The Workshop N* Physics and non-perturbative QeD was held at the Eu ropean Center for Theoretical Studies and Related Areas (ECT*) in Trento, Italy, during May 18-29, 1998. Previous workshops of the series on N* Physics took place at the Florida State University (1994), at CEBAF (1995), at the Institute for Nuclear Theory in Seattle (1996) and at the George Washington University (1997). The Workshop was devoted to a summary of recent experimental and the oretical research on N* phsyics and special emphasis was given to the infor mation that photo-and electro-production of nucleon resonances can provide on the non-perturbative regime of Quantum Chromodynamics. The idea was to stimulate discussions among experimentalists and theoreticians in order to pursue the interpretation of the huge amount of forthcoming data from several laboratories in the world. It was therefore decided to have both experimental and theoretical lectures on the main topics, like, among the others, single and double pion production, TJ-and K-meson production, the GDH sum rule, the spin of the proton, etc. Thanks to the unusual two-week extension of the Work shop, the allotted time for the lectures was extended up to one hour in order to allow the invited lecturers to give a detailed presentation of their topics. Fi nally, various short contributions were selected to sharpen the discussion about selected items."

This volume brings together theoretical ideas on the plasma physics of both hot and dense plasmas in the solar atmosphere and similar physics applied to the tenuous and cooler plasmas found in the heliosphere. It is complemented by recent observations. Helioseismology covers the solar interior and the neutrino problem. Solar and stellar activity cycles are addressed. The dynamics of magnetic flux tubes in the solar atmosphere and material flows through the chromosphere into the upper atmosphere are comprehensively reviewed. Energy release processes and the production of energetic particles are important to understanding events in the solar atmosphere and to the dynamics of the tenuous heliosphere. A glimpse of the future is offered by concluding chapters on new ground-based and space instrumentation.

A wide range of atomic and solid state phenomena is studied today by means of x-ray excitation or inner-shell ionization, as this volume strikingly illustrates. The strong link between these two fields of investigation is partly the result of the extensive developments within each and also largely due to the broad variety of theoretical and experimental techniques now available. All im portant recent advances are to be found highlighted here; most are substantially reviewed. Two dominant research threads are evident in, the chapters of this book. While clearly distinguishable, they are inescapably en twined. One is concerned with x-ray processes as probes for the study of solid-state effects, the other with the measurement and interpretation of inner-shell and bremsstrahlung processes in iso lated systems. In the first, a given material is made the target in an x-ray tube; in the second, free atoms form the target while a solid material can be used when the effect of the solid environ ment on the excitation processes is negligible. Thus, although inner-shell ionization is predominantly concerned with atoms and x-ray processes with the solid state, there are large regions of overlap which have arisen when a given research technique has de veloped from studies in both areas. To bring out these features we have arranged the chapters in the order: atomic, solid-state, chemical."

In this book, a number of the world's leading researchers in quantum, classical and atomic physics cooperate to present an up-to-date account of the recent progress in the field. The first part highlights the latest advances in semiclassical theory, whilst the second one is devoted to applications to atomic systems. The authors present the material in pedagogical form to make it easy reading for non-specialists, too. Among the topics treated, the reader will find a new quasiclassical quantization scheme for Hamiltonian dynamics, an application of the semiclassical formalism to photodissociation of small molecules and to the Lorentz gas and discussions of tunneling corrections. Furthermore, one finds papers on chaotic ionization, on the behaviour of hydrogen atoms in external fields, e.g. magnetic or microwave fields.

This is the first volume of a series on a regular up-to-date coverage of important developments in astronomy and astrophysics jointly published by ESO and Springer-Verlag. Here the reader finds a thorough review of the abundances of the elements up to Boron. Special emphasis is laid on primordial abundances of interest to cosmologists in particular, and on stellar production or destruction respectively. The articles written for researchers and graduate students cover theory and most recent data from telescope observations.

This volume reports recent development in nuclear structure physics and closely related topics. Particularly, it centers on new methodologies and recent applications of the nuclear shell model such as quantum Monte Carlo methods, large-scale shell model calculations and microscopic theories of effective interactions. Each review focuses on one fundamental topic closely related to the nuclear shell model. Each topic is covered in sufficient depth and detail to be accessible to a wide audience including nuclear engineers and astrophysicists and those working in various fields of scientific computing and modelling.

