This book provides a classical physics-based explanation of quantum physics, including a full description of photon creation and annihilation, and successful working models of both photons and electrons. Classical field theory, known to fully describe macroscopic scale events, is shown to fully describe atomic scale events, including photon emission and annihilation. As such the book provides a 'top-down' unification of electromagnetic and quantum theories.

"French Nobel Laureate Claude Cohen-Tannoudji is second to none in his understanding of the modern theory and application of atom-photon interactions. He is also known for his lucid and accessible writing style ... Advances in Atomic Physics is an impressive and wonderful-to-read reference text ... Certainly researchers in the fields of atom-photon interactions and atom traps will want it as a reference on their bookshelves ... A selection of chapters may be of benefit to students: the early chapters for those entering the field, the later chapters for those already doing atom-laser PhD thesis work."Physics TodayThis book presents a comprehensive overview of the spectacular advances seen in atomic physics during the last 50 years. The authors explain how such progress was possible by highlighting connections between developments that occurred at different times. They discuss the new perspectives and the new research fields that look promising. The emphasis is placed, not on detailed calculations, but rather on physical ideas. Combining both theoretical and experimental considerations, the book will be of interest to a wide range of students, teachers and researchers in quantum and atomic physics.

Atomic clusters are aggregates of atoms containing a few to several thousand atoms. Due to the small size of these pieces of matter, the properties of atomic clusters in general are different from those of the corresponding material in the macroscopic bulk phase. This monograph presents the main developments of atomic clusters and the current status of the field. The book treats different types of clusters with very different properties: clusters in which the atoms or molecules are tied by weak van der Waals interactions, metallic clusters, clusters of ionic materials, and network clusters made of typical covalent elements. It includes methods of experimental cluster synthesis as well as the structural, electronic, thermodynamic and magnetic properties of clusters, covering both experiments and the theoretical work that has led to our present understanding of the different properties of clusters. The question of assembling nanoclusters to form solids with new properties is also considered.Having an adequate knowledge of the properties of clusters can be of great help to any scientist working with objects of nanometric size. On the other hand, nanoclusters are themselves potentially important in fields like catalysis and nanomedicine.

This book provides a comprehensive description of topological polymers, an emerging research area in polymer science and polymer materials engineering. The precision polymer topology designing is critical to realizing the unique polymer properties and functions leading to their eventual applications. The prominent contributors are led by Principal Editor Yasuyuki Tezuka and Co-Editor Tetsuo Deguchi. Important ongoing achievements and anticipated breakthroughs in topological polymers are presented with an emphasis on the spectacular diversification of polymer constructions. The book serves readers collectively to acquire comprehensive insights over exciting innovations ongoing in topological polymer chemistry, encompassing topological geometry analysis, classification, physical characterization by simulation and the eventual chemical syntheses, with the supplementary focus on the polymer folding, invoked with the ongoing breakthrough of the precision AI prediction of protein folding. The current revolutionary developments in synthetic approaches specifically for single cyclic (ring) polymers and the topology-directed properties/functions uncovered thereby are outlined as a showcase example. This book is especially beneficial to academic personnel in universities and to researchers working in relevant institutions and companies. Although the level of the book is advanced, it can serve as a good reference book for graduate students and postdocs as a source of valuable knowledge of cutting-edge topics and progress in polymer chemistry.

Modern Trends in Physics Research MTPR-08 was the third of the International Conference series held biannually by the Physics Department in Faculty of Science of Cairo University. The objectives of the conference are to develop greater understanding of physics research and its applications to promote new industries; to innovate knowledge about recent breakthroughs in physics, both the fundamental and technological aspects; to implement of international cooperation in new trends in physics research and to improve the performance of the physics research facilities in Egypt. This proceeding highlights the latest results in the fields of astrophysics, atomic, molecular, condensed matter, lasers, nuclear and particle physics. The peer refereed papers collected in this volume, were written by international experts in these fields. The keynote lecture, "Overview on the Era of the Exploration of the Planets and Planetary Systems," delivered by Professor Jay M Pasachoff of Williams College -- Hopkins Observatory was featured in the proceedings. As 2008 was the 50th anniversary of the launch of Sputnik, which began the Space Age, this volume is a unique collection of keynote, plenary and invited presentations covering fields of astrophysics, atomic physics, condensed matter physics as well as nanotechnology, molecular physics and laser physics. This volume will serve as a useful reference for scientists in modern physics and technology of the 21st century.

