By providing the reader with a foundational background in high spin nuclear structure physics and exploring exciting current discoveries in the field, this book presents new phenomena in a clear and compelling way. The quest for achieving the highest spin states has resulted in some remarkable successes which this monograph will address in comprehensive detail. The text covers an array of pertinent subject matter, including the rotational alignment and bandcrossings, magnetic rotation, triaxial strong deformation and wobbling motion and chirality in nuclei. This book offers a clearly-written and up-to-date treatment of the topics covered. The prerequisites for a proper appreciation are courses in nuclear physics and nuclear models and measurement techniques of observables like gamma-ray energies, intensities, multi-fold coincidences, angular correlations or distributions, linear polarization, internal conversion coefficients, short lifetime (pico-second range) of excited states etc. and instrumentation and data analysis methods.

Density Functional Theory (DFT) has firmly established itself as the workhorse for atomic-level simulations of condensed phases, pure or composite materials and quantum chemical systems. This work offers a rigorous and detailed introduction to the foundations of this theory, up to and including such advanced topics as orbital-dependent functionals as well as both time-dependent and relativistic DFT. Given the many ramifications of contemporary DFT, the text concentrates on the self-contained presentation of the basics of the most widely used DFT variants: this implies a thorough discussion of the corresponding existence theorems and effective single particle equations, as well as of key approximations utilized in implementations. The formal results are complemented by selected quantitative results, which primarily aim at illustrating the strengths and weaknesses of particular approaches or functionals. The structure and content of this book allow a tutorial and modular self-study approach: the reader will find that all concepts of many-body theory which are indispensable for the discussion of DFT - such as the single-particle Green's function or response functions - are introduced step by step, along with the actual DFT material. The same applies to basic notions of solid state theory, such as the Fermi surface of inhomogeneous, interacting systems. In fact, even the language of second quantization is introduced systematically in an Appendix for readers without formal training in many-body theory.

The NATO Advanced Summer Institute 1978 was held at Karlsruhe from Sept. 4 to Sept. 16. The title of the school "New Phenomena in Lepton and Hadron Physics" relates to the present very exciting phase in particle physics. An impressive amount of experimental data has been collected in support of a fundamental new picture of the subnuclear world, - a picture which has found its theoretical formulation in Que tum Chromodynamics and Gau theories. It is a general philosophy of the ASI to address the courses mainly to young and learning scientists, hence our major objective was to offer systematic reviews of both, the experimental situa tion and the basic theoretical concepts of the field. This volume contains the written versions of the major lectures delivered during the course. In addition several lectures and seminars had been scheduled in which also more original and specialized subjects were discus sed by invited speakers and participants of the school. Not all of these contributions are contained in this book."

This volume records the lectures given at a NATO Advanced Study Institute on Methods in Computational Molecular Physics held in Bad Windsheim, Germany, from 22nd July until 2nd. August, 1991. This NATO Advanced Study Institute sought to bridge the quite considerable gap which exist between the presentation of molecular electronic structure theory found in contemporary monographs such as, for example, McWeeny's Methods 0/ Molecular Quantum Mechanics (Academic Press, London, 1989) or Wilson's Electron correlation in moleeules (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1984) and the realization of the sophisticated computational algorithms required for their practical application. It sought to underline the relation between the electronic structure problem and the study of nuc1ear motion. Software for performing molecular electronic structure calculations is now being applied in an increasingly wide range of fields in both the academic and the commercial sectors. Numerous applications are reported in areas as diverse as catalysis and interstellar chernistry, drug design and environmental studies, molecular biology and solid state physics. The range of applications continues to increase as scientists recognize the importance of molecular structure studies to their research activities. Recent years have seen a growing dependence of these applications on program packages, which are often not in the public domain and which may have a somewhat lirnited range of applicability dicta ted by the particular interests and prejudices of the program author.

Recent advances in experimental techniques now enable researchers to produce in a laboratory clusters of atoms of desired composition from any of the elements of the periodic table. This has created a new area of research into novel materials since clusters cannot be regarded either as a "large" molecule or as a fragment of the bulk. Both experimental and theoretical studies are revealing unusual properties that are not ob served in solid state environments. The structures of micro-clusters are found to be significantly distorted from the most symmetric arrangement, some even exhibiting pentagonal symmetry commonly found in icosahedric structures. The unusual stability of certain clusters, now described as "magic number species," shows striking similarities with the nuclear shell structure. The relative stabilities of clusters depend not only on the composition of the clusters but also on their charged states. The studies on spontaneous fragmentation of mUltiply charged clusters, commonly referred to as Coulomb explosion, illustrate the role of electronic bonding mechanisms on stability of clusters. The effect of foreign atoms on geometry and stability of clusters and the interaction of gas atoms with clusters are showing promise for an indepth understanding of chemisorption and catalysis. The magnetic and optical properties are dependent not only on cluster size but also on its geometry. These findings have the potential for aiding industry in the area of micro-electronics and catalysis."