Hydrogen is the smallest impurity atom that can be implanted in a metallic host. Its small mass and strong interaction with the host electrons and nuclei are responsible for many anomalous and interesting solid state effects. In addition, hydrogen in metals gives rise to a number of technological problems such as hydrogen embrittlement, hydrogen storage, radiation hardening, first wall problems associated with nuclear fusion reactors, and degradation of the fuel cladding in fission reactors. Both the fundamental effects and applied problems have stimulated a great deal of inter est in the study of metal hydrogen systems in recent years. This is evident from a growing list of publications as well as several international conferences held in this field during the past decade. It is clear that a fundamental understanding of these problems re quires a firm knowledge of the basic interactions between hydrogen, host metal atoms, intrinsic lattice defects and electrons. This understanding is made particularly difficult by hyrogen's small mass and by the large lattice distortions that accompany the hydrogenation process. The purpose of the "International Symposium on the Electronic Structure and Properties of Hydrogen in Metals" held in Richmond, Virginia, March 4-6, 1982 was to increase our fundamental under standing of hydrogen in metals. Such knowledge is essential in solving technologically important questions. The symposium con sisted of twenty-two invited papers and seventy-two contributed poster presentations and attracted nearly 150 participants from thirteen countries. The proceedings of this symposium constitute this book."

The Workshop on Radiative Corrections: Results and Perspectives was held at the University of Sussex in fine weather between July 9 and 14 1989. The Workshop was weIl timed: the day after its concluding session the first beam at LEP was circulated. The Original aims of the Workshop were twofold: first to review the existing theoretical work on electroweak radiative corrections in the light of the initial experiments at SLC and LEP, and to attempt to obtain a consensus on the best means of carrying out the calculations of the various processes. This aim became Working Group A on Renormalisation Schemes tor Electroweak Radiative Corrections. The second aim was to review the experimental implementation of radiative corrections and this became Working Group B. Here the problem was to obtain a consensus on the use of Monte Carlo event generators. At the time (March 1987) when Friedrich Dydak wrote to one of us (ND) to suggest a Workshop on the subject of electroweak radiative corrections to take place just before experiments at LEP were to begin, the main theoretical problem was that there was no agreement among theorists on the use of a specific renormalization scheme. Similarly, it was already becoming clear that it was going to be very difficult to compare the experimental results of different groups because they would use different event generators and experimental cuts of their data.

A NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Methods and Mechanisms for Producing Ions from Large Molecules was held at Minaki Lodge, Minaki, Ontario, Canada, from 24 to 28 June 1990. The workshop was hosted by the time-of-flight group of the Department of Physics at the University of Manitoba, and was attended by 64 invited participants from around the world. Twenty-nine invited talks were given and 19 papers were presented as posters. Of the 48 contributions, 38 are included in these proceedings. The conference was organized to study the rapidly changing field of mass spectrometry of biomolecules. Particle-induced desorption (especially with MeV particles) has been the most effective method of producing molecular ions from biomolecules. An important part of the workshop was devoted to recent developments in this field, particularly to progress in understanding the fundamentals of the desorption process. In this respect, the meeting was similar to previous conferences in Marburg, FRG (1978); Paris, F (1980); Uppsala, S (1981); College Station, USA (1983,1984); Wangerooge, FRG (1986); Orsay, F (1988); Spiekeroog, FRG (1989); and to the IFOS series of meetings at Munster, FRG (1981,1983,1985,1987) and L6vAnger, S (1989). As in the most recent of these meetings, there was some emphasis on new developments, particularly cluster bombardment. A departure from the concentration on particle bombardment processes at this conference was inspired by the dramatic results obtained with two new methods for producing molecular ions from large molecules: matrix-assisted laser desorption and electrospray.

