Contents:
Particle detection; interaction of particles with a medium; scintillation counters; gas filled detectors; solid state ionization detectors; extracting information from detectors; position measurement; energy measurement; particle identification; detecting neutral particles; detector applications; statistical fluctuations and errors; a few worked examples.

This book presents a comprehensive theoretical basis of symmetry representations of molecular vibrations, matrix representation of symmetries, and the elements of group theory that are relevant to other symmetry elements/operations, crystallographic and molecular point groups. The book helps understand the reducible and irreducible representations of symmetry matrices and then derive the normal modes of vibration of different molecules by using suitable techniques independently. Targeted to graduate students and researchers, this book aims not only to derive the normal modes of vibration of any given molecule themselves but also compares and verifies them with the experimentally found modes by using IR and Raman-related techniques. For the first time in the crystallographic history, this book presents the group multiplication tables of all 32 point groups in both international and Schoenflies notations.

Supersymmetry (SUSY) is one of the most important ideas ever conceived in particle physics. It is a symmetry that relates known elementary particles of a certain spin to as yet undiscovered particles that differ by half a unit of that spin (known as Superparticles). Supersymmetric models now stand as the most promising candidates for a unified theory beyond the Standard Model (SM). SUSY is an elegant and simple theory, but its existence lacks direct proof. Instead of dismissing supersymmetry altogether, Supersymmetry Beyond Minimality: from Theory to Experiment suggests that SUSY may exist in more complex and subtle manifestation than the minimal model. The book explores in detail non-minimal SUSY models, in a bottom-up approach that interconnects experimental phenomena in the fermionic and bosonic sectors. The book considers with equal emphasis the Higgs and Superparticle sectors, and explains both collider and non-collider experiments. Uniquely, the book explores charge/parity and lepton flavour violation. Supersymmetry Beyond Minimality: from Theory to Experiment provides an introduction to well-motivated examples of such non-minimal SUSY models, including the ingredients for generating neutrino masses and/or relaxing the tension with the heavily constraining Large Hadron Collider (LHC) data. Examples of these scenarios are explored in depth, in particular the discussions on Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric SM (NMSSM) and B-L Supersymmetric SM (BLSSM).

This book is intended for senior undergraduate and beginning graduate students in physics, nuclear engineering, health physics and nuclear medicine, and for specialized training courses for radiation protection personnel and environmental safety engineers.To keep the size of the book manageable, material has been selected to stress those detectors that are in widespread use. Attempts have also been made to emphasize alternatives available in approaching various measurement problems and to present the criteria by which a choice among these alternatives may be made.

The Weak Interaction in Nuclear, Particle and Astrophysics presents concepts of the weak interaction and its integration into modern gauge theories of particle physics, such as grand unification and supersymmetry. The book explores the close connections between micro (nuclear and particle) physics and macro physics (astrophysics and cosmology) induced by the weak interaction. Special attention is given to neutrinos, which have a key role in the understanding of elementary particle theories. In addition to the theoretical aspects, the book covers the important research topics of solar and galactic neutrinos and double beta decay. Assuming knowledge of elementary electrodynamics and quantum mechanics, this resource provides an insight into the diversity of the problem areas associated with the weak interaction and will encourage intensive study of particular themes.

