Contents: General. Materials: Single Crystals, Ceramics, Polymers, Composites, Polar Glass Ceramics. Measurements and Standards: Constants of Alpha Quartz, Acoustic Microscopy, IEEE Standard. Devices and Applications (16 papers). Appendices. Author Index.

Advances in laser technology over the last 10-15 years have stimulated study of the active control of quantum molecular dynamics. Lasers may used to generate external fields of varying intensity, phases, and spectral content, which then are used to alter the molecular dynamics of a system so as to generate more of a particular product. Control of reactions at this microscopic level is one of the hot areas of research in chemical physics. This book describes the current status of the theory of optical control of molecular dynamics

Introduction: Atomic Physics and Nuclear Properties; J. Bauche. Atomic Methods in Nuclear Spectroscopy: Progress in Atomic Physics Experiments on Nuclear Properties; R. Neugart. Single Particle Aspects: Single Particle Response Function; S. Gales. Multiphonon States: Low-Energy Multiphonon States in Deformed Nuclei; R. Piepenbring. Shapes and Coexistence: Algebraic Approaches to Nuclear Structure; R.F. Casten. Octupoles: Reflection-Asymmetric Shapes in Atomic Nuclei; W. Nazarewicz. Superdeformation: Microscopic Description of Superdeformation at Low Spin; R. Bonche, et al. Exotic Nuclei: Search for New Radioactivities at the Proton-Drip Line; F. Pougheon, et al. Chaos: Quantum Chaos and Low-Energy Nuclear Spectroscopy; M.J. Giannoni. Experimental Techniques: Nuclear Moments by Orientation Methods; H. Postma. 35 additional articles. Index.

This book summarizes the highlights of our work on the bond polarizability approach to the intensity analysis. The topics covered include surface enhanced Raman scattering, Raman excited virtual states and Raman optical activity (ROA). The first chapter briefly introduces the Raman effect in a succinct but clear way. Chapter 2 deals with the normal mode analysis. This is a basic tool for our work. Chapter 3 introduces our proposed algorithm for the Raman intensity analysis. Chapter 4 heavily introduces the physical picture of Raman virtual states. Chapter 5 offers details so that the readers can have a comprehensive idea of Raman virtual states. Chapter 6 demonstrates how this bond polarizability algorithm is extended to ROA intensity analysis. Chapters 7 and 8 offer details on ROA, showing many findings on ROA mechanism that were not known or neglected before. Chapter 9 introduces our proposed classical treatment on ROA which, as combined with the results from the bond polarizability analysis, leads to a comprehensive physical picture for the Raman effect. In particular, this classical treatment unifies ROA and VCD (vibrational circular dichroism) on equal footing. In each section, Comments summarize the key ideas and their evaluation. This will help the readers to capture the core ideas of the presentations.

Into the short compass of this book Professor Graetz has succeeded in compressing an eminently readable survey of the directions in which the atomic theory, as accepted in the nineteenth century, has been extended by the remarkable and almost revolutionary physical investigations and discoveries of the two decades preceding the book's original publication in 1923.

Structured singular light is an ubiquitous phenomenon. It is not only created when light refracts at a water surface but can also be found in the blue daytime sky. Such light fields include a spatially varying amplitude, phase, or polarization, enabling the occurrence of optical singularities. As structurally stable units of the light field, these singularities are particularly interesting since they determine its topology. In this excellent book, the author presents a pioneering study of structured singular light, thereby contributing many original approaches. Especially in the field of polarization and its rich number of different types of singularities the book defines and drives a completely new field. The work demonstrates how to control complex polarization singularity networks and their propagation. Additionally, the author pioneers tightly focusing vectorial beams, also developing an urgently needed detection scheme for three-dimensional nanoscale polarization structures. She also studies classical spatial entanglement using structured light, introducing entanglement beating and paraxial spin-orbit-coupling. The book is hallmarked by its comprehensive and thorough way of describing a plethora of different approaches to structure light by amplitude, phase and polarization, as well as the important role of optical singularities.