Commencing with a self-contained overview of atomic collision theory, this monograph presents recent developments of R-matrix theory and its applications to a wide-range of atomic molecular and optical processes. These developments include the electron and photon collisions with atoms, ions and molecules which are required in the analysis of laboratory and astrophysical plasmas, multiphoton processes required in the analysis of superintense laser interactions with atoms and molecules and positron collisions with atoms and molecules required in antimatter studies of scientific and technologial importance. Basic mathematical results and general and widely used R-matrix computer programs are summarized in the appendices.

The second course of the International School on the Physics of Exotic Atoms took place at the "Ettore Majorana" Center for Scien tific Culture, Erice, Sicily, during the period from March 25 to April 5, 1979. It was attended by 40 participants from 23 insti tutes in 8 countries. The purpose of the course was to review the various aspects of the physics of exotic atoms, with particular emphasis on the re sults obtained in the last two years, i.e., after the first course of the School (Erice, April 24-30, 1977). The course dealt with two main topics, A) Exotic atoms and fundamental interactions and B) Applications to the study of the structure of matter. One of the aims of the course was to offer an opportunity for the exchange of experiences between scientists working in the two fields. In view of this, the lectures in the morning discussed the more general arguments in a common session, whereas the more specialized topics were treated in the afternoon, in two parallel sections. Section A was organized around four main subjects, briefly pos itronium and muonium, quarkonium, baryonium and neutral currents in atomic physics. In addition various progresses were reported in muon and antiproton physics."

Protein NMR for the Millennium is the third volume in a special thematic series devoted to the latest developments in protein NMR under the Biological Magnetic Resonance umbrella. This book is divided into three major sections dealing with significant recent advances in the study of large proteins in solution and solid state, structure refinement, and screening of bioactive ligands. Key Features: * TROSY, * Segmental isotope labeling of proteins, * Hydrogen bond scalar couplings, * Structure refinement based on residual dipolar couplings, * Written by the world's foremost experts who have provided broad leadership in advancing the protein NMR field.

The Advanced Study Institute on "Quantum Dynamics of Molecules: The New Experimental Challenge to Theorists," which was sponsored by the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO, was held at Trinity Hall, Ca bridge, England from September 15th till September 29th, 1979. In all, a total of 79 lecturers and students attended the meeting: they had diverse backgrounds in chemistry, physics and mathematics. In my proposal to NATO requesting financial support for an Advanced Study Institute, I suggested that molecular physics was facing a qualitatively new experimental situation in which the exploration of previously inaccessible dynamical phenomena would become of increasing importance. At the same time I was aware that in recent years powerful theoretical techniques, that might prove crucial tools for the interpretation of the new experiments, have been developed in mathematics and theoretical physics. The aim of the ASI was to review at an advanced level these recent developments, juxtaposing new theory with new experimental pos sibilities in the hope that the participants in the-Institute would through their subsequent work increase the awareness of the whole molecular theory community of the changing nature of chemical physics. The recent developments in laser spectroscopy, particle scatter ing experiments and molecular beam technology imply that an entirely new class of phenomena involving molecules in gasses and liquids can now be investigated."

Professor Philip G. Burke, CBE, FRS formally retired on 30 September 1998. To recognise this occasion some of his colleagues, friends, and former students decided to hold a conference in his honour and to present this volume as a dedication to his enormous contribution to the theoretical atomic physics community. The conference and this volume of the invited talks reflect very closely those areas with which he has mostly been asso- ated and his influence internationally on the development of atomic physics coupled with a parallel growth in supercomputing. Phil's wide range of interests include electron-atom/molecule collisions, scattering of photons and electrons by molecules adsorbed on surfaces, collisions involving oriented and chiral molecules, and the development of non-perturbative methods for studying multiphoton processes. His devel- ment of the theory associated with such processes has enabled important advances to be made in our understanding of the associated physics, the interpretation of experimental data, has been invaluable in application to fusion processes, and the study of astrophysical plasmas (observed by both ground- and space-based telescopes). We therefore offer this volume as our token of affection and respect to Philip G. Burke, with the hope that it may also fill a gap in the literature in these important fields.

