fluctuating light sources. In particular, the rapid expansion of these methods for the measurement of macroscopic motion by Laser Doppler Veloci metry was given special emphasis as is indicated in the title. The members of the Organizing Committee were: E R Pike, RSRE, Malvern, UK } _ Co-directors H Z Cummins, CCNY, New York, USA M Bertolotti, University of Rome, Italy - Local Organiser P Pusey, RSRE, Malvern, UK - Treasurer V DeGiorgio, CISE, Milan, Italy P Lallemand, ENS, Paris, France Pierre de Gennes assisted the Committee during the planning of the Institute but was unfortunately prevented at the last minute from attending.

This volume contains the invited contributions to the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Integrable Quantum Field Theories held at the Villa Olmo, Como, Italy, September 14-18, 1992. About 70 researchers from all over world gathered at this in- terdisciplinary workshop, which turned out to be timely and very stimulating. We are grateful to the institutions that made it possible: the NATO Scientific Affairs Divi- sion, the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare and the Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati for financial support, and the Centro A.Volta for hospitality. In the past decades integrability was mostly explored in the framework of mathe- matical physics. However, in the last few years it has become a prominent subject in many domains of theoretical physics: two dimensional statistical mechanical models, two-dimensional conformal field theories and their perturbations, matrix models of two-dimensional gravity. This trend has been confirmed by the workshop: progress has been reported in all of the above topics both from physicists and mathematicians. One can recognize three broad groups of subjects: 1) 2D lattice models and off-critical solvable models, 2) Kac-Moody algebras and their role in integrable theories, 3) matrix models of string theory and their relation with topological and integrable field theories.

The NATO Advanced Study Institute on "Atomic and Molecular Processes in Controlled TheI'IllOnuclear Fusion" was held at Chateau de Bonas, Castera-Verduzan, Gel's, France, from 13th to 24th August 1979, and this volume contains the text of the invited lectures. The Institute was supported by the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO, and additional support was received from EURATOM and the United States National Science Foundation. The Institute was attended by 88 scientists, all of whom were active research workers in control of thermonuclear plasmas, 01' atomic and molecular physics, 01' both. In addition to the formal lectures, printed in this volume, which were intended to be pedagogic, more than twenty research seminars were given by participants. The first half of the Institute was directed to introducing atomic and molecular theoretical and experimental physicists to the physics of controlled thermonuclear fusion. Most attention was paid to magnetic confinement, and within that field, to tokamaks. MI'.

The collision of electrons with molecules and molecular ions is a fundamental pro cess in atomic and molecular physics and in chemistry. At high incident electron en ergies, electron-molecule collisions are used to deduce molecular geometries, oscillator strengths for optically allowed transitions, and in the case of electron-impact ionization, to probe the momentum distribution of the molecule itself. When the incident electron energy is comparable to or below those of the molecular valence electrons, the physics involved is particularly rich. Correlation and exchange effects necessary to describe such collision processes bear a close resemblance to similar efft: cts in the theory of electronic structure in molecules. Compound state formations, in the form of resonances and vir tual states, manifest themselves in experimental observables which provide details of the electron-molecule interactions. Ro-vibrational excitations by low-energy electron collisions exemplify energy transfer between the electronic and nuclear motion. The role of nonadiabatic interaction is raised here. When the final vibrational state is in the continuum, molecular dissociation occurs. Dissociative recombination and dissociative attachment are examples of such fragmentation processes. In addition to its fundamental nature, the study of electron-molecule collisions is also motivated by its relation to other fields of study and by its technological appli cations. The study of planetary atmospheres and the interstellar medium necessarily involve collision processes of electrons with molecules and molecular ions."

This volume presents the contributions delivered at the "Josef-Loschmidt-Sympo sium," which took place in Vienna, June 25-27, 1995. The symposium was arranged to honor Josef Loschmidt one hundred years after his death (8 July 1895), to evaluate the sig nificance of his contributions to chemistry and physics from a modem point of view and to trace the development of scientific fields in which he had done pioneering work. Loschmidt is widely known for the first calculation of the size of molecules (1865/66), which also led to values for the number of molecules in unit gas volume and for the mass of molecules. With critical analyses of problems in statistical physics he made important contributions to the development of that field, "Loschmidt's paradoxon" continuing to be a point of departure for present day studies and discussions. For decades there was little awareness that Loschmidt was a pioneer in organic struc tural chemistry. Only in recent years has Loschmidt's first scientific publication "Chemis che Studien I", published in 1861, become more widely known and it is now recognized that with his ideas on the structure of organic molecules he was greatly ahead of the chemists of that time. The papers in these proceedings are arranged in three sections: l. Organic structural chemistry (Chapters 1-12). 2. Physics and physical chemistry (Chapters 13-26). 3. Loschmidt's biography, Loschmidt's world (Chapters 27-33).