This book deals with the reflection of electromagnetic and particle waves by interfaces. The interfaces can be sharp or diffuse. The topics of the book contain absorption, inverse problems, anisotropy, pulses and finite beams, rough surfaces, matrix methods, numerical methods, reflection of particle waves and neutron reflection. Exact general results are presented, followed by long wave reflection, variational theory, reflection amplitude equations of the Riccati type, and reflection of short waves. The Second Edition of the Theory of Reflection is an updated and much enlarged revision of the 1987 monograph. There are new chapters on periodically stratified media, ellipsometry, chiral media, neutron reflection and reflection of acoustic waves. The chapter on anisotropy is much extended, with a complete treatment of the reflection and transmission properties of arbitrarily oriented uniaxial crystals. The book gives a systematic and unified treatment reflection and transmission of electromagnetic and particle waves at interfaces. It is intended for physicists, chemists, applied mathematicians and engineers, and is written in a simple direct style, with all necessary mathematics explained in the text.

Theory of Ionization and Electron Emission: Theory of Electron Ejection from Matter by Highly Charged Ion Impact; J.H. Macek. Auger Processes at Metallic Surfaces: Auger Processes at Surfaces; A. Niehaus. Kinetic Auger Processes and Shell Effects: Electron Emission from Silicon Induced by Bombardment with Oxygen Ions; E.A. Maydell. Kinetic Electron Emission from Thin Foils: Electron Ejection Induced by Fast Projectiles; G. Schiwietz. Surface Effects in Kinetic Electron Emission: Electron Emission Phenomena in Grazing Collisions of Fast Ions with Surfaces; H. Winter, et al. Spin Polarized Electron Emission: IonInduced Electron Emission from Magnetic and Nonmagnetic Surfaces; C. Rau, et al. Electron Emission and Charging of Insulators: Secondary Electron Emission from Insulators; J. Schou. Ionization Effects in Semiconductors and Insulators: Ionization Tracks; R.E. Johnson. 23 additional articles. Index.

From 1960 until 1990 theoretical physicists and experimentalists worked together to probe deeper and deeper into the basic structure of matter, moving closer to an understanding of the ultimate building blocks of the universe. Gerard 't Hooft was closely involved in many of the advances in modern theoretical physics that led to improved understanding of elementary particles, and this is a first-hand account of one of the most creative and exciting periods of discovery in the history of physics. Using language a layperson can understand, this narrative touches on many central topics and ideas, such as quarks and quantum physics; supergravity, superstrings and superconductivity; the Standard Model and grand unification; eleven-dimensional space time and black holes. This fascinating personal account of the past thirty years in one of the most dramatic areas in twentieth-century physics will be of interest to professional physicists and physics students, as well as the educated general reader with an interest in one of the most exciting scientific detective stories ever.

Get First-Hand Insight from a Contributor to the Standard Model of Particle Physics Written by an award-winning former director-general of CERN and one of the world's leading experts on particle physics, Electroweak Interactions explores the concepts that led to unification of the weak and electromagnetic interactions. It provides the fundamental elements of the theory of compact Lie groups and their representations, enabling a basic understanding of the role of flavor symmetry in particle physics. Understand Conceptual Elements of the Theory of Elementary Particles The book begins with the identification of the weak hadronic current with the isotopic spin current, Yang-Mills theory, and the first electroweak theory of Glashow. It discusses spontaneous breaking of a global symmetry and a local symmetry, covering the Goldstone theorem, Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism, and the theory of Weinberg and Salam. The author then describes the theory of quarks, quark mixing, the Cabibbo angle, the Glashow-Iliopoulos-Maiani (GIM) mechanism, the theory of Kobayashi and Maskawa, six quark flavors, and CP violation. Delve into Experimental Tests and Unresolved Problems The author goes on to explore some phenomenological topics, such as neutral current interactions of neutrinos and CP violation in the neutral K-meson system. He also highlights how flavor-changing neutral current processes have emerged as probes to reveal the presence of new phenomena at energies not yet accessible with particle accelerators. The book concludes with an explanation of the expected properties of the Higgs boson and the methods adopted for its search. The predictions are also compared with relevant experimental results. View the author's first book in this collection: Relativistic Quantum Mechanics: An Introduction to Relativistic Quantum Fields.