The search for the elementary constituents of the physical universe and the interactions between them has transformed over time and continues to evolve today, as we seek answers to questions about the existence of stars, galaxies, and humankind. Integrating both theoretical and experimental work, Exploring Fundamental Particles traces the development of this fascinating field, from the discoveries of Newton, Fermi, and Feynman to the detection of CP violation and neutrinos to the quest to observe the Higgs boson and beyond. An Accessible yet In-Depth Account of How Fundamental Particles Shape Our World The book first examines the experiments and theoretical ideas that gave rise to the standard model. It discusses special relativity, angular momentum, spin, the Dirac electron, quantum field theory, Feynman diagrams, Pauli's neutrino, Fermi's weak interaction, Yukawa's pion, the muon neutrino, quarks, leptons, and flavor symmetry. The authors then explain the violation of the symmetry between matter and antimatter, known as CP violation. They cover the discoveries of CP violation in the decays of kaons and B mesons as well as future experiments that could detect possible CP violation beyond the standard model. In the next part, the authors present experimental results involving the once-mysterious neutrino. They explore the evidence that neutrinos have mass, new neutrino experiments in various countries, and the potential of neutrino astronomy to offer a new perspective on stars and galaxies. The final section focuses on the one undetected particle of the standard model: the Higgs boson. The authors review the experiments that established important constraints on the mass of the Higgs particle. They also highlight recent experiments of the Tevatron particle accelerator at Fermilab, along with the near future impact of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN and th

Atomic and molecular beams are employed in physics and chemistry experiments and, to a lesser extent, in the biological sciences. These beams enable atoms to be studied under collision-free conditions and allow the study of their interaction with other atoms, charged particles, radiation, and surfaces. Atomic and Molecular Beams: Production and Collimation explores the latest techniques for producing a beam from any substance as well as from the dissociation of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and the halogens. The book not only provides the basic expressions essential to beam design but also offers in-depth coverage of: Design of ovens and furnaces for atomic beam production Creation of atomic beams that require higher evaporation temperatures Theory of beam formation including the Clausing equation and the transmission probability Construction of collimating arrays in metals, plastics, glass, and other materials Optimization of the design of atomic beam collimators While many review articles and books discuss the application of atomic beams, few give technical details of their production. Focusing on practical application in the laboratory, the author critically reviews over 800 references to compare the atomic and molecular beam formation theories with actual experiments. Atomic and Molecular Beams: Production and Collimation is a comprehensive source of material for experimentalists facing the design of any atomic or molecular beam and theoreticians wishing to extend the theory.

Recent research has brought the application of microwaves from the classical fields of heating, communication, and generation of plasma discharges into the generation of compact plasmas that can be used for applications such as FIB and small plasma thrusters. However, these new applications bring with them a new set of challenges. With coverage ranging from the basics to new and emerging applications, Compact Plasma and Focused Ion Beams discusses how compact high-density microwave plasmas with dimensions smaller than the geometrical cutoff dimension can be generated and utilized for providing focused ion beams of various elements. Starting with the fundamentals of the cutoff problem for wave propagation in waveguides and plasma diagnostics, the author goes on to explain in detail the plasma production by microwaves in a compact geometry and narrow tubes. He then thoroughly discusses wave interaction with bounded plasmas and provides a deeper understanding of the physics. The book concludes with an up-to-date account of recent research on pulsed microwaves and the application of compact microwave plasmas for multi-element FIB. It provides a consolidated and unified description of the emerging areas in plasma science and technology utilizing wave-based plasma sources based on the author's own work and experience. The book will be useful not only to established researchers in this area but will also serve as an excellent introduction to those interested in applying these ideas to various current and new applications.

Overview: Recombination of Atomic Ions; D. Bates. Applications of Recombination; H. Summers, W.J. Dickson. Theoretical Aspects of Recombination: Dielectronic Recombination Theory; K.J. LaGuttuta. Beyond the Standard Computational Method for Dielectronic Recombination of Atomic Ions; M.S. Pindzola, et al. Experimental Measurements 1. ElectronIon Recombination: Early Measurements of Dielectronic Recombination; P.F. Dittner, S. Datz. Dielectronic Recombination Measurements Using the Electron Beam Ion Trap; D.A. Knapp. Laser-Stimulated Radiative Recombination; A. Wolf. Experimental Measurements 2. Ion-Atom Recombination: Resonant Transfer Excitation Associated with Single X-Ray Emission; J.A. Tanis. Dielectronic Excitation and Recombination in Crystal Channels; S. Datz, et al. Resonant Transfer and Excitation in Ion Channelling; M.W. Clark, et al. 17 additional articles. Index.