The third book in Theodore Gray's bestselling Elements Trilogy, Reactions continues the journey through the world of chemistry that began with his two previous bestselling books The Elements and Molecules. With The Elements, Gray gave us a never-before-seen, mesmerizing photographic view of the 118 elements in the periodic table. In Molecules, he showed us how the elements combine to form the content that makes up our universe. With Reactions, Gray once again puts his photography and storytelling to work to demonstrate how molecules interact in ways that are essential to our very existence. The book begins with a brief recap of elements and molecules and then goes on to explain important concepts that characterize a chemical reaction, including Energy, Entropy, and Time. It is then organized by type of reaction including chapters such as "Fantastic Reactions and Where to Find Them," "On the Origin of Light and Color," "The Boring Chapter," in which we learn about reactions such as paint drying, grass growing, and water boiling, and "The Need for Speed," including topics such as weather, ignition, and fire.

'Remember to look up at the stars and not down at your feet' How did it all begin? Is there a God? Throughout his extraordinary career, Stephen Hawking expanded our understanding of the universe and unravelled some of its greatest mysteries. In How Did It All Begin? the world famous cosmologist and bestselling author of A Brief History of Time explores the fundamental questions of our existence. 'A brilliant mind' Daily Telegraph Brief Answers, Big Questions: this stunning paperback series offers electrifying essays from one of the greatest minds of our age, taken from the original text of the No. 1 bestselling Brief Answers to the Big Questions.

This book presents a comprehensive overview of the modern theory of spectral line broadening and shifting by pressure of atmospheric gases. It describes current semi-classical methods for calculating vibrotational line widths and shifts, including very recent modifications and new developments realised by the authors themselves. For most of the considered molecular systems, analytical formulae are also given, which enable the calculation of line broadening coefficients without the use of semi-classical methods. The results of calculations by various approaches are compared with experimental data available in the literature. Numerous appendices list theoretical expressions and parameters' values required for the writing of computer programs for calculation of line broadening and line shifting coefficients.The book is addressed to undergraduate and postgraduate students as well as to professional scientists and researchers working in the field of molecular physics, molecular spectroscopy, quantum chemistry and mathematical physics.

The Workshop on Nuclear Matter in Different Phases and Transitions, held March 31 - April 10, 1998, brought together both theorists and experimentalists working on the properties of nuclear and hadronic matter produced in heavy-ion collisions in various energy ranges. The main focus was on experimental signals revealing the possible phase changes of the matter, taking into account the finite size of the system, and the non- equilibrium features of the observed phenomena. A discussion of phase transitions in other small quantum systems, such as metallic clusters, or atomic Bose-Einstein condensates was also presented. The papers included in this volume present and review in an understandable and inspiring way the major experimental and theoretical advances in those different communities of physicists addressing similar physics questions, facing similar problems and often using analogous techniques. Audience: This volume will be of interest to postgraduate students and researchers whose work involves nuclear physics, atomic and molecular physics, condensed matter physics, statistical physics, thermodynamics or particle physics.