Summarising the most novel facts and theories which were coming into prominence at the time, particularly those which had not yet been incorporated into standard textbooks, this important work was first published in 1921. The subjects treated cover a wide range of research that was being conducted into the atom, and include Quantum Theory, the Bohr Theory, the Sommerfield extension of Bohr's work, the Octet Theory and Isotopes, as well as Ionisation Potentials and Solar Phenomena. Because much of the material of Atomic Theories lies on the boundary between experimentally verified fact and speculative theory, it indicates in a unique way how the future of physics was perceived at the time of writing. It thus throws into stark relief not only the immense advances made since the 1920s, but also, perhaps, highlights the importance of not rigidly adhering to a particular program of future discoveries.

The present book provides an introduction to quantum optics, the study of optical effects that cannot be explained by classical theory. Its main concern is the theoretical background to the key experiments in quantum optics. More than half of the material in this third edition is new, the material that has appeared in the previous editions already has been updated. The level of the treatment as a whole is appropriate for postgraduate students and research workers, while earlier chapters are also suitable for final-year undergraduates.

Atoms in Intense Laser Fields: Inhibition of Atomic Ionization in Strong Laser Fields; B. Piraux, E. Huens. Optical Analogs of Model Atoms in Fields; P.W. Milonni. Molecules in Intense Laser Fields: Intense Field Dynamics of Diatomic Molecules; L.F. DiMauro, et al. Excitation of Molecular Hydrogen in Intense Laser Fields; H. Helm, et al. High Intensity Molecular Multiphoton Ionization; G.N. Gibson, et al. Atomic Coherences: Coherence in Strong Field Harmonic Generation; A. L'Huillier, et al. Coherent Interactions within the Atomic Continuum; P. Lambropoulos, et al. Molecular Coherences: Femtosecond Pulse Shaping and Excitation of Molecular Coherences; A.M. Weiner, et al. Coherence in the Control of Molecular Processes; P. Brumer, M. Shapiro. Optimal Control of Molecular Motion; H. Rabitz. 25 additional articles. Index.

This volume presents the latest advancements and future perspectives of atomic, molecular and optical (AMO) physics and its vital role in modern sciences and technologies. The chapters are devoted to a wide range of quantum systems, with an emphasis on the understanding of ionization, high-harmonic generation, molecular orbital imaging and coherent control phenomena originating from light-matter interactions. The book overviews current research landscape and highlight major scientific trends in AMO physics interfacing with interdisciplinary sciences. It may be particularly interesting for young researchers working on establishing their scientific interests and goals.

This book explores the relationship between Dickens's novels and the financial system. Elements of Dickens's work form a critique of financial capitalism. This critique is rooted in the difference between use-value and exchange-value, and in the difference between productive circulations and mere accumulation. In a money-based society, exchange-value and accumulation dominate to the point where they infect even the most important and sacred relationships between parts of society and individuals. This study explores Dickens's critique from two very different points of view. The first is philosophical, from Aristotle's distinction between "chrematistic" accumulation and "economic" use on money through Marx's focus on the teleology of capitalism as death. The second view is that of nineteenth-century financial journalism, of "City" writers like David Morier Evans and M. L. Meason,, who, while functioning as "cheerleaders" for financial capitalism, also reflected some of the very real "dis-ease" associated with capital formation and accumulation. The core concepts of this critique are constant in the novels, but the critique broadens and becomes more pessimistic over time. The ill effects of living in a money-based society are presented more as the consequences of individual evil in earlier novels, while in the later books they are depicted as systemic and pervasive. Texts discussed include Nicholas Nickleby, A Christmas Carol, Little Dorrit and Our Mutual Friend.