Ultra-Cold Neutrons is a complete, self-contained introduction and review of the field of ultra-cold neutron (UCN) physics. Over the last two decades, developments in UCN technology include the storage of UCN in material and magnetic bottles for time periods limited only by the beta decay rate of the free neutron. This capability has opened up the possibility of a wide range of applications in the fields of both fundamental and condensed state physics. The book explores some of these applications, such as the search for the electric dipole moment of the neutron that constitutes the most sensitive test of time reversal invariance yet devised.
The book is suitable as an introduction to the field for research students, as a useful compendium of results and techniques for researchers, and is of general interest to nonspecialists in other areas of physics such as neutron, atomic, and fundamental physics and neutron scattering.

With the constant emergence of new research and application possibilities, gaseous electronics is more important than ever in disciplines including engineering (electrical, power, mechanical, electronics, and environmental), physics, and electronics. The first resource of its kind, Gaseous Electronics: Tables, Atoms, and Molecules fulfills the author's vision of a stand-alone reference to condense 100 years of research on electron-neutral collision data into one easily searchable volume. It presents most-if not all-of the properly classified experimental results that scientists, researchers, and students require for a theoretical and practical understanding of collision properties and their impact. An unprecedented collection and analysis of electron neutral collision properties This book follows a new user-friendly format that enables readers to easily retrieve, analyze, and apply specific atomic/molecular information as needed. In his previous work, Gaseous Electronics: Theory and Practice, the author first explored electron-neutron interactions. To clarify the complex fundamental processes involved, he cited as much experimental data on atoms and molecules as limited space would allow. Completing that task, this handy reference more fully compiles essential revised data on more than 420 atoms and molecules, arranging it into easily digestible chapters, sections, and appendices. Analysis parameters include total scattering, ionization, excitation, attachment cross sections, ionization and attachment coefficients, attachment rates, and ion drift velocity. Some recent research areas in gaseous electronics include: Environmentally efficient and protective lighting devices Plasma research for power generation and space applications Medical applications (some involving skin treatment and healing) Written entirely in SI units, the book includes hundreds of tables, figures, and specially drawn charts, with data expressed in both tabular and graphical form. Each chapter stands independently and contains references for further research.

Introduces Novel Applications for Solving Neutron Transport Equations While deemed nonessential in the past, fractional calculus is now gaining momentum in the science and engineering community. Various disciplines have discovered that realistic models of physical phenomenon can be achieved with fractional calculus and are using them in numerous ways. Since fractional calculus represents a reactor more closely than classical integer order calculus, Fractional Calculus with Applications for Nuclear Reactor Dynamics focuses on the application of fractional calculus to describe the physical behavior of nuclear reactors. It applies fractional calculus to incorporate the mathematical methods used to analyze the diffusion theory model of neutron transport and explains the role of neutron transport in reactor theory. The author discusses fractional calculus and the numerical solution for fractional neutron point kinetic equation (FNPKE), introduces the technique for efficient and accurate numerical computation for FNPKE with different values of reactivity, and analyzes the fractional neutron point kinetic (FNPK) model for the dynamic behavior of neutron motion. The book begins with an overview of nuclear reactors, explains how nuclear energy is extracted from reactors, and explores the behavior of neutron density using reactivity functions. It also demonstrates the applicability of the Haar wavelet method and introduces the neutron diffusion concept to aid readers in understanding the complex behavior of average neutron motion. This text: Applies the effective analytical and numerical methods to obtain the solution for the NDE Determines the numerical solution for one-group delayed neutron FNPKE by the explicit finite difference method Provides the numerical solution for classical as well as fractional neutron point kinetic equations Proposes the Haar wavelet operational method (HWOM) to obtain the numerical approximate solution of the neutron point kinetic equation, and more Fractional Calculus with Applications for Nuclear Reactor Dynamics thoroughly and systematically presents the concepts of fractional calculus and emphasizes the relevance of its application to the nuclear reactor.