Perhaps the most controversial aspeat of this volume is the number (V) assigned to the aonferenae in this series. Actually, the first aonferenae to be held under the title '~tomia Collisions in Solids" was held at Sussex University in England in 1969 and the seaond at Gausdal, Norway in 19?1, whiah would logically make the aonferenae held at Gatlinburg, Tennessee, U. S. A. in 19?3 the third (III). However, the appearance of the proceedings of the 19?1 Gausdal Conference (published by Gordon and Breaahj bore the number IV. The reasoning behind this was that, in. faat, two pre- vious aonferenaes had been largely dedicated to the same subjeat area. The first of these was at Aarhus, Denmark in 1965 and the seaond in 196? was held in Chalk River, Canada. Henae, the number V for the 19?3 meeting. Actually, the aonferenae aan easily be traaed baak to Paris, Franae in 196l when it went under the colorful title of '~e Bom- bardement Ionique. " In 1962 a small aonferenae was held at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U. S. A. at whiah the discovery of channeling was first formally annunciated. This was followed by aonferenaes at Chalk River, Canada in 1963 and at Harwell, England in 1964. More- over, immediately following the Chalk River conference in 196? there was a aonferenae on higher energy collisions at Brookhaven, New York, U. S. A. Thus, strictly speaking, the Gatlinburg meeting is the tenth (X) in the series.

There are many human cancers which actively synthesize specific characteristic proteins such as melanomas, thyroid cancer and squamous cell carcinoma. Many cancer researchers have of course tried to utilize this specific activity as a key for the selective treatment of cancers. In the past for example, the molecular hybrid compound of DOPA, a substrate of melanin, and nitrogen mustard N-oxide hydrochloride, a ctyotoxic anti-tumor drug, was synthesized as Melphalan and used to treat malignant melanoma. A major problem arose though in that it was soon found to be highly suppressive toward bone marrow and quite toxic while not being remarkably effective. Thus, malignant melanoma could not be cured by it. Such failure led us to develop a novel bimodal therapeutic system which includes the use of non-toxic potentially cytocidal chemicals which selectively accumulate within the cancer cells and which are converted by a controllable modality into an actively cytocidal element in situ. We can now non-surgically cure malignant melanoma and glioblastoma with our selective cancer treatment, neutron capture therapy (NCT); as can be found in this volume. Included are 124 papers on the latest breaking developments discussed at the Sixth International Symposium on NCT for Cancer held in Kobe during the late autumn of 1994.

This volume contains the Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Navier-Stokes Equations and Related Nonlinear Problems. The conference was held in Funchal (Madeira, Portugal), on May 21-27, 1994. In addition to the editor, the organizers were Carlos Albuquerque (FC, University of Lisbon), Casimiro Silva (University of Madeira) and Juha Videman (1ST, Technical University of Lisbon). This meeting, following two other successful events of similar type held in Thurnau (Germany) in 1992 and in Cento (Italy) in 1993, brought together, to the majestically beautiful island of Madeira, more than 60 specialists from all around the world, of which about two thirds were invited lecturers. The main interest of the meeting was focused on the mathematical analysis of nonlinear phenomena in fluid mechanics. During the conference, we noticed that this area seems to provide, today more than ever, challenging and increasingly important problems motivating the research of both theoretical and numerical analysts. This volume collects 32 articles selected from the invited lectures and contributed papers given during the conference. The main topics covered include: Flows in Unbounded Domains; Flows in Bounded Domains; Compressible Fluids; Free Boundary Problems; Non-Newtonian Fluids; Related Problems and Numerical Approximations. The contributions present original results or new surveys on recent developments, giving directions for future research. I express my gratitude to all the authors and I am glad to recognize the scientific level and the actual interest of the articles.

