Benoit Godin is a Professor at the Institut national de la
recherche scientifique, Montreal. Models abound in science,
technology, and society (STS) studies and in science, technology,
and innovation (STI) studies. They are continually being invented,
with one author developing many versions of the same model over
time. At the same time, models are regularly criticized. Such is
the case with the most influential model in STS-STI: the linear
model of innovation. In this book, Benoit Godin examines the
emergence and diffusion of the three most important conceptual
models of innovation from the early twentieth century to the late
1980s: stage models, linear models, and holistic models. Godin
first traces the history of the models of innovation constructed
during this period, considering why these particular models came
into being and what use was made of them. He then rethinks and
debunks the historical narratives of models developed by theorists
of innovation. Godin documents a greater diversity of thinkers and
schools than in the conventional account, tracing a genealogy of
models beginning with anthropologists, industrialists, and
practitioners in the first half of the twentieth century to their
later formalization in STS-STI. Godin suggests that a model is a
conceptualization, which could be narrative, or a set of
conceptualizations, or a paradigmatic perspective, often in
pictorial form and reduced discursively to a simplified
representation of reality. Why are so many things called models?
Godin claims that model has a rhetorical function. First, a model
is a symbol of "scientificity." Second, a model travels easily
among scholars and policy makers. Calling a conceptualization or
narrative or perspective a model facilitates its propagation.
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