Relating the story of the transatlantic struggle for subnuclear domination, The Quark Machines: How Europe Fought the Particle Physics War, Second Edition covers the history, the politics, and the personalities of particle physics. Extensively illustrated with many original photographs of the key players in the field, the book sheds new light on the sovereignty issues of modern scientific research as well as the insights it has produced. Throughout the twentieth century, Europe and the United States have vied for supremacy of subnuclear physics. Initially, the advent of World War II and an enforced exodus of scientific talent from Europe boosted American efforts. Then, buoyed along by the need to develop the bomb and the ensuing distrust of the Cold War, the United States vaulted into a commanding role-a position it retained for almost fifty years. Throughout this period, each new particle accelerator was a major campaign, each new particle a battle won. With the end of the Cold War, U.S. preeminence evaporated and Europe retook the advantage. Now CERN, for four decades the spearhead of the European fightback, stands as the leading global particle physics center. Today, particle physics is at a turning point in its history-how well Europe retains its advantage remains to be seen.

At the Root of Things: The Subatomic World is a journey into the world of elementary particles the basic constituents of all matter in the universe and the nature of the interactions among them. The book begins with a summary of pre-quantum physics and later tackles quantum physics, which is essential for the study of elementary particles. The book discusses the emergence of quantum theory from studies in heat radiation and the photoelectric effect as well as developments that led to the concept of duality between particles and waves. Also discussed is how quantum theory helped to better understand the structure of atoms and the discovery of particles that were not constituents of atoms, such as the positron and the muon. Dozens of particles that were discovered experimentally in the 1950s and the 1960s are described along with fundamental particles quarks and leptons. The book concludes with a discussion on fundamental interactions, the basic nature of quantum theories surrounding these interactions, and a discussion of how these interactions might be unified. At the Root of Things: The Subatomic World is written in non-technical language making it accessible to a broad audience. It helps outsiders understand the subject in a non-mathematical manner and inspires them to learn more about this interesting field.

A monograph on inflationary cosmology and cosmological phase transitions, investigating modern cosmology's relationship to elementary particle physics. This work also includes a non-technical discussion of inflationary cosmology for those unfamiliar with the theory.

Using the quantum approach to the subject of atomic physics, this text keeps the mathematics to the minimum needed for a clear and comprehensive understanding of the material. Beginning with an introduction and treatment of atomic structure, the book goes on to deal with quantum mechanics, atomic spectra and the theory of interaction between atoms and radiation. Continuing to more complex atoms and atomic structure in general, the book concludes with a treatment of quantum optics. Appendices deal with Rutherford scattering, calculation of spin-orbit energy, derivation of the Einstein B coefficient, the Pauli Exclusion Principle and the derivation of eigenstates in helium. The book should be of interest to undergraduate physics students at intermediate and advanced level and also to those on materials science and chemistry courses.

Over recent years electronic spectroscopy has developed significantly, with key applications in atmospheric chemistry, astrophysics and astrochemistry. High Resolution Electronic Spectroscopy of Small Molecules explores both theoretical and experimental approaches to understanding the electronic spectra of small molecules, and explains how this information translates to practice. Professors Geoffrey Duxbury and Alexander Alijah present the links between spectroscopy and photochemistry, and discuss theoretical treatments of the interaction between different electronic states. They provide a thorough discussion of experimental techniques, and explore practical applications. This book will be an indispensable reference for graduate students and researchers in physics and chemistry working on theoretical and practical aspects of electronic spectra, as well as atmospheric scientists, photochemists, kineticists and professional spectroscopists.