Short Historical Overview In the 1940s, two phenomena in the ?eld of cosmic rays (CR) forced scientists to think that the Sun is a powerful source of high-energy particles. One of these was discovered because of the daily solar variation of CR, which the maximum number of CR observed near noon (referring to the existence of continuous ?ux of CR from the direction of the Sun); this became the experimental basis of the theory that CR's originate from the Sun (or, for that matter, from within the solar system) (Alfven 1954). The second phenomenon was discovered when large ?uxes of high energy particles were detected from several solar ?ares, or solar CR. These are the - called ground level events (GLE), and were ?rst observed by ionization chambers shielded by 10 cm Pb (and detected mainly from the secondary muon-component CR that they caused) during the events of the 28th of February 1942, the 7th of March 1942, the 25th of July 1946, and the 19th of November 1949. The biggest such event was detected on the 23rd of February 1956 (see the detailed description in Chapters X and XI of Dorman, M1957). The ?rst phenomenon was investigated in detail in Dorman (M1957), by ?rst correcting experimental data on muon temperature effects and then by using coupling functions to determine the change in particle energy caused by the solar-diurnal CR variation."

This volume presents the latest advancements and future developments of atomic, molecular and optical (AMO) physics and its vital role in modern sciences and technologies. The chapters are devoted to studies of a wide range of quantum systems, with an emphasis on understanding of quantum coherence and other quantum phenomena originated from light-matter interactions. The book intends to survey the current research landscape and to highlight major scientific trends in AMO physics as well as those interfacing with interdisciplinary sciences. The volume may be particularly useful for young researchers working on establishing their scientific interests and goals.

Relativistic Effects on Periodic Trends.- Atoms.- Relativistic Atomic Structure and Electron-Atom Collisions.- On the Accuracy of Oscillator Strengths.- Atomic Structure Calculations in Breit-Pauli Approximation.- Relativistic Calculations of Parity Non-Conserving Effects in Atoms.- High Precision Relativistic Atomic Structure Calculations Using the Finite Basis Set Approximation.- Relativistic Calculations of Electron Impact Ionisation Cross-Sections of Highly Charged Ions.- Molecules.- Nonsingular Relativistic Perturbation Theory and Relativistic Changes of Molecular Structure.- Basis Set Expansion Dirac-Fock SCF Calculations and MBPT Refinement.- Comments.- Polyatomic Molecular Dirac-Hartree-Fock Calculations with Gaussian Basis Sets.- Open Shell Relativistic Molecular Dirac-Hartree-Fock SCF-Program.- General Contraction in Four-Component Relativistic Hartree-Fock Calculations.- Accurate Relativistic Dirac-Fock and MBPT Calculations on Argon with Basis Sets of Contracted Gaussian Functions.- Comments.- Relativistic Many-Body Perturbation Theory of Atomic and Molecular Electronic Structure.- Solid State.- Relativistic Density-Functional Theory for Electrons in Solids.- Influence of Relativistic Effects on the Magnetic Moments and Hyperfine Fields of 5d-Impurity Atoms Dissolved in Ferromagnetic Fe.- Relativistic Spin-Polarized Density-Functional Theory: Simplified Method for Fully Relativistic Calculations.- Theory of Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy.- The Spin Polarized Photoemission from Non-Magnetic Metals.- Theory of Magnetic X-Ray Dichroism.- Participants.

A Modern View of Hadrons; H. Georgi. Hadron Production and Structure at Small Distances; B.R. Webber. The Physics of GBPIiGBP and D Mesons; M.S. Witherell. Top Quark Physics at Hadron Colliders; W.C. Carithers, Jr. New Directions in Calorimetry; W.J. Willis. Index.

The First Nuclear Era is Alvin Weinberg's autobiography, the memoirs of a most influential American nuclear engineer/physicist. These reminiscences date from the dawning of the nuclear age in the early 1940s to the present. It is the story of one notable scientist's life and times and a look back at one of humankind's most ambitious endeavors: the attempt to harness and safely distribute nuclear power. Weinberg has witnessed and played a major part in many of the defining scientific moments of his era. Here he describes his academic career at the University of Chicago, under the tutelage of Nicolas Rashevsky and Carl Eckart. He recalls his wartime days at the Manhattan Project's Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory where he helped Nobelist Eugene Wigner design the Hanford plutonium producing reactors. He then focuses on what would become the abiding legacy of his professional life: his development of and involvement with nuclear reactors. In discussing both great commercial successes (such as the Light-Water Reactor) and unsuccessful experiments, Weinberg offers an objective critique of the technical and political shortcomings that have haunted the nuclear age. He also demonstrates how the lessons learned from unsuccessful reactors paved the way for later triumphs.