The 1985 Summer School on Nuclear Dynamics, organized by the Nuclear Physics Division of the Netherlands' Physical Society, was the sixth in a series that started in 1963. This year's topic has been nuclear dynamics rather than nuclear structure as in the foregoing years. This change reflects a shift in focus to nuclear processes at higher energy, or, more generally, to nuclear processes under less traditional circumstances. For many years nuclear physics has been restricted to the domain of the ground state and excited states of low energy. The boundaries between nuclear physics and high-energy physics are rapidly disappearing, however, and the future will presumably show that the two fields of research will contribute to one another. With the advent of a new generation of heavy-ion and electron accelerators research activities on various new aspects of nuclear dynamics over a wide range of energies have become possible. This research focuses in particular on nonnucleonic degrees of freedom and on nuclear matter under extreme conditions, which require the explicit introduction of quarks into the description of nuclear reactions. Mean-field formulations are no longer adequate for the description of nucleus nucleus collisions at high nucleon energies as the nucleon-nucleon collisions begin to dominate. Novel dynamical theories are being developed, such as those based upon the Boltzmann equation or hadrodynamic models. The vitality of nuclear physics was clearly demonstrated by the enthusiastic lecturers at this summer school. They presented a series of clear and thorough courses on the subjects above."

The Advanced Study Institute on 'Elementary Excitations in Solids, Molecules, and Atoms' was held at the University of Antwerp (U.I.A.) from June 18th till June 30th 1973. The In stitute was sponsored by NATO. Co-sponsors were: Agfa-Gevaert N.V. (Mortsel - Belgium), Bell Telephone Mfg. Co. (Antwerp Belgium), the National Science Foundation (Washington D.C. - U.S.A.) and the University of Antwerp (U.I.A.). A total of 120 lecturers and participants attended the Institute. Over the last few years, substantial progress has been made in the description of the elementary excitations of the elec tronic and vibrational systems and their interactions. Parallel with this, the experimentalists have obtained outstanding re sults, partly as a result of availability of coherent light sour ces from the far infrared through the visible region, and partly because of the availability of synchrotron radiation sources in the soft X-ray region. The results of today will lead to fur ther progress over the next years. It was the purpose of this NATO Advanced Study Institute to present astate of the art, namely a survey of experiment and theory."

The Brentwood Summer Institute on Nuclear and Particle Physics at Intermediate Energies was the second of its kind organised by the TRIUMF group of Universities, the first taking place at Banff in 1970. With the advent of initial beams at the new meson facilities at LAMPF, SIN, NEVIS, CERN S.C. and TRIUMF it was an eminently suitable time for an in-depth study of some of the science which will be possible when these accelerators achieve their design intensities in proton and meson beams. The organizing committee, comprising: Univ. of Alberta G.A. Beer Univ. of Victoria J.M. Cameron J.M. McMillan U.B.C. D.F. Measday U.B.C. R.M. Pearce Univ. of Victoria J.E.D. Pearson U.B.C. J.B. Warren U.B.C. wishes to acknowledge the financial support provided by the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, the National Research Council of Canada, and Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd., without which the Institute could not have been held. Also we wish to acknowledge the helpful advice of the Scientific Committee of NATO and of Dr. T. Kester, Secretary of this Committee. Many persons from the University of Victoria and the University of British Columbia helped with the local arrangements and we are grateful to them and particularly to the staff of Brentwood College who made the stay of the participants such a pleasant one."

The plan to hold a conference on cosmic plasma physics originated in the Plasma Physics Division of the European Physical Society, whose chairman, B. Lehnert, took the first steps towards its realization. - ESRIN readily adopted this idea, and preliminary contacts with a number of other groups showed that there was a good deal of interest in bringing to gether people working in different areas of the field of cosmic plasma physics. It was clearly felt that an exchange of views and experience, and an attempt to define problem areas, would be profitable. In this spirit a programme was de vised which covered a large variety of topics, ranging from ionospheric to galactic structures. A diversified programme of this kind runs the risk that the communication between the various fields of specialization remains insufficient. It was gratifying to find that within the wide field of cosmic plasma physics a lively dialogue was in fact possible. The Conference was sponsored by the European Physical Society. Financial support was provided by ESRO. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the excellent suggestions of the programme committee members L. Biermann, N. D'Angelo, R. Gendrin, and B. Lehnert. I should like to thank my colleagues B. Bertotti, K. Lackner, and J.F. McKenzie, and numerous other ESRIN staff members, for their valuable help. I feel particularly indebted to the conference secretary, Miss Sachs, who did the real work while I just signed the letters."