III-V semiconductors, of which gallium arsenide is the best known, have been important for some years and appear set to become much more so in the future. They have principally contributed to two technologies: microwave devices and optoelectronics. Recent advances in the production of thin layers have made possible a whole new range of devices based on multi-quantum wells. The heat treatments used in the manufacture of semiconductor devices means that some diffusion must take place. A good understanding of diffusion processes is therefore essential to maintain control over the technology.
Atomic Diffusion in III-V Semiconductors presents a lucid account of the experimental work that has been carried out on diffusion in III-Vs and explores the advanced models that explain the results. A review of the III-V group of semiconductors outlines the special properties that make them so attractive for some types of devices. Discussion of the basic elements of diffusion in semiconductors provides the theory necessary to understand the subject in depth, and the book gives hints on how to assess the published data. Chapters on diffusion of shallow donors, shallow acceptors, transition elements, and very fast-diffusing elements provide a critical review of published works. The book also presents the neglected subject of self-diffusion, including a section on superlattices. Atomic Diffusion in III-V Semiconductors will be of interest to research workers in semiconductor science and technology, and to postgraduate students in physics, electronics, and materials science.

It has been suggested that local parity violation (LPV) in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) would lead to charge separation of quarks by the Chiral Magnetic Effect (CME) in heavy ion collisions. Charge Multiplicity Asymmetry Correlation Study Searching for Local Parity Violation at RHIC for STAR Collaboration presents the detailed study of charge separation with respect to the event plane. Results on charge multiplicity asymmetry in Au+Au and d+Au collisions at 200 GeV by the STAR experiment are reported. It was found that the correlation results could not be explained by CME alone. Additionally, the charge separation signal as a function of the measured azimuthal angle range as well as the event-by-event anisotropy parameter are studied. These results indicate that the charge separation effect appears to be in-plane rather than out-of-plane. It is discovered that the charge separation effect is proportional to the event-by-event azimuthal anisotropy and consistent with zero in events with zero azimuthal anisotropy. These studies suggest that the charge separation effect, within the statistical error, may be a net effect of event anisotropy and correlated particle production. A potential upper limit on the CME is also presented through this data.

This book discusses current techniques and instrumentation for cluster chemistry. It addresses both the experimental and theoretical aspects of gas-phase metal cluster reactivities, especially those pertaining to pollution removal, energetic reactions and corrosion and anticorrosion. These metal cluster systems have attracted enormous interest as they display a completely new class of physical, chemical, electronic, magnetic and catalytic properties. As these properties change with size and composition, it can thus be understood how their nature evolves from atoms to bulk solids. The book offers readers a basic understanding of the structural chemistry and reactivity of metal clusters in both gas-phase and wet chemistry. Further, the lessons they learn here regarding metal cluster chemistry will prepare researchers for the study of condensed phase dynamics that pertain to wet chemical synthesis, soft-landing deposition and cluster assembly.

Filling the gap in the literature on low-energy quark models, The Quark Confinement Model of Hadrons investigates confinement effects in the low-energy regions of particle physics using the methods of nonlocal quantum field theory. It also elucidates their role in describing microscopic quantities that characterize hadron-hadron interactions.
The authors present a quark confinement model to describe the low-energy physics of light hadrons. Hadrons are treated as collective colorless excitations of quark-gluon interactions while the quark confinement is to be provided by averaging over gluon backgrounds. The model is shown to reproduce the low-energy relations of chiral theory in the case of null momenta and, in addition, allow the researcher to obtain more sophisticated hadron characteristics, such as slope parameters and form factors.
Presenting a unified view on a number of low-energy phenomena, The Quark Confinement Model of Hadrons enables an understanding of problems related to the treatment of large distances within quantum chromodynamics.