The first Nato Advanced Studies Institute entirely devoted to density functional theory was held in Portugal in September 1983. The proceedings of this School, publis hed in early 1985, is still used as a standard reference covering the basic development of the theory and applications in atomic, molecular, solid state and nuclear physics. Ho wever, astonishing progress has been achieved in the intervening years: The foundations of the theory have been extended to cover excited states and time dependent problems more fully, density functional theory of classical liquids and superconducting systems has been addressed and extensions to relativistic, that is, field theoretical systems, as well as a more thorough discussion of magnetic field problems have been presented. In addition, new functionals have been devised, for instance under the heading of ge neralised gradient expansions, and the number of applications in the traditional fields has steadily increased, in particular in chemistry. Applications in new fields, as for instance the structure of atomic clusters and the marriage of density functional theory with molecular dynamics and simulated annealing, have provided additional impetus to the field of density functional theory."

This 1930 book is a fascinating attempt to obtain a fuller understanding of molecular structure from spectral evidence. The investigation in particular throws lights on the macroscopic properties of molecular gases and the theory of chemical binding.

Niels Bohr (1885-1962) was a Danish physicist who played a key role in the development of atomic theory and quantum mechanics, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1922. First published in 1934, and reprinted in 1961, this collection contains four articles and an introductory survey. Originally written for various journals during the 1920s, the articles concern themselves with the epistemological significance of discoveries in quantum physics. Although aimed at physicists, they are generally non-technical, with only one using some elementary mathematics. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in Bohr's contribution to physics.

First published in 1945, in the aftermath of the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Atomic Energy in Cosmic and Human Life offers a unique account of the problem of atomic energy and the underlying principles of radioactive decay. Written by the pre-eminent physicist George Gamow, and dedicated to the hope of lasting peace, the book was originally designed to give a complete picture of what atomic energy is, where it comes from, and how it can be used for better or worse. Featuring a number of graphs and illustrations by the author himself, this small volume will continue to be of value to those interested in the history of the study of radioactivity.

The EPSRC (Engineering and Physical Science Research Committee of the U. K. ) suggested two Workshops (York University, 22-23 September, 1993 and 15-16 April, 1994) for possible development of polarized electron/photon physics as targeted areas of research. The remit of these meetings included identifying research groups and their activities in polarized electron/polarized photon physics, listing relevant existing facilities (particularly electron spin sources and polarimeters), possible joint projects between research groups in the U. K. , recognizing future needs of projects for research of the highest scientific merit and referring to international comparisons of these research activities. Although very diverse but interconnected, the areas of research presented at the Workshops embrace atomic, molecular, surface, and solid state physics. In more detail these areas covered: electron spin correlations and photon polarization correlations in atomic and molecular collisions and photoionization, electron spin effects in scanning tunneling microscopy, surface and interface magnetism from X-ray scattering and polarized Auger electrons (including analysis of domain structures in solids and surfaces), polarized electrons from multiphoton ionization, quasi-atomic effects in solid state physics, dichroism in molecular and surface processes, Faraday rotation and high-field magneto-optics and polarization effects in simultaneous higher order electron-photon excitations. It is obvious from the spectrum of research fields presented at the Workshops that physicists of primarily two communities, namely those studying electron and photon spin interactions with gaseous atomic and molecular targets and those using condensed matter targets for their studies, interacted very closely with each other.

Covering both theory and applications, this important work provides a comprehensive introduction to the modern theory of X-ray and electronic spectra of free atoms. Romas Karazija discusses methods of angular momenta, irreducible tensorial operators, and coefficients of fractional parentage and their use in determining cross sections and probabilities of elementary processes. In addition, Karazija addresses the structure of electronic shells with inner vacancies and many-body effects.