This volume contains the papers presented during the Energy Session of the first Orbis Scientiae of the Center for Theoretical Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida. With this first Orbis, which met January 7- 11, 1974, the Center for Theoretical Studies has inaugurated a new series of annual gather- ings devoted to the natural sciences and to problems on the "interface" of science and society. This volume contains, in addition, a contribution by Behram Kursunoglu on the "Energy Black Hole", which was not actually presented during the Orbis. The content of the talks present~d ranged over a wide variety of topics in the fields of future energy needs and resources. Special thanks are due to Mrs. Helga Billings, Miss Sara Lesser, and Mrs. Jacquelyn Zagursky for the typing of the manuscript and for their efficient and cheerful attention to the details of the conference. THE EDITORS v CONTENTS OPENING REMARKS Edwa. fLd Te. . t. te. fL...1 FUTURE ENERGY FROM FOSSIL FUELS GaILY H...Lg g~Yz. . 6 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 7 * * * * * SOLAR ENERGY, ITS CONVERSION AND UTILIZATION EfL. . [c. h A. F a. fLb e. fL. * * * * * . . * . . * * * * .

The present review volume not only covers a wide range of topics pertinent to nuclear science and technology, but has attracted a distinguished international authorship, for which the editors are grateful. The opening review by Drs. Janet Tawn and Richard Wakeford addresses the difficult matter of questioning sci- tific hypotheses in a court of law. The United Kingdom experienced a substantial nuclear accident in the 1950s in the form of the Windscale Pile fire. This in itself had both good and bad consequences; the setting up of a licensing authority to ensure nuclear safety was one, the understandable public sentiment concerning nuclear power (despite the fire occurring in a weapons pile) the other. Windscale today is subsumed in the reprocessing plant at Sellafield operated by British Nuclear Fuels plc and it was inevitable perhaps that when an excess cluster of childhood leukaemia was observed in the nearby village of Seascale that public concern should be promoted by the media, leading to the hearing of a claim of compensation brought on behalf of two of the families of BNFLs workers who had suffered that loss. The review article demonstrates the complexity of und- standing such a claim against the statistical fluctuations inherent and shows how the courts were persuaded of the need to propose a biological mechanism if responsibility were to be held. The Company were undoubtedly relieved by the finding.

If a heavy particle ion (atom, molecule, muon) collides with another in the gas phase at speeds approaching the speed of light, the time-dependent Dirac equation equation must be used for its description, including quantum electro-dynamic, special relativity and magnetic coupling effects. In this book we study one electron in the variety of rearrangement collisions: radiative and non-radiative capture, ionization, capture by pair (one electron, one positron) production and antihydrogen production. Our relativistic continuum distorted-wave theory accounts extremely well for the simultaneous behaviour of the electron with respect to the nuclear charges of the projectile and the target. This is the first book developed in this subject. Containing many diagrams and tables, and fully referenced, it goes beyond chapters in previous books. The relativistic continuum distorted-wave theory developed by the authors group, is shown to be fully Hermitean. Detailed mathematics are provided in nine appendices.

H. J. BEYER AND H. KLEINPOPPEN During the preparation of Parts A and B of Progress in Atomic Spectros copy a few years ago, it soon became obvious that a comprehensive review and description of this field of modern atomic physics could not be achieved within the limitations of a two-volume book. While it was possible to include a large variety of spectroscopic methods, inevitably some fields had to be cut short or left out altogether. Other fields have developed so rapidly that they demand full cover in an additional volume. One of the major problems, already encountered during the prepar ation of the first volumes, was to keep track of new developments and approaches which result in spectroscopic data. We have to look far beyond the area of traditional atomic spectroscopy since methods of atomic and ion collision physics, nuclear physics, and even particle physics all make important contributions to our knowledge of the static and dynamical state of atoms and ions, and thereby greatly add to the continuing fascination of a field of research which has given us so much fundamental knowledge since the middle of the last century. In this volume, we have tried to strike a balance between contribu tions belonging to the more established fields of atomic structure and spectroscopy and those fields where atomic spectroscopy overlaps with other areas."

This book contains the transcripts of the lectures presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute on "Electrons in Finite and Infinite Structures," held at the State University of Ghent, Belgium, August 30-September 11, 1976. Over the last few years substantial progress has been made in the description and the understanding of the behavior of electrons in extended bodies. This includes the study of the energy spectrum of electrons in large molecules, perfect as well as imperfect crys tals, and disordered alloys. Not only local potential techniques but also the many-body aspects are discussed in detail. As atomic, molecular, and solid state physics involve common techniques and insights, we believe that physicists and chemists active in these fields have benefited from these lectures and the interchange of ideas during the course. The aim of the Institute was to familiarize young scientists in the field with the current state of the art and to indicate in which areas advances may be expected in the near future. The A.S.I. consisted of two parts: detailed instructional and review lectures over the whole period and some evening sessions where the partici pants were offered the opportunity to present their own work and discuss their ideas with senior scientists. Since the Institute took place a few weeks after Prof. Dr. John C. Slater was suddenly taken from our scientific community, it was a great honor for us to dedicate this course, on behalf of the organizing committee, to the late John C. Slater."