This book covers polarization, alignment, and orientation effects in atomic collisions induced by electron, heavy particle, or photon impact. The first part of the book presents introductory chapters on light and particle polarization, experimental and computational methods, and the density matrix and state multipole formalism. Examples and exercises are included. The second part of the book deals with case studies of electron impact and heavy particle excitation, electron transfer, impact ionization, and autoionization. A separate chapter on photo-induced processes by new-generation light sources has been added. The last chapter discusses related topics and applications. Part III includes examples of charge clouds and introductory summaries of selected seminal papers of tutorial value from the early history of the field (1925 - 1975). The book is a significant update to the previous (first) edition, particularly in experimental and computational methods, the inclusion of key results obtained during the past 15 years, and the extended coverage of photo-induced processes. It is intended as an introductory text for both experimental and theoretical students and researchers. It can be used as a textbook for graduate courses, as a primary source for special topics and seminar courses, and as a standard reference. The book is accompanied by electronically available copies of the full text of the key papers in Part III, as well as animations of theoretically predicted electron charge clouds and currents for some of the cases discussed in Part II.

This book reviews the basic models and theories of nuclear structure and gives an in-depth analysis of their experimental and mathematical foundations. It shows the relationships between the models and exhibits the value of following the strategy of: looking for patterns in all the data available, developing phenomenological models to explain them, and finally giving the models a foundation in a fundamental microscopic theory of interacting neutrons and protons. This unique book takes a newcomer from an introduction to nuclear structure physics to the frontiers of the subject along a painless path. It provides both the experimental and mathematical foundations of the essential models in a way that is accessible to a broad range of experimental and theoretical physicists. Thus, the book provides a unique resource and an exposition of the essential principles, mathematical structures, assumptions, and observational data on which the models and theories are based. It avoids discussion of many non-essential variations and technical details of the models.

This book reviews the basic models and theories of nuclear structure and gives an in-depth analysis of their experimental and mathematical foundations. It shows the relationships between the models and exhibits the value of following the strategy of: looking for patterns in all the data available, developing phenomenological models to explain them, and finally giving the models a foundation in a fundamental microscopic theory of interacting neutrons and protons. This unique book takes a newcomer from an introduction to nuclear structure physics to the frontiers of the subject along a painless path. It provides both the experimental and mathematical foundations of the essential models in a way that is accessible to a broad range of experimental and theoretical physicists. Thus, the book provides a unique resource and an exposition of the essential principles, mathematical structures, assumptions, and observational data on which the models and theories are based. It avoids discussion of many non-essential variations and technical details of the models.

The perception of the atomic-scale world has greatly changed since the discovery and development, in the early '80s, of scanning tunneling microscopy by Binnig and Rohrer. Beyond the observation of individual atoms, which is now routine, the concept of playing with atoms has become commonplace. This has led to the fashioning of tools at the atomic scale, to the deposition, the displacement and the creation of atomic structures and also to a knowledge of interactions and contacts between atoms. Nanotips ending with a single atom are sources of ultra-fine charged beams. They can be unique tools for high resolution observations, for microfabrications by micro-machining and deposition at a scale not previously attainable, with a working distance less stringent than with STM devices. These nanosources should then be the starting point for the development of high-performance miniature devices. For all the subjects mentioned above, new laws have been identified and circumscribed in the different articles. These proceedings marked the shift of emphasis from a passive attitude of analysis towards a more active role of the scientist in the creation and use of atomic configurations. (ABSTRACT) This volume contains the proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop which reviewed the basic principles and highlighted the progress made during the last few years on the atomic scale sources and the interactions between microprobes and samples. The motivation is to use the novel properties attached to the atomic dimensions to develop nanoscale technologies.

This textbook - appropriate for a one-semester course in classical mechanics at the late undergraduate or early graduate level - presents a fresh, modern approach to mechanics. About 150 exercises, covering a wide variety of topics and applications, have solutions roughly outlined for enhanced understanding. Unique to this text is the versatile application of programming language Mathematica (TM) throughout to analyze systems and generate results. Coverage is also devoted to the topic on one dimensional continuum systems. The extensive discussions on inverse problems of mechanical systems and the detailed analysis of stability of classical systems certainly make this an outstanding textbook.

This unique volume is a compendium of scientific contributions inspired by the work of Alex Dalgarno in the fields of atomic, molecular, and optical physics, astrophysics, astrochemistry, and atmospheric physics. The book should be of particular value to the practitioners in these fields.