ELOISATRON (Eurasiatic Long Intersecting Storage Accelerator) is the name of a research and development project in the field of high energy physics, approved and funded by the Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare INFN in Italy. The main objective of the project is to conduct research and development studies to promote the construction of a (100 + 100) TeV proton-proton collider in Europe. The present volume contains the proceedings of the 4th INFN ELOISATRON project workshop, held on the topic: New Aspects of High-Energy Proton-Proton Collisions. The workshop took place at the Centro Internazionale di Cultura Scien- tifica "Ettore Majorana" (CCSEM), Erice-Trapani, Sicily, Italy, in the period May 31-June 7, 1987. This was the first workshop in this series which concentrated on physics issues in proton-proton collisions with 1-100 TeV beams; the earlier three INFN ELOISATRON workshops, held at Erice during 1986 and 1987, had mostly dealt with technical issues related to the accelerator and detector aspects of high en- ergy hadron colliders. The present workshop was supported by the Italian Ministry of Education, the Italian Ministry of Scientific and Technological Research, the Sicilian Regional Government and the Ettore Majorana Centre for Scientific Culture. With the successful operation of the CERN Superconducting antiproton-proton Synchrotron (SppS), resulting in the discoveries of the vector bosons W and Z and providing evidence for new aspects of flavour mixings, the interest in very high energy proton beams as probes of fundamental phenomena in nature has mounted worldwide.

Modern plasma physics, encompassing wave-particle interactions and collec tive phenomena characteristic of the collision-free nature of hot plasmas, was founded in 1946 when 1. D. Landau published his analysis of linear (small amplitude) waves in such plasmas. It was not until some ten to twenty years later, however, with impetus from the then rapidly developing controlled fusion field, that sufficient attention was devoted, in both theoretical and experimental research, to elucidate the importance and ramifications of Landau's original work. Since then, with advances in laboratory, fusion, space, and astrophysical plasma research, we have witnessed important devel opments toward the understanding of a variety of linear as well as nonlinear plasma phenomena, including plasma turbulence. Today, plasma physics stands as a well-developed discipline containing a unified body of powerful theoretical and experimental techniques and including a wide range of appli cations. As such, it is now frequently introduced in university physics and engineering curricula at the senior and first-year-graduate levels. A necessary prerequisite for all of modern plasma studies is the under standing oflinear waves in a temporally and spatially dispersive medium such as a plasma, including the kinetic (Landau) theory description of such waves. Teaching experience has usually shown that students (seniors and first-year graduates), when first exposed to the kinetic theory of plasma waves, have difficulties in dealing with the required sophistication in multidimensional complex variable (singular) integrals and transforms."

The Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE) is a NASA Explorer mission that is the first space mission dedicated to imaging of the Earth's magnetosphere. IMAGE was launched from Vandenberg AFB into an elliptical polar orbit by a Delta II launch vehicle on March 25, 2000. The two-year prime sci entific mission of IMAGE began on May 25, 2000 after instrument commissioning was successfully completed. IMAGE has now been approved for operation until October 1,2005, and an additional two-year extension is now being considered by NASA. The papers in this volume represent many of the scientific results obtained dur ing the IMAGE prime mission and include some of the early correlative research with ground-based measurements, measurements from other spacecraft such as Cluster II, and relevant theory and modeling programs. All of the reported work is related to the overall IMAGE science objective: How does the magnetosphere respond globally to the changing conditions in the solar wind? IMAGE addresses this question with multi-spectral imaging of most of the important plasma pop ulations of the inner magnetosphere, combined with radio sounding of gradients of total plasma content. The new experimental techniques fall into the following areas: neutral atom imaging (NAI) over an energy range from 10 eV to 500 keY for detection of ionospheric outflow, the plasma sheet, and the ring current; far ultraviolet (FUV) imaging at 121-190 nm for detection of precipitating protons and the global aurora; extreme ultraviolet (EUV) imaging at 30.

The aim of Advances in Nuclear Physics is to provide review papers which chart the field of nuclear physics with some regularity and completeness. We define the field of nuclear physics as that which deals with the structure and behavior of atomic nuclei. Although many good books and reviews on nuclear physics are available, none attempts to provide a coverage which is at the same time continuing and reasonably complete. Many people have felt the need for a new series to fill this gap and this is the ambition of Advances in Nuclear Physics. The articles will be aimed at a wide audience, from research students to active research workers. The selection of topics and their treatment will be varied but the basic viewpoint will be pedagogical. In the past two decades the field of nuclear physics has achieved its own identity, occupying a central position between elementary particle physics on one side and atomic and solid state physics on the other. Nuclear physics is remarkable both by its unity, which it derives from its concise boundaries, and by its amazing diversity, which stems from the multiplicity of experimental approaches and from the complexity of the nucleon-nucleon force. Physicists specializing in one aspect of this strongly unified, yet very complex, field find it imperative to stay well-informed of the other aspects. This provides a strong motivation for a comprehensive series of reviews.