The great advantage of coincidence measurements is that by suitable choice of the kinematical and geometrical arrangement one may probe delicate physical effects which would be swamped in less differential experiments. The measurement of the triple dif ferential and higher-order cross sections presents enormous technical difficulties, but refined experiments of this type provide an insight into the subtleties of the scattering process and offer a welcome, if severe, test of the available theoretical models. The last few years have been an exciting time to work in the field and much has been learned. Profound insights have been gleaned into the basic Coulomb few body problem in atomic physics: the experimental study of the fundamental (e,2e) processes on hydrogen and helium targets continues to add to our knowledge and indeed to challenge the best of our theoretical models; significant advances have been made in the understanding of the "double excitation problem," that is the study of ionization processes with two active target electrons: important measurements of (e,3e), (, ), 2e), excitation-ionization and excitation autoionization have been reported and strides have been made in their theoretical description; the longstanding discrepancies between theory and experiment for relativistic (e,2e) processes were resolved, spin dependent effects predicted and ob served and the first successful coincidence experiments on surfaces and thin films were announced. Theory and experiment have advanced in close consort. The papers pre sented here cover the whole gambit of research in the field. Much has been achieved but much remains to be done."

It was just over ten years ago, at Aspeniisgarden near Gothenburg, Sweden, that Pro fessor Alexandr Sergeevich Davydov presented his soliton theory for the storage and transport of biological energy in protein to scientists from Europe, North America and Japan. Since then, his ideas have been vigorously studied and investigated throughout the world. Many feel that Davydov's theory is an important contribution to biomolecu lar dynamics, but others caution that neglected dispersive effects may destroy the energy localization that arises ill his theory. It was to discuss these differences of opinion that we organized a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on "Self-trapping of Vibrational Energy in Protein" from July 30 to August 5, 1989 at Hanstholm, Denmark. In addition to substantial financial support from the Special Programme on "Chaos; Order and Patterns" of the NATO Scientific Affairs Division, we received it generous grant from the Danish Natural Science Research Council. We also acknowledge invalu able assistance provided by the interdepartmental center of nonlinear studies ("MIDIT" is the Danish acronym) as well as the Laboratory of Applied Mathematical Physics, both at the Technical University of Denmark. It is a particular pleasure to thank Lise Gudmandsen and Dorthe Thcentsgersen for many forms of assistance before, during, and after the workshop."

The NATO Advanced Study Institute on The Nuclear Equatioo of State was held at Peiiiscola Spain from May 22- June 3, 1989. The school was devoted to the advances, theoretical and experimental, made during the past fifteen years in the physics of nuclear matter under extreme conditions, such as high compression and high temperature. Moie than 300 people had applied for participatio- this demonstrates the tremendous interest in the various subjects presented at the school. Indeed, the topic of this school, namely the Nuclear Equatioo of State, * plays the central role in high energy heavy ion collisions; * contains the intriguing possibilities of various phase transitions (gas - vapor, meson condensation, quark - gluon plasma); * plays an important role in the static and dynamical behavior of stars, especially in supernova explosions and in neutron star stability. The investigation on the nuclear equation of state can only be accomplished in the laboratory by compressing and heating up nuclear matter and the only mechanism known to date to achieve this goal is through shock compression and -heating in violent high energy heavy ion collisions. This key mechanism has been proposed and highly disputed in of high energy heavy ion physics, the early 70's. It plays a central role in the whole field and particularly in our discussions during the two weeks at Peiiiscola.

The International Conference on Strongly Coupled Coulomb Systems was held on the campus of Boston College in Newton, Massachusetts, August 3-10, 1997. Although this conference was the first under a new name, it was the continuation of a series of international meetings on strongly coupled plasmas and other Coulomb systems that started with the NATO Summer Institute on Strongly Coupled Plasmas, almost exactly twenty years prior to this conference, in July of 1977 in Orleans la Source, France. Over the intervening period the field of strongly coupled plasmas has developed vigorously. In the 1977 meeting the emphasis was on computer (Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics) simulations which provided, for the first time, insight into the rich and new physics of strongly coupled fully ionizedplasmas. While theorists scrambled to provide a theoretical underpinning for these results, there was also a dearth of real experimental input to reinforce the computer simulations. Over the past few years this situation has changed drastically and a variety of direct experiments on classical, pure, strongly correlated plasma systems (charged particle traps, dusty plasmas, electrons on the surface of liquid helium, etc. ) have become available. Even more importantly, entire new area of experimental interest in condensed matter physics have opened up through developments in nano-technology and the fabrication of low-dimensional systems, where the physical behavior, in many ways, is similar to that in classical plasmas. Strongly coupled plasma physics has always been an interdisciplinaryactivity.