Market: Physicists, chemists, biochemists, and biologists. Here's the first book to gather the vast range of experimental data in electron spin resonance (ESR) into a single volume. Concise yet comprehensive, it offers an easy-to-use collection of up-to-date experimental data, methods, and theory. The Handbook includes key contributions from leading scientists and provides over 200 tables and figures. Although specific ESR subfields are covered in numerous books and journals, the Handbook of Electron Spin Resonance is the only comprehensive reference to present extensive tabulation of data and experimental results. The Handbook also provides introductions to theoretical backgrounds, methods, and instrumentation.

This book is about several questions regarding how to describe the quantization of the current density in an antenna and about the nature of the quantum electromagnetic field produced by such a quantum current density. The second quantized current density can be built out of the Dirac field of electrons and positrons while the free electromagnetic or photon field is built out of solutions to the wave equation with coefficients being operators, namely the creation and annihilation operators of the photons. Note: T&F does not sell or distribute the Hardback in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.

This book, like its first edition, addresses the fundamental principles of interaction between radiation and matter and the principle of particle detectors in a wide scope of fields, from low to high energy, including space physics and the medical environment. It provides abundant information about the processes of electromagnetic and hadronic energy deposition in matter, detecting systems, and performance and optimization of detectors.In this second edition, new sections dedicated to the following topics are included: space and high-energy physics radiation environment, non-ionizing energy loss (NIEL), displacement damage in silicon devices and detectors, single event effects, detection of slow and fast neutrons with silicon detectors, solar cells, pixel detectors, and additional material for dark matter detectors.This book will benefit graduate students and final-year undergraduates as a reference and supplement for courses in particle, astroparticle, and space physics and instrumentation. A part of it is directed toward courses in medical physics. The book can also be used by researchers in experimental particle physics at low, medium, and high energy who are dealing with instrumentation.

This book, like its first edition, addresses the fundamental principles of interaction between radiation and matter and the principle of particle detectors in a wide scope of fields, from low to high energy, including space physics and the medical environment. It provides abundant information about the processes of electromagnetic and hadronic energy deposition in matter, detecting systems, and performance and optimization of detectors. In this second edition, new sections dedicated to the following topics are included: space and high-energy physics radiation environment, non-ionizing energy loss (NIEL), displacement damage in silicon devices and detectors, single event effects, detection of slow and fast neutrons with silicon detectors, solar cells, pixel detectors, and additional material for dark matter detectors. This book will benefit graduate students and final-year undergraduates as a reference and supplement for courses in particle, astroparticle, and space physics and instrumentation. A part of it is directed toward courses in medical physics. The book can also be used by researchers in experimental particle physics at low, medium, and high energy who are dealing with instrumentation.

This unique book highlights the state of the art of the booming field of atomic physics in the early 21st century. It contains the majority of the invited papers from an ongoing series of conferences, held every two years, devoted to forefront research and fundamental studies in basic atomic physics, broadly defined. This conference, held at the University of Connecticut in July 2008, is part of a series of conferences, which began in 1968 and had its historical origins in the molecular beam conferences of the I. I. Rabi group. It provides an archival and up-to-date summary of current research on atoms and simple molecules as well as their interactions with each other and with external fields, including degenerate Bose and Fermi quantum gases and interactions involving ultrafast lasers, strong field control of X-ray processes, and nanoscale and mesoscopic quantum systems. The work of three recent Nobel Laureates in atomic physics is included, beginning with a lecture by Eric Cornell on "When Is a Quantum Gas a Quantum Liquid?". There are also papers by Laureates Steven Chu and Roy Glauber. The volume also contains the IUPAP Young Scientist Prize lecture by Cheng Chin on "Exploring Universality of Few-Body Physics Based on Ultracold Atoms Near Feshbach Resonances".