In this text the author gives a rather complete account of the available experimental information on neutral current reactions as predicted by the standard theory of electroweak interactions. The data, which range from atomic parity violation to the discovery of the W and Z bosons, impressively support the theory as formulated by Glashow, Weinberg and Salam. The experimental data are critically reviewed and related to the standard theory, whose formal essentials are presented in a transparent way. A complete compilation is given of precision measurements of the Weinberg angle. Special attention is paid to high energy electron-positron experiments at PEP and PETRA leading to the most precise value of the Weinberg angle so far made from such experiments. Latest results from the high-statistics deep-inelastic neutrino scattering experiments have been included along with recent measurements of neutrino electron scattering, data and analysis for polarized-electron nucleon scattering, polarized-muon scattering, atomic parity violation and proton-antiproton experiments establishing the nature of the intermediate bosons.

Volume 17 is the second in a special topic series devoted to modern techniques in protein NMR, under the Biological Magnetic Resonance series. Volume 16, with the subtitle Modern Techniques in Protein NMR , is the first in this series. These two volumes present some of the recent, significant advances in the biomolecular NMR field with emphasis on developments during the last five years. We are honored to have brought together in these volume some of the world s foremost experts who have provided broad leadership in advancing this field. Volume 16 contains - vances in two broad categories: I. Large Proteins, Complexes, and Membrane Proteins and II. Pulse Methods. Volume 17 contains major advances in: I. Com- tational Methods and II. Structure and Dynamics. The opening chapter of volume 17 starts with a consideration of some important aspects of modeling from spectroscopic and diffraction data by Wilfred van Gunsteren and his colleagues. The next two chapters deal with combined automated assignments and protein structure determination, an area of intense research in many laboratories since the traditional manual methods are often inadequate or laborious in handling large volumes of NMR data on large proteins. First, Werner Braun and his associates describe their experience with the NOAH/DIAMOD protocol developed in their laboratory.

Some countries have moved beyond the design and operation of nuclear electricity generating systems to confronting the issue of nuclear waste disposal, whole others are still committed to further nuclear facility construction. Volume 24 chronicles these key developments and examines nuclear reactor accidents at Chernobyl, Bhopal, and TMI. The text also analyzes current international knowledge of neutron interactions; deterministic methods based on mean values for assessing radiation distributions; practical applications of the TIBERE models to explicit computation of leakage terms in realistic reactor geometry; and a technique to deal with the issues of finance, risk assessment, and public perception.

th The 29 International Conference was held as the first one of the millennium at its Fort Lauderdale venue. These conferences began, with High Energy Physics being the main topic, by introducing gradually cosmology into its programs. These proceedings of the 2000 conference reflect the variety of topics and ideas discussed. Our future conferences will be designed somewhat akin to the early Coral Gables Conferences where we shall seek some convergence of ideas. For this reason various committees have been formed from among the participating physicists. The committees and their memberships are listed in these proceedings. We further decided for the first time to include some graduate student participants in our future meetings for which also a committee has already been established. The topics will demonstrate a more activist structure of the Coral Gables Conferences, for example the duality of the gravitational forces and expansion of the universe will be discussed from this point of view since it conveys a convergence to the ideas of quintessence versus the ordinary theory, which are considered as the cause of the expansion of the universe. We further wish to announce that the future conferences will assume a collective organization where several committees as listed in these proceedings will have their input into the conference. We have now introduced new topics and ideas, which referred especially to the attractive and repulsive nature of the gravitational force. These proceedings of the conference contain a variety of topics and ideas.

This book resulted from the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on "Electron Kinetics and Applications of Glow Discharges," held in St. Petersburg, Russia, on May 19-23, 1997. Glow discharges have found widespread applications in many technological processes from the manufacture of semiconductors, to recent developments in na- technology, to the traditional fields of gas lasers, and discharge lamps. Consequently, the interest in the physics of glow discharges has experienced yet another resurgence of interest. While the non-equilibrium character of glow discharges is widely accepted, the opinion still prevails that the main features can be captured by fluid models, and that kinetic treatments are only required for the understanding of subtle details. The erroneousness of this belief is demonstrated by the failure of fluid models to describe many basic features of glow discharges such as, for instance, electrode phenomena, striations, and collisionless heating effects. An adequate description of glow discharges thus has to be of kinetic nature.