Foreword; J. Davies, D. Burstein. Introductory Remarks; M. Disney. Interstellar grain evolution and temperatures in spiral galaxies; J. Mayo Greenberg, A. Li. Radiative transfer models; G. Bruzual A. Radiative transfer in dusty galaxies; A.N. Witt. Opacity Diagnostics in spiral galaxies; N.D. Kylafis. Modeling dusty galaxies; G. Magris C., G. Bruzual A. Inclination-dependence of spiral galaxy physical properties: history and tests; D. Burstein, et al. Why a distance selection effect invalidates the Burstein, Haynes and Faber opacity test; J.I. Davies, et al. Statistical tests for opacity; E.A. Valentijn. Statistical measures of internal absorption in spiral galaxies; B. Cunow. The distribution of galactic inclinations; H. Jones, et al. Optical thickness of Sb-Scd galaxies from the Tully--Fisher relation; L. Gouguenhei, et al. Extinction in Sc galaxies at I band and in the 21cm line; R. Giovanelli. Extinction in the galaxy and in galactic discs; G. de Vaucouleurs. Properties of dust in backlit galaxies; W. Keel, R.E. White. The optical depth through NGC 3314A; P. James, P. Puxley. Dust extinction in highly inclined spirals; J. Knapen, et al. An optical search for dusty disks; M. Naslund, S. Joersater. Photometric asymmetry and dust opacity of spiral galaxies; Y.I. Byun. The scale-length test for dust in face-on spirals; J.E. Beckman, et al. Color gradients in spiral galaxies; S. Courteau, J. Holtzman. Constraints on the opacity of spiral disks from near-infrared observations; H.W. Rix. Arcsecond resolution of cold dust in spiral galaxies using optical and NIR imaging -- dust masses increase by nine hundred percent; D.L. Block, et al. Unveiling stars and dust in spiral galaxies;R.F. Pelletier, et al. Azimuthal distribution of dust in NGC 2997; P. Grosbol, et al. Internal extinction in spiral galaxies at optical and near infrared wavelengths; A. Boselli, G. Gavazzi. The opacity of spiral galaxy disks; N. Devereux. The far infrared/stellar energy balance; R. Evans. Opacity from luminosity functions; M. Trewhella, et al. Estimating disk opacities using infrared images; W. van Driel. DIRBE observations of galactic extinction; R.G. Arendt, et al. Kinematics of edge-on galaxies and the opacity of spiral disks; A. Bosma. Spectroscopic studies of the disk and halo of M82; C.D. McKeith, et al. Disk origin and evolution; J. Silk. The luminosity and opacity of galaxies; B. Wang. Dust obscuration in starburst galaxies; D. Calzetti. Polarimetry of dusty edge-on galaxies; R.D. Wolstencroft, S.M. Scarrott. HII regions and extinction in the spiral galaxy M83; S. Ryder, et al. A search for dust in galactic halos; D. Zaritsky. Concluding thoughts and reflections: dust in galaxies; H.A. Thronson Jr.

This prestigious series provides the chemical physics field with a forum for critical, authoritative evaluations of advances in every area of the discipline. Volume 112 continues to report on recent advances through significant, up-to-date chapters by internationally recognized researchers.

In this classic, David Bohm was the first to offer us his causal interpretation of the quantum theory. Causality and Chance in Modern Physics continues to make possible further insight into the meaning of the quantum theory and to suggest ways of extending the theory into new directions.

It is well established and appreciated by now that more than 99% of the baryonic matter in the universe is in the plasma state. Most astrophysical systems could be approximated as conducting fluids in a gravitational field. It is the combined effect of these two that gives rise to the mind boggling variety of configurations in the form of filaments, loops, jets and arches. The plasma structures that cannot last for more than a second or less in a laboratory remain intact for astronomical time and spatial scales in an astrophysical setting. The case in point is the well known extragalactic jets whose collimation and stability has remained an enigma inspite of the efforts of many for many long years. The high energy radiation sources such as the active galactic nuclei again summon the coherent plasma radiation processes for their exceptionally large output from regions of relatively small physical sizes. The generation of magnetic field, anomalous transport of angular momentum with decisive bearing on star formation processes, the ubiquitous MHD turbulence under conditions irreproducible in terrestrial laboratories are some of the generic issues still awaiting a concerted effort for their understanding. Quantum Plasmas, pair plasmas and pair-ion plasmas exist under extreme conditions in planetary interiors and exotic stars. In this workshop plasma physicists, astrophysicists and plasma astrophysicists are brought together to discuss these issues.