This volume contains the proceedings of the "International Conference on Spin Excitations in Nuclei" held in Telluride, Colo rado, March 25-27, 1982. The motivation for the conference was, in a large part due to the recent development of new variable energy accelerators which produce high quality beams of electrons, protons, and pions that are providing the first precise information on spin excitations in nuclei over a large range of spin and mass. In the past such data had been restricted primarily to light nuclei and were generally resolution limited. Perhaps, the most exciting new result has been the clear observation of the elusive spin-dipole strength (Gamow Teller and Ml) in medium and heavy mass nuclei through the use of the (p, n) and (p, p') reactions at or near zero degrees with 100-200 MeV incident protons. Energy dependence in the isovector parts of the nucleon-nucleon interaction make the 100-200 MeV energy region particularly appropriate for such studies. The clean data from (e, e'), ('IT, 'IT'), (p, p'), and (p, n) on high spin "stretched" states which have particularly simple structure has also been quite impor tant. The recent results contain important new information on the nature of the spin dependent forces in nuclei. These in turn are inherently related to the properties of the nuclear mesonic field and the underlying quantum chromodynamics."

Stochastic Dynamics, born almost 100 years ago with the early explanations of Brownian motion by physicists, is nowadays a quickly expanding field of research within nonequilibrium statistical physics. The present volume provides a survey on the influence of fluctuations in nonlinear dynamics. It addresses specialists, although the intention of this book is to provide teachers and students with a reliable resource for seminar work. In particular, the reader will find many examples illustrating the theory as well as a host of recent findings.

The Advanced Study Institute on "Photoionization and Other Probes of Many-Electron Interactions" was held at the Centre "Les Cigales" in Carry-Ie-Rouet (France), from August 31st till September 13th 1975. The Institute was sponsored by the Scienti fic Affairs Division of NATO. The "Centre National de la Recher che Scientifique" (France) gave also partial support to the French participants and the National Science Foundation (U. S . A. ) to the American participants. A total of 18 lecturers, and 54 students selected among more than 120 applicants, attended the Institute. Over the last few years, substantial progress has been made in the experimental study of photon- or electron interactions with atoms. In particular, the g. rowing number of facilities created to use the synchrotron radiation makes now possible the realization of new types of experiments. The accumulation of new results showed clearly it was necessary to introduce electron correlations in the theoretical models in order to explain the existence and the probability of a large number of processes, in particular multiple processes. Thus large progress has also been made in the theore tical description of the excitation of the electronic systems and their interactions. It was the purpose of this Institute to bring together theoreticians and experimentalists in order to provide an opportunity to present in details the state of the art, in experiment as well as in theory, and to favor discussions on future experimen tal and theoretical studies."

During the preparation of this compilation, many people contributed; the compilers wish to thank all of them. In particular they appreciate the efforts of V. Gilbertson, the manuscript typist, and those of K. C. Bregand, J. A. Kiley, and W. H. McPherson, who gave editorial assistance. They would like to thank Dr. J. R. Schwartz for his cooperation and encouragement. In addition, they extend their grati tude to Dr. L. Wilson of the Air Force Weapons Laboratory, who gave the initial impetus to this project. v Contents I. I ntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. Organization ofthe Spectroscopic Table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Methods of Production and Experimental Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Band Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Spectroscopic Constants . '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Perturbations and General Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 111. Notation and Notational Conversion Formulas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 IV. Conclusions on the Availability of Spectroscopic Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Spectroscopic Information Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 B 55 C 103 D 167 E 169 F 173 185 G H 191 I 265 K 321 337 L M 351 N 359 o 435 P 463 R 487 S 495 T 541 U 567 V 569 571 X y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579 Z 583 vii 1. INTRODUCTION In recent years, the need for a complete collection of information rele vant to diatomic moleeules has become evident. Several excellent collections of this type of information have been available for many years (Refs. 1-3); however, the state of our collective knowledge has been considerably expanded since their publication."