The book presents the following counterintuitive theoretical results breaking several paradigms of quantum mechanics and providing alternative interpretations of some important phenomena in atomic and molecular physics. 1) Singular solutions of the Schroedinger and Dirac equations should not have been always rejected: they can explain the experimental high-energy tail of the linear momentum distribution in the ground state of hydrogenic atoms. Application: a unique way to test intimate details of the nuclear structure by performing atomic (rather than nuclear) experiments and calculations. 2) Charge exchange is not really an inherently quantal phenomenon, but rather has classical roots. Application: continuum lowering in plasmas. 3) The most challenging problem of classical physics that led to the development of quantum mechanics - the failure to explain the stability of atoms - can be solved within a classical formalism that has its roots in Dirac's works. The underlying physics can be interpreted as a non-Einsteinian time dilation. 4) In two-electron atoms/ions, the spin-spin interaction (singular in its nature), usually considered unimportant, makes a significant contribution to the binding energy. 5) In magnetized plasmas the standard Inglis-Teller concept, concerning the number of observed lines in spectral series of hydrogen, breaks down. Application: new plasma diagnostic. 6) Extrema in transition energies of molecules/quasimiolecules can result in dips (rather than usually considered satellites) within spectral lines. Application: the experimental determination of rates of charge exchange between multicharged ions - important for magnetic fusion in Tokamaks, for population inversion in the soft x-ray and VUV ranges, for ion storage devices, and for astrophysics.

The book is a quantitative treatment of the theory and natural variations of light stable isotopes, and includes more than 100 original applications. Isotope distribution is rigorously discussed in the context of fractionation processes, thermodynamics, mass conservation, exchange kinetics and diffusion theory. The theoretical principles are illustrated with natural examples, emphasizing oygen and hydrogen isotope variations in natural waters, terrestrial and extraterrestrial rocks, and hydrothermal systems. New data on meteoric precipitation, rivers, and hydrothermal systems are included.

The Lectures: Conjugated Polymers in Layered Hosts; M.G. Kanatzidis, et al. Staging in Intercalated Graphites, Polymers, and Fullerenes; E.J. Mele. Seminars and Communications: Size-Mismatch Melting in Two Dimensions; N. Mousseau, M.F. Thorpe. Tight Binding Molecular Dynamics for Intercalation Chemistry; M. Menon, et al. Local Oscillator Model for Superconducting Fullerenes; Z. Gedik, S. Ciraci. Some Optical Properties of Fullerenes; B. Friedman. Photoluminescence of Solid State Fullerenes; H.J. Byrne, et al. Magnetic Properties of Alkali Metal Intercalated Fullerides; P. Byszewski, et al. Charge Transport and Percolation in Conducting Polymers; J. Voit. Overview on the Chemistry of Intercalation in Graphite of Binary Metallic Alloys; P. Lagrange. Mineralomimetic Inclusion Behavior of Cadmium Cyanide Systems; T. Iwamoto, et al. 36 additional articles. Index.

"Blurb & Contents" "Marvelous reading, with few problems of the interaction between science/technology and society left untouched. One need not always agree, but one cannot come away without a better education....I found the parts on scientific administration and on the interaction of science and society excellent and provocative reading, and the parts on energy and nuclear energy very much to the point." American Journal of Physics Alvin Weinberg explores through these collected essays the ever troublesome relationship between science, technology, and society. The title is taken from Weinberg's assertion that most of the issues arising at the intersection of science and society depend upon answers to questions that lie outside the power of science--issues that are trans-scientific. Weinberg, who during World War II helped develop the first nuclear reactors, has much to say on the current role of nuclear power and the possibilities for the future. Other topics include strategic defenses and arms control, the role of the science administrator, and the way in which time, energy, and resources are allocated to public problems. In this remarkable record of a half- century of public-oriented work, Weinberg lays the foundation for a philosophy of scientific administration parallel to the more established philosophy of science.