Review articles on three topics of considerable current interest make up the present volume. The first, on A-hypernuclei, was solicited by the editors in order to provide nuclear physicists with a general description of the most recent developments in a field which this audience has largely neglected or, perhaps, viewed as a novelty in which a bizarre nuclear system gave some information about the lambda-nuclear intersection. That view was never valid. The very recent developments reviewed here-particularly those pertaining to hypernuclear excitations and the strangeness exchange reactions-emphasize that this field provides important information about the models and central ideas of nuclear physics. The off-shell behavior of the nucleon-nucleon interaction is a topic which was at first received with some embarrassment, abuse, and neglect, but it has recently gained proper attention in many nuclear problems. Interest was first focused on it in nuclear many-body theory, but it threatened nuclear physicists'comfortable feeling about nonrelativistic potential theory, and many no doubt hoped that it would remain merely an esoteric diversion within the many-body cult. In the editors' opinion, this subject is now emi nently respectable and a review of it indeed timely. The third topic, nuclear charge distributions, is one which almost every nuclear physicist believed had been weIl in hand for some years."

The 1979 Cargese Summer Institute on Quarks and Leptons was organized by the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris (M. LEVY and J.-L. BASDEVANT), CERN (M. JACOB), the Universite Catholi~ue de Louvain (D. SPEISER and J. WEYERS), and the Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven (R. GASTMANS), who, like in 1975 and 1977, had joined their efforts and worked in common. It was the 20th Summer Institute held at Cargese and the 5th one organized by the two institutes of theoretical physics at Leuven and Louvain-la- Neuve. This time, the school was dominated by the impressive advances which were made in the field of perturbative ~uantum chromodyna- mics and its applications to high energy phenomena involving strongly interacting particles. The unification of weak and electromagnetic interactions being well established, a new picture in particle physics emerges wherein a possible unification of weak, electromagnetic, and strong forces is put forward. Its conse~uences were also discussed in detail. Finally, to complete the picture of the present status of high energy physics, experi- mentalists from the major laboratories around the world reported on the latest developments in electron-positron scattering, neutrino induced reactions, and hadron collisions. We owe many thanks to all those who have made this Summer Institute possible! Thanks are due to the Scientific Committee of NATO and its President for a generous grant and especially to the head of the Scientific Affairs Division, Dr. M. DI LULLO for his constant help and encouragements.

This volume presents five pedagogical articles spanning frontier developments in contemporary nuclear physics ranging from the physics of a single nucleon to nucleosynthesis in the Big Bang. Although the objectives of Advances in Nuclear Physics have been and will continue to be quite distinct from those of conventional conference proceedings, the articles in this volume are carefully edited and expanded manuscripts based on an outstanding series of lectures delivered at the VI J. A. Swieca Summer School in Brazil. Starting at the smallest scale, the first article by Dan Olof Riska addresses realistic chiral symmetric models of the nucleon. Since the analytic tools are not yet developed to solve nonperturbative QCD directly, significant effort has been devoted in recent years to the development of models which incorporate and are constrained by the approximate chiral symmetry manifested in QCD. This article provides a clear introduction to chiral symmetry and the Skyrme model, and discusses the Skyrme model's relation to the chiral bag model, its extensions, and its application to nucleons and hyperons.

This volume of Advances in Nuclear Physics addresses two very different frontiers of contemporary nuclear physics - one highly theoretical and the other solidly phenomenological. The first article by Matthias Burkardt provides a pedagogical overview of the timely topic of light front quantization. Although introduced decades ago by Dirac, light front quantization has been a central focus in theoretical - clear and particle physics in recent years for two majorreasons. The first, as discussed in detail by Burkardt, is that light-cone coordinates are the natural coordinates for describing high-energy scattering. The wealth of data in recent years on nucleon and nucleus structure functions from high-energy lepton and hadron scattering thus provides a strong impetus for understanding QCD on the light cone. Second, as theorists have explored light front quantization, a host of deep and intriguing theoretical questions have arisen associated with the triviality of the vacuum, the role of zero modes, rotational invariance, and renormalization. These issues are so compelling that they are now intensively investigated on their own merit, independent of the particular application to high-energy scattering. This article provides an excellent introduction and overview of the motivation from high-energy scattering, an accessible - scription of the basic ideas, an insightful discussion of the open problems, and a helpful guide to the specialized literature. It is an ideal opportunity for those with a spectator's acquaintance to develop a deeper understanding of this important field.