Multiply charged ions have always been in the focus of atomic physics, astrophysics, plasma physics, and theoretical physics. Within the last few years, strong progress has been achieved in the development of ion sources, ion storage rings, ion traps, and methods to cool ions. As a consequence, nowadays, experiments with ensembles of multiply charged ions of brilliant quality are performed in many laboratories. The broad spectrum of the experiments demonstrates that these ions are an extremely versatile tool for investigations in pure and applied physics. It was the aim of this ASI to bring together scientists working in different fields of research with multiply charged ions in order to get an overview of the state of the art, to sound out possibilities for fruitful cooperations, and to discuss perspectives for the future. Accordingly, the programme of the ASI reached from established areas like QED calculations, weak interactions, x-ray astronomy, x-ray lasers, multi photon excitation, heavy-ion induced fusion, and ion-surface interactions up to the very recently opened areas like bound-beta decay, laser and x-ray spectroscopy, and spectrometry of ions in rings and traps, and the interaction of highly charged ions with biological cells. Impressive progress in nearly all of the fields could be reported during the meeting which is documented by the contributions to this volume. The theoretical understand ing of QED and correlation effects in few-electron heavy ions is rapidly developing."

This book has its origins in the 1982 Spring College held at the Interna tional Centre for Theoretical Physics, Miramare, Trieste. The primary aim is to give a broad coverage of liquids and amorphous solids, at a level suitable for graduate students and research workers in condensed-matter physics, physical chemistry, and materials science. The book is intended for experimental workers with interests in the basic theory. While the topics covered are many, it was planned to place special emphasis on both static structure and dynamics, including electronic transport. This emphasis is evident from the rather complete coverage of the determination of static structure from both diffraction experiments and, for amorphous solids especially, from model building. The theory of the structure of liquids and liquid mixtures is then dealt with from the standpoint of, first, basic statistical mechanics and, subsequently, pair potentials constructed from the electron theory of simple metals and their alloys. The discussion of static structure is completed in two chapters with rather different emphases on liquid surfaces and interfaces. The first deals with the basic statistical mechanics of neutral and charged interfaces, while the second is concerned with solvation and double-layer effects. Dynamic structure is introduced by a comprehensive discussion of single-particle motion in liquids. This is followed by the structure and dynamics of charged fluids, where again much basic statistical mechanics is developed."

The first volume in this series appeared in 1977, the second in 1980. From these volumes and the present one, some research trends in chemical communication can be perceived. In the 1977 volume, studies on 13 animal taxa were reported. In the present volume, the number is 25. This taxonomie diversi fication of research since the first volume of this series demon strates the wide variety of ecological adaptions, although no new general principles of chemical communication have ernerged. Further more, divergences in chemical comrnunication below the species level have become more apparent. In general, more sophisticated observa tions and techniques have led to greater awareness of the com plexities in chemical communication. As such awareness has also developed in the field of insect chemical communication, there has been a corresponding increase in the identification of the chemical compounds involved. However, in the vertebrates, no such correlation exists; in the present volume, conclusive chemical identifications of semiochemicals are remarkable by their paucity.

The primary objective of the book on "Contemporary Topics in Medium Energy Physics" is to help the reader in exploring important frontier research, as of the year of 1992, in the area of medium energy physics. The book is the result of the multi-pronged efforts by the authors who were invited to speak at the Second German Chinese Symposium on "Medium Energy Physics" (September 7-10, 1992, Bochum, Germany). The premise of the meeting is to investigate primarily how quantum chromo dynamics (QCD), the candidate theory of strong interactions, manifests itself in high energy and nuclear physics. This book is divided into four parts: (i) field-theoretic treatments in QCD; (ii) effective chirally symmetric models and QCD; (iii) electroweak physics in general; and (iv) topological solutions. The focus is more on exposition of new ideas, rather than a comprehensive review of the current status, concerning these subjects, as of the year of 1992. As there are many distinctly different research areas in contemporary intermediate energy physics, we could only choose a few topics of current interest, especially those which are related, directly or indirectly, to the structural studies of the nucleon (proton or neutron). Fortunately, there are in recent years merging trends in these studies: There is a call for an alternative, and more efficient, method to handle problems related to strong interactions (as described by QCD). This is the focus of the papers included in Part I."