This fourteenth volume in the Poincare Seminar Series is devoted to Niels Bohr, his foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory and their continuing importance today. This book contains the following chapters: - Tomas Bohr, Keeping Things Open; - Olivier Darrigol, Bohr's Trilogy of 1913; -John Heilbron, The Mind that Created the Bohr Atom; - Serge Haroche & Jean-Michel Raimond, Bohr's Legacy in Cavity QED; - Alain Aspect, From Einstein, Bohr, Schroedinger to Bell and Feynman: a New Quantum Revolution?; - Antoine Browaeys, Interacting Cold Rydberg Atoms: A Toy Many-Body System; - Michel Bitbol & Stefano Osnaghi, Bohrs Complementarity and Kants Epistemology. Dating from their origin in lectures to a broad scientific audience these seven chapters are of high educational value. This volume is of general interest to physicists, mathematicians and historians.

Nuclear Collisions and Structure: Descriptions of Heavy Ion Collisions at Intermediate Energies; E. Lehman. Boltzman Master Equation Theory of Nuclear Reactions; M. Cavinato, et al. Formation and Decay of Hot Nuclei; B. Tamain. Statistical and Dynamical Aspects of Hot Nucleus DeExcitation; M. Gui et, al. Atomic Collisions: New Means and Objectives in the X and XUv Spectroscopy and Imagery; Y. Cauchois. Collisions of Molecules with Clusters; J. Jellinek, Z.B. Guvenc. Theory of Slow Atomic Collisions; F. Masnou-Seeuws. RMatrix Calculation of Multichannel Quantum Defect Parameters in Heavy Alkaline Earth Atoms; M. Aymar. New Phenomena at High Energy Collisions: Renaissance of Interest in Cosmic Rays; H. Rebel. The Sharp Lepton Problem and the C(Q0) Scenario; J.J. Griffin. Electromagnetic and Mesonic Cherenkov Effects in Nuclear Media; W. Stocker, D.B. Ion. 16 additional articles. Index.

This book surveys recent advances related to the application of single molecule techniques in various fields of science. The topics, each described by leading experts in the field, range from single molecule experiments in quantum optics and solid-state physics to analogous investigations in physical chemistry and biophysics. A unifying theme of all chapters is the power of single molecule techniques to unravel fluctuations and heterogeneities usually hidden in the ensemble average of complex systems. The concept for the book originated from a gathering of some of the world's leading scientists at the Nobel Conference in Sweden.

This book provides a thorough account of the current status of achievements made in the area of soft X-Ray laser source development and of the increasingly diverse applications being demonstrated using such radiation sources. There is significant effort worldwide to develop very bright, short duration radiation sources in the X-Ray spectral region - driven by the multitude of potential applications in all branches of science. This book contains updates on several different approaches for comparative purposes but concentrates on developments in the area of laser-produced plasmas, whereby transient population inversion and gain between ion states is pumped by optical lasers interacting with pre-formed plasmas. Topics covered will include Laser-driven XRLs, Collisional XRLs, Recombination XRLs, Transient Inversion Collisional XRLs, Optical Field Ionization XRLs, Alternative XRL, pumping schemes Theory and simulations of XRL gain media and beam properties High order harmonic sources of XUV radiation, Free-electron lasers and other accelerator based X-Ray sources, X-Ray Laser drives, X-Ray optics and instrumentation Spectroscopy, and other diagnostics of laser media Applications of XRLs.

Over recent years electronic spectroscopy has developed significantly, with key applications in atmospheric chemistry, astrophysics and astrochemistry. High Resolution Electronic Spectroscopy of Small Molecules explores both theoretical and experimental approaches to understanding the electronic spectra of small molecules, and explains how this information translates to practice. Professors Geoffrey Duxbury and Alexander Alijah present the links between spectroscopy and photochemistry, and discuss theoretical treatments of the interaction between different electronic states. They provide a thorough discussion of experimental techniques, and explore practical applications. This book will be an indispensable reference for graduate students and researchers in physics and chemistry working on theoretical and practical aspects of electronic spectra, as well as atmospheric scientists, photochemists, kineticists and professional spectroscopists.